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The future perfect ("if you will have done…")

The future perfect (fecero "I shall have done") marks an action finished before another future action; English usually translates it with a present or a perfect.

  • active: perfect stem + -ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint: peregeris, accommodaveris, observaverit, custodierit
  • passive and deponent: perfect participle + ero, eris, erit … (or fuero, fueris, fuerit …): soluta fuerit "it will have been set free"

It appears mostly in si, nisi, cum, ubi and relative clauses with a future main verb: abduces, si … peregeris "you will withdraw it if you perform". English uses a present ("if you do") or a perfect ("when it has been released").

It looks like the perfect subjunctive except in the 1st singular (fecero, fecerim). A future main verb or a future sense points to the future perfect.

Examples

  • quod nisi ad animum serenandum accommodaveris 2.4and unless you use it to calm your mind
  • abduces autem, si tanquam vitae tuae novissimam, actionem unamquamque peregeris 2.5and you will withdraw it, if you perform every action as if it were the last of your life
  • nihil amplius exigent ab eo, qui ista observaverit 2.5they will ask nothing more of the one who keeps these rules
  • colet autem, si affectibus immunem custodierit 2.13and he will honour it if he keeps it free from passions

In the text 188

  • II.4 sed et praescriptum esse tibi temporis terminum: quod nisi ad animum serenandum accommodaveris, avolaturum est illud, te simul abrepto, nec deinceps rediturum.quod is a relative referring back to the time (temporis); it is the object of accommodaveris, and illud picks it up again as subject of the main clause. accommodaveris is future perfect: in a condition about the future Latin says 'unless you will have applied it', where English says 'unless you apply it'.
  • II.5 abduces autem, si tanquam vitae tuae novissimam, actionem unamquamque peregeris; temeritate omni liberam, et declinatione per affectus vim a rationis dictamine; simulatione itidem, et amore sui, eorumque quae a numine destinata sunt aversatione.As in §4, a condition about the future: the si clause has the future perfect peregeris ('if you will have performed'), the main clause the future abduces. English uses the present: 'if you perform'.
  • II.5 Vides, quam pauca sint, quae siquis tenuerit, prosperam ac divinam propemodum vitam degere detur. siquidem et dii ipsi nihil amplius exigent ab eo, ista qui observaverit.observaverit is future perfect beside the future exigent: 'from him who will have observed these things', i.e. who observes them. The object ista is put before the relative qui for emphasis: 'who these things observes'.
  • II.13 colet autem, si affectibus immunem custodierit, et temeritate alienum, nec offensum re aliqua, quam vel Dii vel homines egerint.custodierit is future perfect, literally "if he will have kept"; English says "if he keeps". Latin uses it because the condition must be fulfilled before the future colet "he will worship". The object of both verbs, the spirit, is understood from eum in the sentence before.
  • II.15 horum autem utilitas comparebit, si quis quae festive ab illo conscripta sunt, quatenus veritatem habent patrocinantem, admiserit.admiserit could be perfect subjunctive or future perfect. The future comparebit in the main clause shows that it is future perfect: "if anyone will have accepted", which English says as "if anyone accepts". After si, quis means "anyone".
  • III.1 nam si delirare ceperit, perspiratio forsan, et nutritio, et imaginatio, et appetitus, et istiusmodi reliqua, neutiquam deficient.A future condition: the future perfect ceperit "if he has begun" with the future deficient "will fail". Latin marks that the beginning comes first; English says "if he begins". delirare is "to go off the furrow", i.e. to be out of one's mind, to dote. ceperit is Gataker's spelling of coeperit, from coepi "begin", not from capio "take", whose perfect is also cepi.
  • III.2 ficus quoque ubi plene maturuerint, dehiscunt.ficus is plural here, "figs": the 4th-declension nominative plural. maturuerint is the future perfect of maturesco "ripen", "when they have fully ripened": Latin marks that the ripening comes first, even in a statement of what always happens, where English says "when they are fully ripe". The same form could be read as a perfect subjunctive.
  • III.4 Quod superest vitae reliquum, ne conteras in cogitationibus de rebus alienis, nisi siquid ad communem utilitatem spectaverit;nisi siquid "unless anything", i.e. "except where something …": after si, quid means "anything". spectaverit is future perfect (the perfect subjunctive has the same form), "shall have looked to": in conditions about the future Latin is exact about time where English uses a present, "unless it bears on".
  • III.6 Si quid in vita humana deprehenderis praestabilius justitia, veritate, temperantia, fortitudine; et, ut uno verbo absolvam omnia,deprehenderis is the future perfect, "if you (shall) have found", which English renders with the present, "if you find". It is not the future passive deprehendēris "you will be caught": here it has an object, quid.
  • III.6 si quid, inquam, praestantius hoc adverteris, eo te vertas, eodemque tanquam bono praestantissimo, quo fruaris, toto animo fac incumbas.
  • III.6 sin praestabilius nihil offenderis, genio in te collocato, cum ita fuerit comparatus, ut motus suos omnes sibi subjecerit, et visa quaeque diligenter exploret,
  • III.6 ad quam animo devergente si inclinaveris quicquam, bonum illud proprium et peculiariter tuum quo minus libere colas praeferasque, obstabit.
  • III.6 horum enim quisquam si vel minimum adjungere visum fuerit, praevalebit confestim, et abripiet te.visum fuerit is the future perfect of videri "to seem", with fuerit in place of the usual erit: "if it (shall) have seemed", in English "if it seems". adjungere "to join on" has no object here: "to attach itself, fit in". vel minimum "even in the least": vel here means "even", not "or".
  • III.7 qui enim mentem geniumque eundem suum, et virtutis hujusce ritus sacros, caeteris omnibus antetulerit, is tragoediam nullam excitat, non ingemiscit, non solitudine, non frequentia opus habet:
  • III.12 Si rationi rectae obsecutus, id quicquid est, quod jam instat, sedulo, strenue, placide egeris, nec extra opus institutum accessorium aliquid respexeris;A long condition about the future, running through the next two parts. Its verbs are future perfects: egeris "you will have done", respexeris "you will have looked", then servaveris and adhaeseris; English uses the present: "if you do … and look to nothing …". The main clause comes only at the end: prospere plane victurus es "you will live well".
  • III.12 sed genium tuum purum integrumque servaveris, ac si illum statim redditurus esses:servaveris is still governed by the Si at the start: "and if you keep …". purum integrumque are predicative: "keep it pure and whole". The genius is the divine spirit within each person, the Greek daimon, which for the Stoics is a person's ruling reason.
  • III.12 huic, inquam, si adhaeseris, nihil ulterius expectans, nihil fugitans; sed quod prae manibus est juxta naturae dictamen agere, et in dictis quibusque animo heroico veritatem libere proloqui contentus; prospere plane victurus es.After the long condition Marcus starts again: huic, inquam, si adhaeseris "if, I say, you hold fast to this", to the whole way of acting just described. inquam "I say" marks the restart; adhaereo "cling to" takes the dative huic; adhaeseris is a fourth future perfect.
  • III.13 neque enim, homines quod spectat, quicquam recte egeris sine habito ad res divinas respectu; nec vice versa.neque enim "for … not"; after it quicquam "anything" means "nothing". egeris is a future perfect used almost as a plain future: "you will (have) done nothing rightly".
  • III.16 Si caetera ergo eorum, qui jam dicti sunt, communia fuerint, restat, ut viri boni hoc sit peculiare, in eis quae officii sui esse videbuntur, mentis ductum sequi, et fatis volventibus casus vitae intextos lubenter amplexari;fuerint is future perfect, "if the rest will have been common", which English says as "if the rest are common" (the same form could be a perfect subjunctive). restat, ut … "it remains that …": the ut clause with sit is the subject of restat.
  • III.16 Quod si nemo illi fidem adhibuerit, quod simpliciter, modeste, tranquille degat, neque id a quoquam aegre ferre, aut a via ea, quae ad vitae finem ducit, ideo divertere:
  • IV.1 Quae intra nos pars principatum obtinet, ubi secundum naturam habuerit se, adversus ea quae contingunt ita est comparata, ut ad id quod potest et concessum est, facile se transferat.se habere with an adverb or phrase means "to be in a certain state": secundum naturam se habere "to be in accordance with nature". habuerit is future perfect (the perfect subjunctive looks the same): "once it has got itself so". Latin marks that this state must come first; English says simply "when it is in accordance with nature".
  • IV.1 quemadmodum ignis validior, ubi ea, vel obvia facta, vel injecta, corripuerit, quae lucernam exilem cito extinxissent, accommodat sibi et absumit, et ex eis ipsis incrementa capit.
  • IV.3 hoc autem totum vulgarium cum primis est hominum. cum liceat, quocunque ipse volueris tempore, in teipsum secedere.quocunque … tempore "at whatever time" is an ablative of time, with the noun held back to the end. volueris is future perfect: "whenever you (shall) wish".
  • IV.3 praecipue, si quis ea intra se reposita habuerit, quorum contemplatione summam extemplo tranquillitatem consequatur.
  • IV.10 id quod si sedulo observaveris, facile deprehendes; non ex connexione duntaxat necessaria, sed ex ratione justa consequi universa, et tanquam ab eo, qui pro dignitate cuique suum tribuit, provenire.
  • IV.13 cur ergo ea non uteris? haec enim si quod suum est fecerit, ecquid est amplius quod requiras?fecerit is here a future perfect in a future condition: "if it does (will have done)". Its object is the clause quod suum est "what is its own", i.e. its own proper work. haec "this" is reason.
  • IV.16 Intra decimum diem Deus illis ipsis videberis, quibus nunc pro bellua et simia haberis, si ad decreta rationisque cultum te retuleris.retuleris is the future perfect of refero: "if you will have taken yourself back"; English says "if you go back". se referre ad "to take oneself back to" is a common way of saying "to return to". The decreta are the doctrines of philosophy, and rationis cultum is "the worship of reason".
  • IV.21 sicut enim hic corpora, ubi ad spatium aliquod temporis in terra permanserint, mutata et dissipata, cadaveribus aliis locum concedunt:permanserint is future perfect, "shall have stayed": in this statement of what always happens it marks the action that comes first, and English says "when they have stayed". The perfect subjunctive is spelled the same, and the sense would not change. ad spatium aliquod temporis is "for some space of time".
  • IV.21 ita et animae, in aerem translatae, ubi aliquandiu ibi perstiterint, mutantur, funduntur, succenduntur, in seminalem universi rationem receptae:Another future perfect for the earlier action, like permanserint: "when they have stayed there for some time". perstiterint is from persisto "stay on, persist".
  • IV.24 pleraque enim eorum quae dicere et facere consuevimus, cum necessaria non sint, si amputaverimus, a negotiis multo vacabit magis, minusque perturbata futura est nobis vita nostra.A condition about the future. The si clause has the future perfect amputaverimus "if we shall have cut away", because the cutting must come first; English says simply "if we cut away". The main clause has the future vacabit "will be free" and futura est "is going to be", the future participle of sum with est. The subject of both is vita nostra, held back to the very end.
  • IV.33 caeteri enim statim atque expiraverint, ignoti ac ne fando quidem auditi fiunt.statim atque "as soon as" works like simul atque. expiraverint, Gataker's spelling of exspiraverint, is future perfect, "they will have breathed out": it marks that dying comes first; English says "as soon as they have breathed their last". caeteri is Gataker's spelling of ceteri "the others".
  • IV.43 simul enim atque comparuerit quicquam, abripitur; et aliud quidem abripitur, illud vero denuo inferetur.
  • IV.49 memineris deinceps, quoties inciderit quicquam quod ad tristitiam impellat te, decreto hoc uti:inciderit is the future perfect of incido "fall in, happen": "whenever anything (shall have) happened". The relative clause quod … impellat is subjunctive because it describes the kind of thing: "anything such as to drive you to sorrow".
  • IV.50 si enim aevi praeteriti immensitatem adverteris et futuri itidem infinitatem, quid tandem distabit, triduanus qui fuerit, ab eo qui secula tria transegerit?A future condition: adverteris is future perfect, "if you (shall) have considered", and distabit is future, "what will the difference be?". tandem in a question adds impatience: "what, pray, …?". quid is an adverbial accusative, "in what respect". futuri "about to be" agrees with aevi understood: "of the time to come".
  • V.1 et isti enim, ubi rebus hisce addicti fuerint, nec cibum, nec somnum capere magis expetunt, quam ista, ad quae tam enixe feruntur, promovere:ubi with the future perfect addicti fuerint "once they have been given over" states what holds whenever it happens. addictus with a dative is "made over to, devoted to" (compare English "addicted"). hisce is his with the strengthening -ce: "these here".
  • V.3 sed si dictu factuve honestum fuerit, indignum te ne existimes.
  • V.6 sed viti sit similis, quae racemum ubi tulerit, fructumque sibi proprium semel dederit, nihil ulterius requirit.In a general statement Gataker puts the earlier action in the future perfect: ubi tulerit "when it has borne", dederit "has given"; English uses the perfect or the present. tulerit is from fero "bear", whose perfect stem is tul-. sibi proprium "proper to itself": the fruit that belongs to a vine's nature.
  • V.6 sicut equus, ubi cucurrerit, canis venatus fuerit, apes mel confecerit; ita iste, ubi benefecerit, non clamore prosequitur, sed ad aliud ejusmodi opus se transfert; quemadmodum vitis ad racemos alios denuo suo tempore producendos.
  • V.6 Verum est, fateor, quod dicis. Veruntamen, quod jam dictum est, si secius ceperis, ex eorum numero futurus es, quorum priore loco memineram.
  • V.6 tu autem, si id quod dixeram recte intelligere volueris, noli metuere, ne hac de caussa benefaciendi occasionem ullam sis omissurus.volueris is future perfect, "if you shall have been willing"; English simply says "if you are willing". quod dixeram "what I had said": the pluperfect looks back to the vine and the horse.
  • V.8 eodemque modo, quicquid evenerit, quamvis asperius visum fuerit, libens admittito, quandoquidem ad mundi integritatem Jovisque prosperitatem atque felicitatem ferat.
  • V.8 ita duplici ratione diligas oportet, quicquid evenerit tibi.
  • V.9 Noli aegre ferre, aut animum despondere, aut stomachari, si juxta decreta recta agere volenti, haud perinde semper successerit.
  • V.9 verum, ubi excussum aliquando te senseris, regredere, pluribusque pro officii humani ratione gestis contentus sis; atque illud, ad quod regrederis, fac diligas.
  • V.10 ad subjecta jam ipsa si transieris, quam caduca, quam vilia sunt? quaeque etiam cinaedo, scorto, latroni in possessionem cedere possint.
  • V.10 mores autem eorum, quibuscum degis, si adverteris, tales esse comperies, ut etiam gratissimum quemlibet vix sustineas, ut ne adjiciam seipsum etiam vix sustinere quenquam.
  • V.12 si quid eorum quae revera bona sunt mente quispiam conceperit, puta, prudentiam, temperantiam, justitiam, fortitudinem, ista, inquam, si animo praeconceperit, non sustinebit adjectum huic audire quicquam, quod non rei bonae probe congruat.inquam "I say" marks a fresh start after the list: the condition begins again with ista "these (things)". praeconcipere is "to conceive beforehand": to have a clear notion of a thing in mind before anything is said about it (the Stoic "preconception"), so that whatever is then said can be tested against it.
  • V.12 at vero quae vulgo pro bonis habentur, ubi animo praeconceperit quis, auribus aequis accipiet, facileque admittet, tanquam apte adjectum id, quod a comico quandoque dictum est,
  • V.15 atqui contra, quo quis horum hisque similium plura sibi detraxerit, aut ab aliis detracta aequanimiter sustinuerit, eo melior merito censetur.detracta "taken away" is a perfect passive participle used as the object of sustinuerit: "has calmly endured (these things) taken away by others", i.e. borne their loss calmly; ab aliis gives the agent. detraxerit and sustinuerit are future perfects, as Gataker often has them in general statements: the stripping comes before the verdict.
  • V.16 Talis futura est mens tua, qualia ea sunt quae creberrime cogitaveris.
  • V.19 qualia autem decreta fuerint, quibus ipsa in se locum dederit, talia facit sibi adventitia quaeque.locum dare "to give room, to admit": the judgements the soul has let into itself; quibus "to which" is dative. fuerint and dederit are future perfects (the perfect subjunctive looks the same): "whatever judgements it shall have admitted".
  • V.26 quod si alia ratione se ad mentem subvexerint, quatenus nempe ea corpori unita est, tunc sensui, cum a natura sit, non est obnitendum,quod si "but if" links this to what precedes. The subject of subvexerint is the feelings: "if they carry themselves up to the mind" (se subvehere "to make one's way up"). alia ratione "by the other way" is the second route of feeling, through the bond between body and mind. subvexerint is future perfect: "if they (shall) have risen".
  • V.27 hoc autem faciet, qui animum exhibuerit ita jugiter affectum, ut rebus sibi destinatis acquiescat;qui has no antecedent: "(he) who". The verbs are future and future perfect: faciet "will do this", exhibuerit "shall have shown". The showing comes first, and living with the gods follows from it. English uses the present: "he does this who shows …". So the man who lives with the gods is the one whose mind is content with its lot and obeys the god within; Marcus's Greek adds that he shows his soul to the gods.
  • V.28 siquidem enim te audiverit, sanasti eum, nec ira amplius opus jam erit.
  • V.29 Quo modo vivere cogitas vita mox excessurus, eodem, si volueris, vivere jam licet.
  • V.29 sin id minus permiserint, quibuscum hic degis, exeas licet e vita; ita tamen, ne tanquam mali quid passus.
  • V.33 istius tempus donec obvenerit, quid suffecerit, nisi ut Deos colas celebresque; hominibus benefacias, sustineas eos eisdemque abstineas; meminerisque ea omnia, quae extra corpusculi animulaeque tuae terminos consistunt, nec tua esse, nec in potestate tua sita?The clause comes first: donec … obvenerit "until … has come". obvenerit is future perfect, because the coming lies ahead and must happen before the waiting ends. istius "of that" is the genitive of iste and points to the extinction or removal just named: "the time for that".
  • V.34 Prospere tibi res tuae sunt perpetuo processurae, si rite incedere potueris, rectaque methodo et opinari et agere.potueris is future perfect, as often in an "if" clause about the future: "if you will have been able", in English "if you can". It governs three infinitives: incedere "to walk, go on your way", opinari "to judge, form opinions" and agere "to act". The picture of a road runs through: rite incedere "walk properly", recta methodo "by the right way" (methodus, Greek for "a way after", is feminine, hence recta).
  • V.36 ad rostra ubi declamitans fueris, an oblitus es, homo, haec quidnam sint?ubi "when" with the future perfect fueris states a general case: "when you have been declaiming". The perfect subjunctive has the same spelling (fuerīs), and it could be read so, as a general "whenever"; the sense is the same.
  • VI.8 Pars animae principalis se suscitat, se vertit; se facit, qualem ipsa voluerit;se facit, qualem … "makes itself such as …": supply talem "such" with se, answered by qualem "as". voluerit is a future perfect, "shall have wished", which English gives as a present: "such as it itself wishes". ipsa "itself" stresses that the choice is its own.
  • VI.8 quaeque contingunt quaelibet, talia sibi videri facit, qualia ipsa voluerit.
  • VI.10 quorsum etiam perturbor? quicquid enim egero, superveniet aliquando dissipatio.egero is a future perfect, "whatever I shall have done", which English gives as a present: "whatever I do". dissipatio "scattering" picks up dissipatarum: the jumble that made me will unmake me whatever I do, so being troubled gains nothing.
  • VI.11 Siquando a rebus circumstantibus per vim quandam adactum perturbari te senseris, cito ad te redi, nec plus quam necesse est, ab animi tenore congruo recede.siquando "if ever, whenever" takes the future perfect senseris "you shall have felt", which English gives as a present: "whenever you feel".
  • VI.16 ita cum et gloriolam missam feceris, quid tandem supererit pretio dignum?missum facere "to make (something) sent away" is an idiom for "to let go, dismiss"; the participle agrees with the object, gloriolam missam. feceris is a future perfect after cum "when": "when you (will) have let go". gloriola, a scornful diminutive of gloria, is "petty fame".
  • VI.16 istic ergo reperitur quod in pretio sit habendum. atque hoc bene si habuerit, nihil aliud quod acquiras, opus erit.bene habere "to be well, be in good order" is used without an object; its subject hoc "this" (acting by one's own constitution) is put before si. habuerit is a future perfect in a future condition: "if this is (will have been) in good order".
  • VI.16 omnino necesse erit macerari te, ubi horum tibi aliquid defuerit; et de Diis etiam saepenumero conqueri.ubi "when, whenever" takes the future perfect where English uses a present: "whenever any of these things fails you". deesse "to be lacking" takes the dative of the person, tibi; horum is partitive with aliquid.
  • VI.16 at contra mentem propriam si in veneratione ac honore habueris, et tibi gratum id te faciat, et communioni accommodum, et Diis consentientem, dum quaecunque illi attribuunt ac constituunt, laudas.
  • VI.19 Noli, siquid tibi fuerit effectu difficile, opinari ideo, hominem nullum id posse.fuerit is future perfect, "if anything shall have proved hard". Latin is exact about time where English uses a present: "if something is hard for you". effectu is the supine in -u of efficio, used after adjectives such as difficilis and facilis: "hard to accomplish", literally "hard in the doing".
  • VI.19 Sed siquid fuerit, quod possit quisquam, hominisque sit munus, id te quoque assequi posse existimes.
  • VI.20 Inter exercendum, siquis unguibus lancinaverit, aut capite alliso plagam impegerit, nullam indignationis notam edimus, nec offendimur, nec tanquam insidiatorem deinceps suspectum hunc habemus.
  • VI.23 in cunctis vero opem divinam advoces: nec interesse existimes, quamdiu haec facturus sis. suffecerint enim sic exactae vel horae tres.suffecerint is best taken as future perfect, "will have been enough", a firm statement of the result (it could also be a perfect subjunctive, "would be enough"). vel here is not "or" but "even": "even three hours spent so". A life lived in this way is complete, however short.
  • VI.26 Si quis te rogaverit, Antonini nomen quomodo scribatur, nunquid cum vocis intensione elementa singula proferres?
  • VI.31 et somno excusso, ubi intellexeris, somnia mera fuisse, quae te conturbabant, ista vigilans jam denuo intuere, quo modo illa es intuitus, quae in somniis vidisti.ubi "when" with the future perfect intellexeris "you will have understood": the understanding must come before the looking. English uses a perfect: "once you have understood".
  • VI.41 Siquid eorum, quae extra arbitrium tuum sunt, bonum malumve esse praesumpseris,siquid "if anything" is the accusative subject of esse, and eorum "of those things" is partitive: "if you assume any of those things to be good or bad". -ve means "or". praesumpseris is a future perfect because the main verb is future (erit): "if you (shall) have assumed", where English says "if you assume". praesumo is "take beforehand", "take for granted".
  • VI.41 at si ea sola, quae arbitrii sunt nostri, bona malaque censuerimus, nulla jam supererit amplius caussa, aut Deum incusandi, aut inimicitias adversus hominem quenquam gerendi.
  • VI.48 Oblectare te siquando libuerit, virtutes eorum, qui tecum vivunt, cogita; hujus industriam, illius modestiam, alterius liberalitatem, alterius aliam aliquam.libet "it pleases" is impersonal. Its subject here is the infinitive oblectare te "to cheer yourself", and the person pleased (tibi) is understood: "if ever it pleases (you) to cheer yourself". libuerit is future perfect, as usual in a condition about the future when the main verb is a command (cogita). Oblectare is the infinitive, not a passive imperative: its object is te.
  • VI.50 Sed invitis etiam facito, quod justitiae ratio exegerit.
  • VI.50 quod siquis vi adhibita obstiterit tibi, tu ad aequanimitatem et tranquillitatem te transfer, eoque quod obstat ad virtutis alterius exercitium fac utare.
  • VII.2 quas resuscitare tibi, quoties libuerit, licet.libet "it pleases" is impersonal too, with tibi understood. libuerit is future perfect, "whenever it shall have pleased (you)", where English uses the present: "whenever you like".
  • VII.5 si non sufficit, aut opus illi concedo, qui me melius id efficere potest, nisi aliter ad officium meum pertinuerit;pertinere ad "to concern, belong to"; its subject is the work, understood. aliter "otherwise": unless on other grounds the task is mine to do, so that I may not hand it on. pertinuerit is future perfect, "unless it shall turn out to belong", as Gataker likes in conditions; in this person it has the same form as the perfect subjunctive.
  • VII.5 quicquid enim, vel per me, vel cum alio fecero, ad id duntaxat tendere fas est, quod est societati utile et congruum.quicquid … fecero "whatever I shall have done" is future perfect, where English says "whatever I do". quicquid does two jobs: it is the object of fecero and the subject of tendere: "whatever I do, it is right (for it) to aim only at that …". fas est "it is right (by divine law)" has the infinitive tendere as its subject.
  • VII.8 accedes enim ad ea, si ita necesse fuerit, ratione instructus eadem, qua nunc ad praesentia uteris.fuerit is future perfect after the future accedes: "if it shall (then) be necessary", i.e. "if you must". Marcus allows that the future may never come.
  • VII.13 consideratio haec animum tuum magis attinget, si te frequenter sic allocutus fueris, Membrum sum ego compagis istius quae ex ratione praeditis componitur.allocutus fueris is the future perfect of the deponent alloquor "speak to, address", made with fuero where classical Latin says allocutus eris: "if you shall have addressed yourself". Since the main verb attinget "will touch" is future, the condition, which must come first, is put in the future perfect; English uses a present: "if you often tell yourself".
  • VII.13 sin partem duntaxat esse te dixeris, homines ex animo nondum diligis,
  • VII.14 Quicquid voluerit, eis extrinsecus accidat, quae casibus istiusmodi affici possunt.
  • VII.14 ipse nisi malum censuero id quod contingit, nondum sum laesus.censuero is the future perfect of censeo "judge": "unless I shall have judged". censeo takes two accusatives, the thing and what it is judged to be: id quod contingit "that which happens" is the object, and malum "an evil", put first for weight, the predicate.
  • VII.15 Quicquid vel fecerit vel dixerit quisquam, probum esse me oportet.quicquid "whatever" is the object of both verbs, and quisquam "anyone" their subject, put last. fecerit and dixerit are future perfects (the perfect subjunctive has the same form), as Latin says "whatever anyone shall have done or said" where English says "does or says".
  • VII.15 haud aliter, quam si aurum aut smaragdus aut purpura ita jugiter diceret, Quicquid fecerit dixeritve quisquam, smaragdum esse me oportet, nitoremque meum retinere.
  • VII.16 animula vero, quae timet, quae dolet, quae super his omnino aliquid opinatur, nihil horum patietur, nisi si eam ipse in judicium istiusmodi demiseris.nisi si "unless" is a fuller form of nisi. The person changes to "you": demiseris is the future perfect of demitto "let down, lower", with eam "it", the soul, as its object: "unless you yourself have let it down into a judgement of that kind", that is, into judging that what the body suffers is an evil. The Greek says "for you will not lead it into such a judgement".
  • VII.16 nullius rei alterius per se indiga est mens, nisi ipsa sibi indigentiam creaverit.creaverit is future perfect, like the conditions in 7.14: "unless it shall have created", in English "unless it creates". sibi is a dative of advantage, "for itself", and ipsa "itself" stresses that any need is of the mind's own making.
  • VII.16 eademque ratione et perturbatione et impedimento omni immunis, nisi ipsa se perturbaverit aut impediverit.Two more future perfects in the condition, "unless it disturbs or hinders itself". The section ends where it began: only the mind can trouble the mind.
  • VII.21 Instat tempus, quo tu omnium oblitus eris; instat, et quo omnes tui.oblitus eris is the future perfect of the deponent obliviscor "forget": "you will have forgotten". Verbs of forgetting and remembering take the genitive: omnium "all things" (it could also be "all people"). quo "in which" is an ablative of time, "when"; instat "stands over, presses close" puts that time at the door.
  • VII.24 ubi ei saepius assueverit quis, immori solet; vultusque decor ita inde extinguitur, ut denuo reaccendi omnino nequeat.ubi "when" with the future perfect assueverit "shall have grown used" states what happens whenever the habit is formed; English uses a perfect, "when someone has grown used". assuescere takes a dative: ei "to it", the scowl. saepius, the comparative of saepe, is "rather often, too often".
  • VII.26 Cum adversus te quicquid peccaverit quis, considera statim, quid bonum malumve esse ratus id egerit.
  • VII.26 hoc si fuerit, et illi te ignoscere oportet.The subject is set before si for emphasis, as in hoc si conceditur (4.4). fuerit is the future perfect of esse, "if this shall prove to be (so)"; English says simply "if this is so".
  • VII.26 sin ejusmodi nec bona nec mala censueris, ex errore animi delinquentem aequanimiter feras.
  • VII.33 si ferri non potest, interimit: si diutius duraverit, ferri potest.duraverit is future perfect, "shall have lasted": Latin is exact about time where English says "if it lasts". diutius is the comparative of diu "long", here "rather long, for some time". ferri is the passive infinitive of fero "bear": "to be borne".
  • VII.59 intus est boni fons, qui perenniter scatebit, si jugiter foderis.foderis is the future perfect of fodio "dig" (perfect fodi, with a long o): "if you will have dug", which English says as "if you keep digging". Latin puts an "if" clause in the future perfect when it must be fulfilled before the future main verb, scatebit, takes effect. Do not take it for foderis "you are dug", the present passive, which has a short o. The adverbs match: dig jugiter "continually" and it will flow perenniter "for ever".
  • VII.62 ita neque aut incusabis eos, ubi impingunt inviti, nec approbationem eorum expetes, si opinionis affectuumque fontes quos habeant, perspexeris.perspexeris is future perfect, "if you will have seen through", i.e. "once you have seen": the seeing comes before the future incusabis and expetes. quos … habeant is an indirect question, "what (sources) they have", with fontes put before the interrogative; hence the subjunctive habeant. affectus here are impulses, the Greek hormai.
  • VII.64 in plerisque vero horum Epicuri illud tibi adsit, nec intolerandum, nec aeternum esse, si terminorum memor fueris, nec opinionem adjeceris.fueris and adjeceris are future perfects, "if you will have been mindful … and will not have added", i.e. "if you remember … and add nothing". The opinio not to be added is the judgement that pain is an evil, which for the Stoics is what really hurts. adjeceris is from adjicio "throw to, add".
  • VII.72 Quicquid intellectualis socialisque facultas, nec ad intellectum nec ad usum socialem facere deprehenderit, idipsum inferius se merito judicat.deprehenderit is best read as a future perfect: the finding comes before the judging, though English says simply "whatever it finds". The same form is also the perfect subjunctive, with no change of sense.
  • VIII.1 proinde si vere perspexisti, in quo res ipsa sita sit, missa existimatione, in hoc duntaxat incumbe, ut vitae quod superest, quantulumcunque id fuerit, pro naturae tuae ductu ac dictamine transigas.quantuluscunque "however small" (-cunque is Gataker's spelling of -cumque "-ever"). fuerit is future perfect, looking ahead to the end: "however little it shall have proved to be".
  • VIII.4 Eadem nihilominus facturos memineris, etiamsi tu te ruperis.te rumpere "to burst yourself", with anger or straining. The future perfect ruperis "(shall) have burst" puts the bursting first; English uses the present. The phrase is an old one: in Horace (Satires 2.3) a frog puffing herself up to match a calf is told non, si te ruperis, par eris "you will not equal it, not even if you burst yourself".
  • VIII.7 appetitiones et aversationes ad ea sola, quae in nobis sita sunt, adhibet, a rerum natura denique quicquid assignatum fuerit, amplectitur.
  • VIII.7 id quod deprehendere licebit, si non seorsim unum aliquod in re ulla consideraveris, sed istius omnia cum alterius alicujus confertim sumptis contuleris.Two future perfects in the si clause: the comparing must be done before the seeing. English uses the present: "if you do not consider …, but compare …".
  • VIII.14 Ubi quenquam conveneris, statim tu tecum, Iste quaenam habet de bonis malisque decreta?conveneris is future perfect, "when you (shall) have met". Latin uses it for the earlier of two future events, where English uses a present: "whenever you meet". quenquam is Gataker's spelling of quemquam "anyone".
  • VIII.14 qui enim de voluptate ac dolore, et efficientibus utriusque, vel de fama et ignominia, morte et vita, decreta istiusmodi habeat, si hujusmodi fecerit, nihil mihi mirum novumque videbitur.
  • VIII.36 minuetur autem istud, si seorsim per se circumscriptum dederis, mentemque redargueris, si ne huic quidem soli tolerando suffecerit.istud "that" is the present burden just spoken of, the only one that troubles you. The future minuetur "will be lessened" depends on two conditions whose verbs are future perfects (dederis, redargueris): in an "if" clause about the future, Latin says "if you shall have …", where English says "if you …".
  • VIII.40 Si opinionem tuam ab eo, quod vexare te videtur, semoveris, ipse in tutissimo mox consistes.A condition about the future: the future perfect semoveris "you shall have removed" comes before the future consistes "you will stand"; English uses a present, "if you remove". videtur "seems" is used personally, with an infinitive: "which seems to trouble you". The word matters: things only seem to hurt; the hurt is in your opinion of them.
  • VIII.41 hanc enim nec ignis, nec ferrum, nec tyrannus, nec vituperium, nec aliud quidlibet attingit, ubi facta fuerit sphaerae instar, teres tota atque rotunda.facta fuerit is a future perfect passive, with fuerit in place of the usual erit: "when it shall have been made", i.e. "once it has become". The future perfect puts the becoming before the touching: whenever the mind has become so, nothing reaches it.
  • VIII.44 quid autem tua interest, si vocibus istiusmodi adstrepuerint illi tibi, aut existimationem hanc vel illam de te habuerint.illi "those people" are posterity, the subject. adstrepo "make a noise at, shout in applause" takes the dative tibi; vocibus istiusmodi "with cries of that sort" is an ablative of means. The ending -erint of adstrepuerint and habuerint could be future perfect or perfect subjunctive; the future perfect suits what posterity will do: "if they shall have shouted …".
  • VIII.45 Tolle me, et quocunque libuerit projice.
  • VIII.48 quid ergo futurum est, si ratione in consilium adhibita considerate de re aliqua sententiam tulerit?sententiam ferre "to give one's vote, pass judgement" is a phrase from the senate and the courts. tulerit is the future perfect of fero: with a future in the main clause Latin puts the earlier action in the future perfect, where English uses a present, "if it gives".
  • VIII.49 Nihil ulterius tecum reputa, quam quod visa primario renunciaverint.visa "things seen, impressions" is the Stoic term for what the senses present to the mind (Greek phantasiai); it is the subject. renunciare is to bring back a report, as a scout does, and primario "in the first place" means the bare first report, before we add anything. renunciaverint is future perfect, as often after a command: "what they will have reported", in English "what they report". Gataker writes renunciare and nunciare with c for t.
  • VIII.51 quin et si lutum quis fimumque injecerit, disperget cito diluetque eum, nec eodem inquinabitur.quin et "indeed, even" raises the stakes. injecerit is future perfect, disperget and diluet future: "if anyone throws in (will have thrown in) …, it will scatter …". quis after si is "anyone".
  • VIII.51 si usu assiduo libertatem cum aequanimitate, simplicitate, modestia quasi nativam tibi reddideris.reddere with an object and a predicate adjective means "to make (something) so": "make freedom native to you". quasi "as it were" softens it: freedom is to become second nature. reddideris is future perfect, answering the question: "(it will come about) if you will have made".
  • VIII.55 huic tantum est noxia, cui concessum est ab ea immunem esse, quandocunque id ipse voluerit.voluerit is future perfect where English uses a present: "whenever he himself wishes it". id stands for being free of wickedness, and ipse stresses that the choice is his alone. quandocunque is Gataker's spelling of quandocumque.
  • VIII.57 recta enim procedit, et refringitur quodammodo, ubi corpus aliquod solidum occurrerit, quod aerem ultra non admittit.occurrerit is future perfect, used, as often by Gataker, for something done before the main verb: "when some solid body has come in its way". occurrere is "to run to meet, get in the way". The body "does not let through the air beyond": it shuts off the air on its far side, so the light cannot go on into it.
  • VIII.57 privabit enim semet splendore illius, siquis eam non transmiserit.
  • VIII.58 atqui, si sensum nullum prorsus habueris, nec mali quicquam sensurus es; sin sensum aliusmodi, animal aliusmodi futurus es, nec vivere desines.
  • IX.3 si autem vulgare vis pharmacum, quod cor tamen attingat, morti facilem cumprimis praestabit te, si consideraveris res subjectas a quibus morte divelleris, moresque hominum quales sint, quibus anima tua ulterius non immiscebitur.The future perfect, "if you (shall have) considered", in a condition whose main verb is future (praestabit); English uses the present, "if you consider".
  • IX.21 cumque alias haud paucas differentias mutationesque deprehenderis, interroga te, ecquid in his grave sit.deprehenderis is future perfect: the finding comes before the asking, "when you (shall) have found". Latin marks future time exactly where English uses a present or present perfect.
  • IX.27 Ubi te alii vituperaverint, vel oderint, vel ejusmodi aliquid oblocuti fuerint, adi animulas eorum, penitius introspice cujusmodi sint.ubi "when" looks to the future, and its verbs are future perfects: the blame comes before you go and look, so Latin says "when others shall have blamed you" where English says "when others blame you". oderint is from odi "hate", a verb with only perfect forms. oblocuti fuerint is the future perfect of the deponent obloquor "speak against, abuse", with fuerint in place of the classical erint, as often in later Latin.
  • IX.28 mens autem universi vel ad singula quaeque se promovet. quod si fuerit, ad quod illa se promoverit, tu excipe.quod is a connecting relative, "which", standing for "this" and referring to the whole statement before: "which if it be so", that is, "and if that is so". fuerit is future perfect, as often in a condition about what may turn out to be the case.
  • IX.28 siquidem qui mutationes et alterationes fluctuum instar sibi invicem supervenientes, et vicissitudinum harum celeritatem consideraverit, nae ille mortale quicquid est despectui habebit.
  • IX.29 verum sufficiat tibi, si vel parum admodum res processerit; nec vel hoc ipsum parvum quiddam existimaveris.
  • IX.32 si mundum totum et seculum in quo degis, mente complexus fueris, et rei cujusque sigillatim transmutationem celerem consideraveris, quamque exiguum temporis spatium inter ortum ejusdem et interitum intercedat;complexus fueris is a future perfect of the deponent complector "embrace, take in": its perfect participle with fueris (the classical form is complexus eris). In a condition about the future Latin puts the si clause a step earlier, "if you will have taken in"; English says "if you take in". mente "with your mind" is an ablative of means. Where Gataker has seculum in quo degis "the age you live in", the Greek speaks of all eternity.
  • IX.38 Siquis deliquerit, penes ipsum est malum.
  • IX.41 eadem tu, quae ille, sive in morbo, si contigerit, sive in alio quovis casu adverso, feceris.Marcus now turns to himself. eadem … quae ille "the same things as he" leaves out the verb of the comparison: supply fecit, "the same as he did". feceris is a future perfect, "you will (have) do(ne)"; like the plain future it can give a firm instruction, as English "you will do the same" does, so it comes close to "do the same".
  • IX.42 ubi enim recordatus fueris, fieri non posse, quin existat hoc genus hominum; mox erga singulos mitius te habiturus es.recordor "remember" is deponent; recordatus fueris is its future perfect, "you will have remembered", with Gataker's fueris for eris. Latin uses the future perfect for an act finished before another in the future; English says "once you have remembered".
  • IX.42 ecquid autem mali aut insueti fit, si ineruditus, quae ineruditi sunt, fecerit?
  • IX.42 quod est naturae tuae congruum ubi quid feceris, tum facti istiusmodi mercedem quaeris?
  • IX.42 quemadmodum enim membra ista ad munus aliquod obeundum condita sunt, quod ubi pro conditionis suae ratione obierint, quicquid suum est adepta sunt;
  • IX.42 ad eundem et homo cum ad benefaciendum natus sit, ubi beneficum quippiam, aut quod in commune conducat, egerit, illud fecit ad quod conditus est, et quod suum est obtinuit.
  • X.3 sin ita contingat, ut ferre non natus sis, nec sic quidem graveris; ubi enim te absumpserit, et ipsum concidet.absumpserit is future perfect, "when it will have consumed you"; English says "when it has consumed you". et here is "also", and ipsum "itself" is the thing that happens: what is too much to bear ends together with you. concidet is from concido "fall, collapse" (short i, from cado), not concīdo "cut up" (from caedo).
  • X.6 ubi ergo meminerim, partem esse me universi istiusmodi, futurum est, ut quicquid evenerit, gratum mihi acceptumque sit.
  • X.7 sin, misso quis naturae nomine, ita nata esse dicere voluerit, vide quam ridiculum sit, ut qui dicat universi partes mutare natas, idem hoc ipsum mutare illas, tanquam quod praeter rerum ipsarum naturam contingat, miretur et aegre ferat:
  • X.8 Nomina tibi ubi sumpseris ista, boni, modesti, veracis, prudentis, unanimis, magnanimi, cave nequando transnomineris, et amittas denuo nomina ista; celeriterque (siquid tale contigerit) ad ea revertaris.The conjunction ubi "when" is held back to third place, and Nomina … ista "these names" is split round it, so that the names come first. sumpseris is future perfect: "when you have taken". The genitives that follow name the names: boni, modesti … "(the names) of good, of modest …", as English says "the name of friend".
  • X.8 Intra nomina igitur ista si te continueris, nec ut alii his te titulis cohonestent concupiveris, alius jam futurus es, quam pridem fueras, aliamque initurus vitae rationem.The phrase Intra nomina ista "within these names" is put before si for emphasis. te continere is "to keep oneself (in)": the names are like a boundary you stay inside. continueris and concupiveris are future perfects, as usual in a si clause about the future: "if you (shall) have kept yourself".
  • X.8 sin excidere, nec statum tueri posse te senseris, in angulum aliquem, ubi possis aliquid, audacter te conferas;
  • X.10 Aranea muscam ubi ceperit, se effert tanquam magni quid egerit; alius ubi lepusculum; alius, ubi reticulo apuam ceperit; alius, ubi apros; alius ubi ursos; alius ubi Sarmatas,
  • X.10 nam et isti, qui hos capiunt, quid latronibus distant, si mentes ac decreta utrobique spectaveris?spectaveris is future perfect, "if you (will have) looked": the look comes before the verdict. utrobique "on both sides" means in the conqueror and in the robber alike: their minds and principles are the same, only the scale differs.
  • X.12 et siquidem id perspexeris, placide ac constanter ea progredi; sin minus, consistere, et optimos quosque in consilium adhibere,siquidem here is plainly "if indeed". perspexeris is future perfect: the seeing must be done before the going.
  • X.12 denique si aliud quippiam, quo minus ea procedas, obstiterit, prout occasiones praesentes se obtulerint, considerate progredi, ei quod justum tibi visum fuerit, adhaerendo?
  • X.23 eademque esse omnia istic agentibus, quae eis, qui in montium verticibus, vel in litorum crepidinibus, vel alibi ubicunque volueris, versantur.volueris is future perfect, "you shall have chosen": Latin is exact about time where English says "wherever you like". ubicunque is Gataker's spelling of ubicumque.
  • X.26 quod alia insuper caussa ubi exceperit, sensum, motumque, adeoque vitam ac vires et alia (quot ea numero et qualia?) conficit.quod is a connecting relative, "and this", meaning the food; it stands first, before ubi, as the link with the sentence before: "and once another cause besides has taken it up". exceperit is future perfect, used of a step completed before the main verb conficit. caussa is Gataker's spelling of causa.
  • X.27 propone tibi ob oculos, fabulas totas scenasque uniformes, quaecunque vel ex notitia tua, vel ex historia antiqua cognita habueris;quaecunque "whatever (things)" is neuter plural, widening the plays and scenes to everything of the kind; -cunque is Gataker's spelling of -cumque. cognita habere "to have (a thing) known" is stronger than cognovisse "to have learned": to hold it as known. habueris is future perfect, "you shall have", where English says "you have". notitia tua "your own knowledge" is what you have seen yourself, set against historia antiqua "ancient history".
  • X.30 hoc enim si adverteris, ira statim tibi excidet.adverteris is future perfect, "if you (shall) have noticed this": Latin marks that the noticing is complete before the future result excidet "will fall away"; English says simply "if you notice". excidet is from excido "fall out" (ex + cado), not excīdo "cut out"; tibi names the person it falls from.
  • X.30 praesertim, si succurrerit una, cogi hominem. quid enim faceret?
  • X.31 Satyrionem ubi videris Socraticum, Eutychem cogita vel Hymenem.ubi videris "when you (shall) have seen" is a future perfect, for a sight that comes before the command cogita. cogitare with a person in the accusative is "think of, picture": seeing a man now alive, call to mind one of an earlier day who was like him. Most of the men in this section are otherwise unknown; Gataker gives the Greek names Latin endings, so Eutychem and Hymenem are third-declension accusatives like Socratem.
  • X.31 et Euphratem ubi videris, Eutychionem cogita vel Sylvanum.
  • X.31 et temet ubi respexeris, Caesarum aliquem.
  • X.31 praesertim, si simul fueris recordatus, quicquid semel mutarit, per spatium temporis infinitum non esse amplius futurum.
  • X.31 persiste ergo, dum et ista tibi familiaria effeceris, quo modo stomachus robustus cuncta sibi accommodat, ignisque validus, quicquid ingesseris, flammam inde ac fulgorem edit.
  • X.32 sed mentiatur, quisquis horum quicquam de te opinatus fuerit.
  • X.33 quicquid enim hoc fuerit, vel facere idipsum, vel dicere licet, nec obtendas, impediri te.quicquid … fuerit "whatever this turns out to be": the future perfect looks to the moment when you act. hoc, the thing most rightly done or said, is the subject, quicquid the predicate.
  • X.34 ista enim omnia verno tempore prodeunt; dein ventus ubi straverit, sylva horum vice nova alia profert.ventus stands before ubi for emphasis; the clause is ubi ventus straverit "when the wind has laid (them) low", with sterno again, as in the verse. The future perfect puts the falling first: the forest replaces the leaves only after they are down.
  • X.34 mora parvula, et lumina tibi condentur: eumque qui te extulerit, alius aliquis lugebit.efferre "to carry out" is the word for carrying a body out of the house to be buried. extulerit is future perfect: "the man who will have buried you" will in his turn be mourned by alius aliquis "someone else".
  • X.35 quae vero dixerit, Liberos mihi salvos velim; et, Omnes quicquid fecero laudent, velim; oculi est instar viridia poscentis, vel dentium tenella postulantium.
  • X.36 hoc si inter moriendum cogitaveris, libentius discedes; cum ita tecum rem putaveris,The future perfect in the si clause and the future in the main clause: "if you (will) have thought of this, you will leave more willingly". English uses a present: "if you think of this".
  • XI.1 finem semper suum assequitur, ubicunque constiterit vitae terminus.ubicunque "wherever" (Gataker's spelling of ubicumque) makes the clause general. constiterit, from consisto "come to a halt, take one's stand", is future perfect: Latin looks to the moment when the limit will already have been reached, where English says "wherever it stops". The subject, vitae terminus "the boundary of life", comes after its verb.
  • XI.1 sed in quacunque parte, et ubicunque deprehensa fuerit, quod praecessit plenum prorsus et perfectum sibi facit: ut dicere liceat, Ego quae mea sunt, omnia habeo.deprehensa fuerit is a future perfect passive, with fuerit where classical Latin has erit, as often in Gataker: "wherever it shall have been overtaken", that is, wherever death catches the soul. deprehensa is feminine because its subject is still the soul.
  • XI.2 Cantilenam jucundam, saltationem, pancratium contemnes, si voce concinna in sonos singulos divisa, de his sigillatim te percontatus fueris, Num istud me victum habet? erubesces enim id fateri.percontor "question" is deponent; percontatus fueris is its future perfect (Gataker writes fueris for eris), which Latin often uses in an "if" clause before a future: "if you (shall) have asked yourself". te "yourself" is the person questioned.
  • XI.2 de saltationis motibus gestibusque singulis, de pancratio itidem, si gemina feceris, futurum est ut pari modo adversus haec afficiaris.
  • XI.3 Qualis est anima ea, quae parata est jam statim, si oportuerit, e corpore emigrare, et vel extingui, vel dispergi, vel permanere?oportuerit is the future perfect of the impersonal oportet "it is necessary": "if it shall have become necessary", that is, "if need be". jam statim "now, at once" means at any moment. emigrare is to move out of one's house: the body is the soul's lodging.
  • XI.16 indifferenter autem se habebit, si divisim et integre earum unamquamque consideraverit; simulque recordatus fuerit, quod nihil horum cogere nos potest, ut hoc vel illud de ipso opinemur;The future habebit is matched in the si clause by the future perfect consideraverit "(if) he shall have considered", which English gives as a present: "if he considers". divisim "separately" and integre "wholly" render Marcus's "analytically and as a whole": take each thing apart into what it is made of, and also see it entire. earum "of them" refers to the res indifferentes.recordatus fuerit is the future perfect of the deponent recordor "remember", with fuerit for erit. recordatus is masculine: the one who considers and remembers is the man himself. After it Gataker uses quod "that" with the indicative (potest) instead of an accusative and infinitive, as later Latin often does.
  • XI.18 quid enim fecerit tibi, qui vel maxime contumeliosus est,fecerit is future perfect, matching the future perfects of the si clauses that follow: "what will he do to you?". The question runs on into the next sentence.
  • XI.18 si mansuete adversus illum te gerere perrexeris, et si occasio tulerit, placide illum admonueris, et eodem ipso, quo te laedere molitur, tempore quietus ipse hominem meliora docueris;The conditions are in the future perfect, perrexeris, admonueris, docueris, where English uses the present: "if you go on …, admonish …, teach …". pergo with an infinitive is "go on (doing)"; te gerere "to conduct yourself".
  • XI.18 Quod si volueris, etiam decimum a Musarum praeside donum accipe.quod si "and if, but if" opens a sentence. volueris is future perfect, where English says "if you like".
  • XI.19 Mentis affectiones quatuor potissimum sunt jugiter cavendae, et ubi deprehensae fuerint, confestim inducendae, de singulis earum sic censendo:deprehensae fuerint is a future perfect passive, with fuerint in place of the usual erunt: "when they have been caught" (literally "will have been caught"). deprehendere is to catch someone in the act.
  • XI.19 quartum esto, quicquid conscientia tibi dictaverit, fore per illud, ut pars tui divinior devicta succumbat viliori, corpori nempe mortali ejusque crassis voluptatibus.
  • XI.21 non est satis quod dixi, nisi illud etiam adjeceris, qualis scopus hic esse debeat.adjeceris is future perfect, "unless you will have added": Latin marks that the adding must come first, where English says "unless you add". illud "this" points forward to the question that follows.
  • XI.21 qui enim ad istum conatus suos omnes direxerit, is actiones suas omnes sibi similes praestabit, et hoc modo semper idem futurus est.Again the relative clause comes first and is "he" picks it up. direxerit is future perfect: the directing must already be done. conatus are the impulses to act (the Greek "hormai"); istum means scopum "that aim".
  • XII.1 hoc autem fiet, si praeteritum omne missum feceris, futurum omne providentiae divinae permiseris, et quod praesens est tantum ad pietatis ac justitiae normam direxeris:All three verbs of the si clause are future perfect: the letting go, the entrusting and the directing must be done before fiet "it will happen" can follow. English uses a plain present: "if you let go … entrust … direct".
  • XII.1 si igitur, cum in exitu fere jam sis, missis caeteris omnibus, id duntaxat, quod in te principatum gerit et divinum est, in pretio ac honore habueris;
  • XII.1 nec hoc metueris, ne vivere desinas aliquando, sed ne secundum naturam vivere tandem occipias;
  • XII.2 hoc idem tu si feceris, multa temet molestia liberabis.
  • XII.2 qui enim circumjectam sibi carnem non respexerit, nec de vestitu, domicilio, fama, aut apparatu instructuque reliquo cogitando, negotium ullum facesset sibi.
  • XII.3 proinde si a te, hoc est, a mente tua sejunxeris, quaecunque alii dicunt faciuntque;
  • XII.3 et quaecunque ipse aliquando dixeris fecerisque; et quaecunque te tanquam futura conturbant, et quaecunque vel circundati tibi corpusculi, vel huic coalitae animulae, arbitrii tui non sunt;dixeris and fecerisque are future perfect, like sejunxeris: whatever you will have said or done before you make the separation, that is, whatever you have ever said or done. The past, even your own, is to be let go, as in 12.1.
  • XII.3 si a mente, inquam, tua haec sejunxeris, quae ex affectu vehementiore ei adhaerere solent, et temporis quicquid vel praeteritum vel futurum est;
  • XII.3 fecerisque te talem, qualis mundus hic Empedocli dicitur, Orbis habens instar jugi vertigine gaudens.
  • XII.3 illudque tantummodo, quod vivis, hoc est, quod impraesentiarum adest, vivere sategeris;
  • XII.14 quod si te aestus corripuerit, carunculam, animulam, caetera alia abripiat: mentem duntaxat ne abripiat.quod si "and if, but if": quod only links the sentence to the last. corripuerit is future perfect, "if the surge shall have seized you"; English says "if it sweeps you away".
  • XII.16 Ubi obrepserit tibi cogitatio, peccasse aliquem, haec tu tibi, Unde novi, an peccatum hoc sit; aut si peccavit, an peccati ipse se reum peregerit?
  • XII.22 quandocunque ergo volueris, opinionem tolle, et sicut promontorium praetervecto tranquillitas, sic stabilia tibi futura sunt omnia, et sinus aestu immunis.volueris is future perfect: "whenever you (shall) have wished", where English says "whenever you wish". Latin uses it because the wishing comes before the taking away. quandocunque is Gataker's spelling of quandocumque "whenever".
  • XII.23 pari ergo modo actionum omnium complexio, quae vita dicitur, si tempore suo desierit, nihil inde quicquam mali patitur, quia desiit.desierit is future perfect, "if it shall have ceased": Latin uses it for a condition that must be fulfilled before the main statement holds, where English uses the present, "if it ceases".
  • XII.32 haec omnia cum cogitaveris, nihil magnum reputa, hoc solo excepto, ut ea facias ad quae natura tua te ducit, ea sustineas quae natura communis infert.cogitaveris is the future perfect: "when you have thought all this over", literally "will have thought", the thinking done before you obey the command reputa. The object haec omnia is set before cum.