Book IIMeditations · Liber II

Begin each day expecting to meet meddlesome, ungrateful and hostile people, whose faults come from ignorance of good and evil. Since the wrongdoer is my kinsman, sharing in the same mind, he cannot harm me and I cannot be angry with him: we were made to work together, like hands and feet.

ManeMānein the morning praedicerepraedīcereto say beforehand mementomementōremember tibi,to yourself HodieHodiētoday futurumfutūrumgoing to be est,it is utthat rembusiness habeamI have cumwith curiosocūriōsōmeddlesome aliquoaliquō,someone ingratoingrātō,ungrateful protervoprotervō,insolent dolosodolōsō,deceitful invidoinvidō,envious illiberaliillīberālī.unsociableRemember to tell yourself in the morning: Today I am going to deal with someone meddlesome, ungrateful, insolent, deceitful, envious, unsociable.memento memento "remember!" is the imperative of memini, a verb that is perfect in form but present in meaning; it takes an infinitive, here praedicere "to say beforehand". Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctiveHodie The capital letter marks the start of the words you are to say to yourself: Gataker uses no quotation marks.futurum est, ut futurum est, ut … "it is going to be that …", i.e. "it will happen that …". futurum is the future participle of esse; the ut clause, with its subjunctive habeam, is the subject. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)rem habeam cum rem habere cum aliquo "to have business with someone" is the usual idiom for "to deal with someone".curioso aliquo, ingrato, protervo, doloso, invido, illiberali All six words are ablative after cum, and the five adjectives agree with aliquo "someone": "with someone meddlesome, ungrateful …". illiberali here is not "illiberal" but "mean, unsociable". obveniuntthey come upon illisillīsthem istathose omniaall things aāfrom bonorumbonōrumof good things malorumquemalōrumqueand of bad things inscitiaīnscītia.ignoranceAll those things come upon them from ignorance of what is good and what is bad.obveniunt illis ista omnia The verb comes first and its subject last: ista omnia "all those things" (the faults just listed) obveniunt illis "come upon them". obvenire "to befall" takes the dative. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)a bonorum malorumque inscitia a with the ablative gives the source: "from ignorance". bonorum malorumque are neuter plural adjectives used as nouns, "of good and bad things", and say what the ignorance is of. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) egoI verovērō,but cumsince etboth naturamnātūramthe nature bonibonīof the good norimnōrim,I know quodthat honestum,the honourable maliquemalīque,and of the bad quodthat inhonestumthe shameful sit,it is ipsamqueand the very adeoadeōindeed delinquentisdēlinquentisof the wrongdoer naturamnātūram,nature quodthat congenerakin mihito me sit,he is nonnōnnot tamso much quodbecause sanguinisof blood seminisquesēminisqueand of seed ejusdem,of the same quamas quodbecause mentisin mind acand portionisportiōnisin a portion divinaedīvīnaedivine mecummēcumwith me particeps;sharingBut I, since I know both the nature of the good, that it is the honourable, and that of the bad, that it is the shameful, and indeed the very nature of the wrongdoer, that he is akin to me, not so much because he shares the same blood and seed, as because he shares with me in mind and in a portion of the divine;ego vero, cum This clause runs on past the semicolon: ego vero, cum … norim … "but I, since I know …" finds its main verbs only in the next part, compertum habeo and possum.cum … norim cum with the subjunctive here means "since". norim is the short form of noverim, perfect subjunctive of nosco "get to know"; because novi "I have got to know" means "I know", norim means "I know". Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughboni … malique boni and mali are genitive singular neuter adjectives used as nouns, "of the good" and "of the bad", not nominative plurals. mali depends on naturam understood: "and (the nature) of the bad". Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)quod honestum … quod inhonestum sit Here quod is the conjunction "that", saying what each nature is: "the nature of the good, that it is the honourable". One sit serves both clauses; it is subjunctive because the clauses hang on the subjunctive norim. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtipsamque adeo delinquentis naturam delinquentis is the present participle of delinquo "do wrong", used as a noun: "of the one doing wrong", i.e. "of the wrongdoer". ipsamque adeo … naturam "and indeed the very nature". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsnon tam quod … quam quod "Not so much because … as because". Supply sit particeps "he is a sharer" in both halves; particeps takes the genitive: sanguinis seminisque ejusdem "of the same blood and seed", mentis ac portionis divinae "of mind and of a divine portion". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivemecum mecum = cum me "with me": cum is placed after the personal pronouns and written as one word with them (mecum, tecum, secum). necand … not laedilaedīto be harmed posseto be able memēme abby horumhōrumof these ulloūllōany one compertumfound out for certain habeohabeō;I hold (nequenot enimfor inhonestainhonestāshameful rerēthing aliquaaliquāany memēme quisquamanyone involverit)could involve sedbut necneither succenseresuccēnsēreto be angry with congenericongenerīmy kinsman possum,I can eumveor him odisseōdisse.to hateI know for certain that I cannot be harmed by any of them (for no one could involve me in anything shameful); but neither can I be angry with my kinsman, or hate him.nec laedi posse me … compertum habeo compertum habeo "I hold as found out", i.e. "I know for certain", takes an accusative and infinitive: me … posse "that I can". The nec at the head of the clause belongs in sense to posse: "that I cannot be harmed". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)ab horum ullo ab with the ablative gives the agent of the passive laedi: "by any one of these". horum is a partitive genitive. Agent with the passive: a, ab with the ablativeneque enim … involverit neque enim "for … not"; with it quisquam "anyone" means "no one". involverit could be a future perfect, but here it is a perfect subjunctive of possibility: "no one could involve me". Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questionsinhonesta re aliqua me … involverit involvere aliquem re "to wrap someone up in something": the thing goes in the ablative. Only something shameful could harm me, and no one else can make me do it. Ablative of means, cause and mannernec … sed nec nec … sed nec "neither … nor yet": the two halves answer each other. I cannot be harmed by them, and so I cannot be angry with them. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivesuccensere congeneri succensere "to be angry with" takes the dative: congeneri "with my kinsman". congener "of the same stock" is an adjective used here as a noun. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)eumve odisse odisse "to hate" is perfect in form but present in meaning, like memini and novi. eumve = vel eum "or him". Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere) siquidemsīquidemfor indeed adfor mutuasmūtuāsmutual operasoperāsservices natinātīborn sumus;we are quoquōin which modomodōway pedespedēs,feet manusmanūs,hands palpebrae,eyelids dentiumof teeth superiorumsuperiōrumupper inferiorumqueīnferiōrumqueand lower ordinesōrdinēs.rowsFor we were born to work with one another, just as feet are, and hands, eyelids, and the rows of upper and lower teeth.siquidem siquidem "since indeed, for" gives the reason for what has just been said. Causal clauses: quod, quia, siquidem, cum, quippead mutuas operas nati sumus "We were born for mutual services", i.e. to work together: ad with the accusative gives the purpose. nati sumus is the perfect of the deponent nascor "be born", passive in form, active in meaning. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningquo modo pedes, manus, palpebrae … ordines quo modo "in the way in which", i.e. "just as". The verb is left out: supply nati sunt "(are) born (for working together)" with each of the nominatives. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood adversariadversārīto oppose itaqueso sibito one another invicemmutually praetercontrary to naturamnātūram:natureSo to oppose one another is against nature:adversari … praeter naturam est is left out: "to oppose one another is contrary to nature". The infinitive adversari is the subject, as an infinitive often is. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)sibi invicem sibi invicem "to one another": the reflexive with invicem "in turn" expresses an action people do to each other. The deponent adversari takes the dative. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suuspraeter naturam praeter here means "beyond, contrary to", not "except". adversantisof one who opposes estit is (the mark) autemand succenseresuccēnsēreto be angry etand aversariāversārī.to turn awayand to be angry and to turn away is the mark of one who opposes.adversantis est Genitive of characteristic: adversantis est "it is (the mark) of one who opposes". Its subjects are the infinitives succensere et aversari; so anger and aversion are acts of opposing, which is against nature. Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"adversantis adversantis is the present participle of the deponent adversor, used as a noun: "of a person opposing". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsaversari Do not confuse aversari "to turn away from, shun" (a + verto) with adversari "to oppose" (ad + verto).

I am only flesh, breath and the ruling mind. Put away books and, as one about to die, despise the body; and as an old man, keep the mind from slavery, from selfish impulses, and from shrinking from whatever fate sends, present or to come.

Quicquidwhatever sum,I am constatcōnstatconsists idit omneall carunculacarunculā,of a bit of flesh animulaanimulā,of a little breath etand parteof the part principanteprīncipante.rulingWhatever I am, all of it consists of a bit of flesh, a little breath, and the ruling part.Quicquid sum, constat id omne Quicquid sum "whatever I am" is picked up by id omne "all of it", the subject of constat. constare with the ablative means "to consist of". Ablative of means, cause and mannercaruncula, animula Diminutives: caruncula "a bit of flesh" (from caro), animula "a little breath" (from anima); the small forms sound dismissive. Both are ablative (long -ā) after constat.parte principante pars principans "the ruling part" is Gataker's name for the mind, the faculty that directs all the rest. principante is a present participle used like an adjective, ablative in -e. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns proindeso then mitteput away libroslibrōs.books necand … not distraherebe distracted amplius:any longer (nihilnothing obstat,stands in the way quoquōby which minusthe less hocthis faciasfaciās)you do sedbut tanquamas quiquīone who jamnow statimat once moriturusmoritūrusabout to die sissīs,you are carnescarnēsbits of flesh istasistāsthose (of yours) contemnascontemnās.you should despiseSo put away your books. No longer let yourself be distracted (nothing prevents you from doing this); but, as one who is about to die at any moment, despise that flesh of yours.mitte libros mitte here means "let go, put away", not "send": "put away your books". Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctivenec distrahere amplius distrahere is not the infinitive but the passive imperative (2nd sg.): "be pulled apart". With nec it means "and no longer let yourself be distracted". Classical prose would say noli distrahi. The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…")nihil obstat, quo minus hoc facias After verbs of hindering, quo minus (literally "by which the less") with the subjunctive means "from (doing)": "nothing prevents you from doing this". Quo minus and quin after verbs of hinderingtanquam qui jam statim moriturus sis "As one who is about to die at any moment". moriturus sis is the active periphrastic (future participle + sum), "be about to die"; a qui clause after tanquam describes what kind of person you are, so it takes the subjunctive. Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses)carnes istas contemnas contemnas is a jussive subjunctive, a softer command than an imperative: "you should despise". iste "that … of yours" often carries contempt; the plural carnes means "bits of flesh", the body. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") cruorgore est,it is etand ossicula,little bones etand reticulumrēticuluma little net exout of nervisnervīs,sinews venulisvēnulīslittle veins arteriisqueartēriīsqueand arteries contextum.wovenIt is gore, and little bones, and a little net woven out of sinews, little veins and arteries.cruor est The subject is the flesh just mentioned: "it is gore …". The one est serves for all three predicates.ossicula ossicula "little bones" is the diminutive of os, ossis "bone", as caruncula and animula above are of caro and anima: the diminutives belittle the body on purpose.reticulum ex nervis, venulis arteriisque contextum "A little net woven out of sinews, little veins and arteries": contextum agrees with reticulum, and ex gives the material. The diminutives (reticulum, venulis) belittle the body. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns QuinQuīnmoreover etalso animamthe soul consideracōnsīdera,consider qualisquāliswhat sort sit.it is SpiritusSpīritusbreath est,it is sivesīveor aerāēr,air necand … not isit semperalways idemīdem,the same sedbut quiquīone which jugiterjūgitercontinually efflatusefflātusbreathed out denuodēnuōagain resorbeturresorbētur.is drawn back inConsider also the soul, what sort of thing it is. It is breath, or air, and not always the same breath, but one that is continually breathed out and drawn back in again.Quin et quin et at the head of a sentence means "moreover, also": it adds a further point.animam considera, qualis sit An indirect question, so sit is subjunctive: "consider what sort of thing it is". Latin often makes the subject of the question (animam) the object of the main verb first: "consider the soul, what sort it is". Indirect questionsanimam anima here is the life-breath, the animula of the first sentence, not the reasoning mind; that is why it "is breath".nec is semper idem, sed qui … resorbetur Supply est: "and it is not always the same, but (a breath) which, continually breathed out, is drawn in again". qui has no antecedent written; understand spiritus. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood tertiumthe third (thing) restat,remains parspart illathat principatumprīncipātumcommand gerensgerēns.holdingThe third remains: that part which holds command.pars illa principatum gerens "That part which holds command": the present participle gerens does the work of an English relative clause. This is the pars principans of the first sentence, the mind; principatum gerere "to hold the rule". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounstertium tertium is neuter, "the third thing"; pars illa then says what it is. tutūyou ergoergōso sicsīcthus tecumtēcum:with yourself senexan old man es:you are partemthe part tuituīof you principemprīncipemruling servireservīreto be a slave ulteriusany longer nenēdo not siverissīverīs;allow sedbut necnor motibusmōtibusby impulses aāfrom communionecommūniōnefellowship humanahūmānāhuman alienisaliēnīsalien raptariraptārī,to be jerked about necnor quicquam,anything quodwhich fatofātōby fate destinatumdēstinātumdestined tibifor you fuerit,has been veleither jamalready ascitumascītumtaken on, received aversariāversārī,to turn away from velor futurumfutūrum(while it is) still to come paverepavēre.to dreadSo talk to yourself like this: You are an old man: do not let the ruling part of you be a slave any longer; nor let it be jerked about by impulses alien to human fellowship, nor either turn away from anything that fate has destined for you once it has come, or dread it while it is still to come.tu ergo sic tecum No verb: supply "speak" or "think": "so (talk) thus with yourself". tecum = cum te "with yourself". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodsenex es senex es "you are an old man" is the first thing you say to yourself; the commands that follow are the rest.partem tui principem servire ulterius ne siveris ne with the perfect subjunctive is a prohibition: ne siveris "do not allow". sino takes an accusative and infinitive: partem … servire "the part to be a slave". The later infinitives raptari, aversari and pavere also depend on it. Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctivetui tui is the genitive of tu, "of you", not a form of tuus: partem tui principem "the ruling part of you". princeps "chief, ruling" is used here as an adjective. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…)motibus a communione humana alienis raptari "To be jerked about by impulses foreign to human fellowship": alienus takes a with the ablative of what a thing is foreign to, and motibus is the ablative of means with raptari. Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)raptari rapto "drag about" is a frequentative of rapio; the passive raptari "to be dragged this way and that" pictures the mind as pulled by forces outside it. The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…")nec quicquam, quod fato destinatum tibi fuerit, vel jam ascitum aversari, vel futurum pavere quicquam "anything" is the object of both infinitives, aversari and pavere, which still depend on ne siveris. ascitum and futurum agree with it: "nor (let it) either turn away from anything fate has destined for you when it has already come, or dread it while it is still to come". vel … vel "either … or". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivequod fato destinatum tibi fuerit destinatum fuerit is a perfect passive subjunctive, with fuerit in place of sit: "which has been destined (for you) by fate". The relative clause is subjunctive because it is part of the prohibition it stands in. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtjam ascitum ascitum is the perfect participle of ascisco (also written adscisco) "take on, receive": what fate has sent and you have already received, that is, what is present now. futurum is what fate has not yet sent.

The works of the gods are full of providence, and even chance belongs to nature's web; what the whole brings is good for each part, and change preserves the world. Let these principles be enough: give up the thirst for books, and die grateful.

DeorumDeōrumof the gods operathe works providentiaeprōvidentiaeof providence plenaplēnafull sunt.areThe works of the gods are full of providence.opera … plena opera is the neuter plural of opus "work", not the feminine opera "effort" (operas in section 1); the neuter plural plena shows it. plenus takes the genitive: "full of providence". Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia) necand … not quaethe things which fortunafortūnāby chance fiuntfīunt,happen absquewithout naturaenātūraeof nature opehelp proveniuntprōveniunt,come about autor sinewithout connexuconnexūlinking implexuqueimplexūqueand interweaving rerumrērumof the things earumeārumthose quaewhich providentiaprōvidentiāby providence dispensanturdispēnsantur.are orderedNor do the things that happen by chance come about without the help of nature, or without the linking and interweaving of those things that are ordered by providence.quae fortuna fiunt "The things that happen by chance": the antecedent ("those things") is left out, and the whole relative clause is the subject of proveniunt. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodfortuna … providentia Both are ablative (long -ā), not nominative: fortuna "by chance", providentia "by providence". An ablative of cause or means needs no preposition. Ablative of means, cause and mannerabsque naturae ope absque is a rarer word for sine "without". ope is the ablative of ops "help", whose nominative singular is hardly used.connexu implexuque Fourth-declension ablatives in -u: "the linking and interweaving". The point: even chance is part of the web of things ordered by providence. indefrom there profluuntprōfluuntflow omnia.all things acceditaccēditthere is added etboth necessitasnecessitāsnecessity quaedam,a certain etand totiustōtīuswhole mundimundī,of the world cujusof which tutūyou parsa part es,you are utilitasūtilitās.the benefitFrom there all things flow. And there is added both a certain necessity and the benefit of the whole world, of which you are a part.inde profluunt omnia inde "from there", i.e. from providence. The subject omnia comes after its verb.accedit et necessitas quaedam, et … utilitas accedit "there comes in besides, there is added" has two subjects joined by et … et "both … and": necessitas and utilitas; the second is held back until after the relative clause cujus tu pars es. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivetotius totius is the genitive of totus "whole", with the pronoun-like ending -ius (like unius, illius). illudthat estis autemand partipartīfor part unicuiqueūnīcuiqueeach bonum,good quodwhich universiūniversīof the universe fertbrings naturanātūra,the nature quodqueand which adtowards eandemthe same conservandamcōnservandampreserving conducitcondūcit.contributesAnd that is good for each part which the nature of the universe brings, and which helps to preserve that same nature.illud … bonum, quod … quodque illud points forward to the two relative clauses: "that is good … which the nature of the universe brings, and which helps to preserve it". quodque here is quod + -que "and which", not the neuter of quisque "each". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodparti unicuique Dative of reference: "for each part". unicuique is the dative of unusquisque "each single one". Dative of reference, possession and advantageuniversi fert natura universi is genitive singular neuter used as a noun, "of the universe, of the whole", not a nominative plural; it depends on natura, which is the subject of fert.ad eandem conservandam ad with a gerundive gives purpose: "towards preserving the same (nature)". eandem refers back to natura. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive porroporrōmoreover conservantcōnservantpreserve mundumworld hunc,this sicutsīcutas elementorumelementōrum,of the elements itaso etalso concretorumconcrētōrumof the compounds exfrom hishīsthese mutationesmūtātiōnēs.the changesMoreover, the changes of the elements, and so also of the things compounded from them, preserve this world.conservant … mutationes The subject comes last: mutationes "the changes" preserve this world. sicut … ita et "as … so also" joins the two genitives that depend on it, much like "both … and". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…siveconcretorum ex his concreta "things grown together" (perfect participle of concresco) is used as a noun: "the compounds made from these", i.e. from the elements. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns Istathese things tibifor you sufficiant:let them be enough decretorumdēcrētōrumof principles vicein place jugiterjūgiteralways sint.let them beLet these things be enough for you: let them always serve you as principles.Ista tibi sufficiant … sint Jussive subjunctives: "let these things be enough for you; let them always be …". ista points to what has just been said about providence and the whole. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")decretorum vice vice with a genitive means "in the place of, as": decretorum vice "as principles". decreta are a philosopher's settled doctrines, the rules he lives by. librorumlibrōrumfor books verovērōbut sitimthirst pelle;drive away utso that nenēnot murmuransmurmurānsgrumbling moriarismoriāris,you may die sedbut verevērētruly propitius,at peace DeoqueDeōqueand to God exfrom animoanimōthe heart gratusgrātus.gratefulBut drive away your thirst for books, so that you may not die grumbling, but truly at peace, and grateful to God from the heart.librorum vero sitim librorum is an objective genitive: "thirst for books". sitim is the accusative of sitis, an i-stem with -im. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)ut ne murmurans moriaris ut ne = ne "so that … not": a purpose clause with the subjunctive of the deponent morior, "so that you may not die grumbling". Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)murmurans … propitius, Deoque ex animo gratus These nominatives describe you as you die: "not grumbling, but truly at peace, and grateful to God from the heart". propitius, usually "favourable" of a god, here means "kindly, serene"; ex animo "from the heart", i.e. sincerely.

Remember how long you have put things off and how many chances from the gods you have let slip. You are part of the world and offspring of its ruler, and your time is fixed: unless you use it to clear your mind, it will be gone, and you with it, for good.

MementoMementō,remember quamdiuquamdiūhow long istathese things distulerisdistulerīs,you have put off etand quotiesquotiēshow often opportunitatesopportūnitātēsopportunities aāby DiisDiīsthe gods tibito you oblatasoblātāsoffered neglexerisneglēxerīs.you have neglectedRemember how long you have been putting these things off, and how often you have neglected opportunities offered to you by the gods.Memento Memento 'remember' is the imperative of memini, a verb with perfect forms and present meaning. Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctivequamdiu … distuleris … quoties … neglexeris quamdiu 'how long' and quoties 'how often' turn what follows into indirect questions, the things to be remembered. In an indirect question the verb goes into the subjunctive: distuleris and neglexeris are perfect subjunctive, 'how long you have put off', 'how often you have neglected'. They look like future perfects, which differ only in the 1st person singular (distulerim against distulero); the sense here is past, so they are perfect subjunctive. Indirect questionsopportunitates a Diis tibi oblatas oblatas (from offero) is a perfect passive participle agreeing with opportunitates; a Diis names the agent: 'opportunities offered to you by the gods'. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns tandemat last advertasadvertāsyou take note oportet,it is necessary cujusnamcūjusnamof what mundimundīworld parsa part sissīs,you are etand cujusnamcūjusnamof what mundimundīof the world rectorisrēctōrisruler propagoprōpāgō.the offspringAt last you must take note of what world you are a part, and of what ruler of the world you are the offspring.advertas oportet oportet 'it is necessary' often takes a plain subjunctive with ut left out: advertas oportet = oportet ut advertas, 'it is necessary that you take note', i.e. 'you must take note'. It can also take an infinitive, as meminisse in §9. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)cujusnam … sis cujusnam is the genitive of quisnam, a stronger quis: 'of what world, pray?'. It opens an indirect question depending on advertas, so sis is subjunctive. Indirect questionscujusnam mundi rectoris propago The second question shares the verb of the first: supply sis, 'of what ruler of the world you are the offspring'. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood sedbut etalso praescriptumpraescrīptumset, fixed essehas been tibifor you temporisof time terminum:a limit quodwhich (time) nisiunless adfor animumthe mind serenandumserēnandumcalming accommodaverisaccommodāveris,you apply avolaturumāvolātūrumgoing to fly away estit is illud,it tetēyou simulat the same time abreptoabreptō,snatched away necand not deincepsever after rediturumreditūrum.going to returnBut also that a limit of time has been set for you: and unless you apply it to calming your mind, it will fly away, with you snatched away at the same time, and will never come back.sed et praescriptum esse tibi temporis terminum This still depends on advertas, across the full stop, but now as an indirect statement: the accusative terminum with the infinitive praescriptum esse, 'that a limit of time has been set'. sed et means 'but also'. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)quod nisi … accommodaveris quod is a relative referring back to the time (temporis); it is the object of accommodaveris, and illud picks it up again as subject of the main clause. accommodaveris is future perfect: in a condition about the future Latin says 'unless you will have applied it', where English says 'unless you apply it'. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")ad animum serenandum ad with a noun and a gerundive expresses purpose: ad animum serenandum, literally 'towards the mind to be calmed', means 'for calming the mind'. The gerundive serenandum agrees with animum. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitiveavolaturum est … rediturum The future participle with est means 'is going to': avolaturum est illud 'it is going to fly away'. rediturum shares the same est: 'and is not going to return'. Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses)te simul abrepto An ablative absolute: a pronoun or noun in the ablative with a participle, standing outside the grammar of the main clause. te … abrepto 'you having been snatched away at the same time': when your time goes, you go with it. Ablative absolute

Make it your constant concern to do whatever is at hand with dignity, kindness, freedom and justice, and to keep other thoughts away. You will manage it by doing each act as if it were the last of your life, free from rashness, passion, pretence, self-love and resentment of what the gods appoint; it takes only a few things to live an almost divine life.

CuraCūraconcern haecthis jugiterjūgiterconstantly incumbatlet it weigh tibi,on you utthat quicquidwhatever inin manibushands est,is strenuestrēnuēvigorously peragasperagās,you carry through proutas RomanumRōmānum,a Roman virumqueand a man decet,it befits cumwith exquisitaexquīsītā,careful necand not accersitaaccersītāaffected tamen,yet gravitategravitāte,dignity humanitatehūmānitāte,kindness libertatelībertāte,freedom justitiajūstitiā:justiceLet this concern weigh on you constantly: that whatever is in your hands you carry it through vigorously, as befits a Roman and a man, with careful, yet not affected, dignity, kindness, freedom and justice;Cura haec … incumbat tibi, ut incumbat is a jussive subjunctive, 'let this concern weigh on you'; as a compound of in it takes the dative tibi. haec points forward, and the ut clause says what the concern is: 'that you carry through…'. This ut does not mean 'in order that': its clause is a noun clause explaining Cura haec. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)quicquid in manibus est quicquid in manibus est 'whatever is in your hands' is the object of peragas; it is put first in the ut clause for emphasis. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodprout Romanum, virumque decet decet 'it befits' is impersonal and takes an accusative of the person: 'as befits a Roman and a man'. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)cum exquisita, nec accersita tamen, gravitate, humanitate, libertate, justitia cum governs four ablatives. exquisita 'careful' and accersita 'far-fetched, affected' are ablative (long -ā) and go with all four, though they stand next to gravitate; nec accersita tamen 'yet not affected' limits exquisita. animumqueand your mind interimmeanwhile abfrom aliisaliīsother omnibusall cogitationibuscōgitātiōnibusthoughts abducasabdūcās.you draw awayand that meanwhile you draw your mind away from all other thoughts.abducas abducas is still governed by the ut of the previous sentence: 'and that you draw your mind away'. The -que on animumque joins it to peragas. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…) abducesabdūcēsyou will draw (it) away autem,and sisīif tanquamas if (it were) vitaevītaeof life tuaeyour novissimam,the last actionemāctiōnemaction unamquamqueūnamquamqueeach single peregerisperēgeris;you perform temeritatetemeritāterashness omniomnīall liberamlīberam,free etand declinationedēclīnātiōneturning aside perthrough affectusaffectūsof passion vimthe force aāfrom rationisratiōnisof reason dictaminedictāmine;the dictate simulationesimulātiōnepretence itidem,likewise etand amoreamōrelove suisuī,of oneself eorumqueeōrumqueand of those things quaewhich aāby numinenūminethe divine power destinatadēstinātaappointed sunthave been aversationeāversātiōne.aversionAnd you will draw it away if you perform each action as though it were the last of your life: free from all rashness, and from turning aside, through the force of passion, from the dictate of reason; free likewise from pretence, and from love of self, and from aversion to the things that have been appointed by the divine power.abduces … si … peregeris As in §4, a condition about the future: the si clause has the future perfect peregeris ('if you will have performed'), the main clause the future abduces. English uses the present: 'if you perform'. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")tanquam vitae tuae novissimam novissimam, superlative of novus 'new', means 'last'. It agrees with actionem as a predicate: 'each action as (if it were) the last of your life'; tanquam needs no verb of its own.liberam … temeritate … declinatione … simulatione … amore … aversatione liberam 'free' agrees with actionem and, like other words of freedom and lack, takes a plain ablative of what one is free from. Five such ablatives follow: free from temeritate 'rashness', declinatione 'turning aside', simulatione 'pretence', amore 'love (of self)' and aversatione 'aversion'. Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)declinatione per affectus vim a rationis dictamine One long phrase: 'turning aside (declinatione), through the force (per … vim) of passion (affectus), from the dictate of reason (a rationis dictamine)'. affectus is genitive singular of the 4th declension (long -ūs), governed by vim.amore sui, eorumque quae a numine destinata sunt aversatione sui and eorum are objective genitives: amore sui 'love of oneself', eorum … aversatione 'aversion to those things'. The relative clause quae a numine destinata sunt stands between eorumque and the noun it depends on. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) VidesVidēs,you see quamhow paucafew (things) sint,they are quaewhich siquissīquisif anyone tenuerit,holds to prosperamprosperous acand divinamdīvīnamdivine propemodumalmost vitamvītama life degeredēgereto live deturdētur.it is granted siquidemsīquidemsince eteven diidiīthe gods ipsiipsīthemselves nihilnothing ampliusmore exigentthey will demand abfrom eoeō,the one istathese things quiquīwho observaveritobservāverit.observesYou see how few are the things which, if anyone holds to them, it is granted him to live a prosperous and almost divine life. For even the gods themselves will demand nothing more from the one who observes these things.quam pauca sint quam 'how' opens an indirect question after Vides, so sint is subjunctive: 'how few (the things) are'. Indirect questionsquae siquis tenuerit … detur Read it as 'which, if anyone holds to them, it is granted (to him) to live…'. quae is the object of tenuerit, though it stands before siquis 'if anyone'. The whole clause belongs to the indirect question, so its verbs are subjunctive: detur (in direct speech datur), and tenuerit is perfect subjunctive standing for the future perfect of direct speech; in the 3rd singular the two forms are the same. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtdegere detur detur 'it is granted' is impersonal; the infinitive degere is its subject: 'to live … is granted'. The person it is granted to, the siquis, is understood. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)siquidem et dii ipsi siquidem 'since' gives a reason; et here means 'even'. This clause is indicative because it is the writer's own comment, outside the indirect question. Causal clauses: quod, quia, siquidem, cum, quippeista qui observaverit observaverit is future perfect beside the future exigent: 'from him who will have observed these things', i.e. who observes them. The object ista is put before the relative qui for emphasis: 'who these things observes'. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")

The soul is disgracing itself, and soon there will be no chance to recover its honour, for life is short. It is nearly over already, while you have no respect for yourself and hang your happiness on the minds of others.

IgnominiaIgnōminiā,with disgrace ignominiaignōminiā,with disgrace inquam,I say tetēyourself afficis,you treat oōO anima.soulYou are bringing disgrace, disgrace, I say, upon yourself, O soul.Ignominia … te afficis afficere aliquem with an ablative is an idiom: 'to treat someone with, to visit something on someone'. ignominia te afficis 'you are visiting disgrace on yourself'. Ignominia is ablative (long -ā), not the subject. Ablative of means, cause and mannero anima anima is vocative: Marcus addresses his own soul, so te here means 'yourself'. The vocative honoremhonōremhonour autembut tibifor yourself tuumyour vindicandivindicandī,of claiming haudnot eritthere will be ampliusany longer opportunitasopportūnitās.opportunityBut there will no longer be any opportunity of claiming your honour for yourself.honorem … tibi tuum vindicandi … opportunitas vindicandi is the genitive of the gerund, a verbal noun 'of claiming', depending on opportunitas: 'opportunity of claiming'. Like a verb it takes a direct object, honorem … tuum. The whole gerund phrase comes before the noun it depends on, so it is best read last: 'there will be no more chance of claiming your honour for yourself'. The gerund (agendo, laedendi) fugitis slipping away enimfor unicuiqueūnīcuiquefor each one brevisshort aetasaetās.span of lifeFor each one's short span of life is slipping away.fugit fugit with short u is present, 'is fleeing'; the perfect 'has fled' would be fūgit. unicuique is the dative of unusquisque 'each one'. eait verovērōand indeed tibifor you propealmost confectacōnfectaused up est,is dumwhile tuituīfor yourself ipsiusipsīusown reverentiamrespect nullamnūllamno habeshabēs,you have sedbut inin aliorumaliōrumof others animisanimīsthe minds felicitatemfēlīcitātemhappiness tuamyour collocascollocās.you placeAnd yours is almost used up, while you have no respect for your own self, but place your happiness in the minds of others.ea vero tibi prope confecta est ea is the aetas of the last sentence; tibi is a dative of reference, 'for you', which English turns into 'your': 'your life is almost used up'. Dative of reference, possession and advantagetui ipsius reverentiam tui ipsius 'of your own self' is an objective genitive: reverentiam tui is 'respect for yourself', not 'your respect'. ipsius strengthens tui. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)dum … habes dum 'while' takes the indicative here: the two things happen at the same time. Temporal clauses: dum, ubi, quando, quoties, quamdiu

Do not let outside events distract you; make yourself leisure to learn something good and stop drifting this way and that. But avoid the opposite error as well: many busy people wear out their lives in activity without any goal to direct it.

NeNēlet … not tetēyou distrahant,let them distract quaethe things which extrinsecusfrom outside obveniuntbefall tibi;you sedbut otiumōtiumleisure tibiyourself praestespraestēs,you should give quoquōby which bonibonīof good aliquidsomething addiscasaddiscās,you may learn besides etand huchūcthis way illucillūcthat way ferriferrīto be carried desinasdēsinās.you may stopDo not let the things that befall you from outside distract you; but give yourself leisure, in which to learn something good besides, and stop being carried this way and that.Ne te distrahant, quae extrinsecus obveniunt tibi ne with the present subjunctive gives a negative command in the 3rd person: 'let them not distract you'. The subject of distrahant is the clause quae extrinsecus obveniunt tibi 'the things which befall you from outside', with the antecedent ea left out. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")otium tibi praestes praestes is a jussive subjunctive in the 2nd person, a softened command: 'you should give yourself leisure'. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")quo … addiscas quo is the relative in the ablative, referring to otium: 'by which'. A relative clause with the subjunctive can express purpose: 'leisure by which you may learn', i.e. 'so as to learn'. quo is also used on its own as a conjunction 'so that' (mostly with a comparative), and the sense is the same. desinas belongs to the same clause. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)boni aliquid aliquid boni, literally 'something of good', means 'something good': neuter words like aliquid, nihil, quid take the genitive of an adjective. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…)huc illuc ferri desinas desinere 'to stop' takes an infinitive. ferri is passive, 'to be carried', with the sense of letting yourself be swept about: 'stop drifting this way and that'. The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…") caeterumbut ettoo aliaanother hichīchere hallucinatiohallūcinātiōerror cavendato be guarded against est.isBut here another error too must be guarded against.caeterum caeterum 'but, however' is Gataker's spelling of ceterum. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunquecavenda est The gerundive with est expresses what must be done: cavenda est 'is to be guarded against', i.e. 'must be avoided'. The gerundive agrees with its subject hallucinatio, feminine singular. The 'other error' is the opposite one: being busy without a goal. Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt) nugasnūgāstrifles siquidemsīquidemfor indeed aguntthey do actuosiāctuōsībusy people haudnot paucipaucī,few dumwhile vitamvītamtheir life agendoagendōby doing things conterunt,they wear out sedbut scopum,target adto quemwhich conatuscōnātūsefforts suossuōstheir cogitationesquecōgitātiōnēsqueand thoughts omnesomnēsall dirigantdīrigant,they might direct sibifor themselves propositumprōpositumset before nullumnūllumno habent.they haveFor not a few busy people are trifling, while they wear out their life by doing things, but have no target set before themselves to which they might direct all their efforts and thoughts.nugas siquidem agunt actuosi haud pauci nugas agere, literally 'to do trifles', means 'to waste effort on nonsense'. siquidem 'for indeed' gives the reason for the warning. haud pauci 'not a few' means 'many'; actuosi 'busy (people)' is an adjective used as a noun. Causal clauses: quod, quia, siquidem, cum, quippevitam agendo conterunt agendo is the ablative of the gerund of ago, 'by doing': they wear out their lives by sheer activity. Gataker plays on agunt … agendo: much doing, nothing done. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)scopum, ad quem … dirigant, sibi propositum nullum habent The frame is scopum … sibi propositum nullum habent 'they have no target set before themselves'; nullum at the end belongs to scopum at the start. The relative clause ad quem … dirigant has the subjunctive because it describes the kind of target they lack: 'one to which they might direct their efforts'. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)

Practically no one has become unhappy through failing to notice what goes on in other people's minds; but those who do not attend to the movements of their own minds are bound to be unhappy.

Vix,hardly autor nenēnot vixhardly quidemeven quisquam,anyone ideoideōfor this reason infeliciterīnfēlīciterbadly agereto fare deprehensusdēprehēnsusfound est,has been quiabecause inin alienisaliēnīsother people's animisanimīsminds quidwhat agereturagerēturwas going on nonnōnnot animadverterit.he noticedHardly anyone, or rather not even hardly anyone, has been found to fare badly for this reason, because he did not notice what was going on in other people's minds.Vix, aut ne vix quidem ne … quidem means 'not even' and frames the word it stresses: ne vix quidem 'not even hardly'. Gataker corrects himself: 'hardly anyone, or rather not even hardly anyone', that is, practically no one.infeliciter agere deprehensus est deprehendi 'to be caught, be found' takes an infinitive: 'has been found to fare badly'. agere here means 'to fare, get on', and infeliciter agere is 'to be unhappy'. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)ideo … quia … animadverterit ideo … quia 'for this reason … because'. quia takes the subjunctive animadverterit because the reason is not the writer's own but one he rejects: no one is unhappy for that reason. The indicative would state a real reason. Causal clauses: quod, quia, siquidem, cum, quippequid ageretur An indirect question after animadverterit: 'what was going on'. agitur in the passive means 'it is going on'. The imperfect ageretur follows the past tense of animadverterit (sequence of tenses). Indirect questions caeterumbut quiquīthose who animorumanimōrumof minds suorumsuōrumtheir own motusmōtūsmovements nonnōnnot attendunt,they attend to hihīthese verovērōtruly infeliciterīnfēlīciterbadly agant,they fare necessenecessary est.it isBut those who do not attend to the movements of their own minds are bound to fare badly.qui … hi The relative clause comes first and hi 'these' picks it up: 'those who do not attend…, these…'. Latin often puts such a clause before the word it describes. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodmotus motus is accusative plural of the 4th declension (long -ūs), object of attendunt: 'the movements'.agant, necesse est necesse est 'it is necessary', like oportet in §4, takes a plain subjunctive without ut: agant necesse est = necesse est ut agant, 'they must fare'. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)

Always keep in mind what the nature of the universe is, what your own nature is, and how the two are related; and that no one can prevent you from always doing and saying what agrees with the nature of which you are part.

HorumHōrumthese things meminisseto remember semperalways oportet:it is necessary quaewhat universiūniversī,of the universe quaewhat tuayour naturanātūranature sit;is quomodoquōmodohow haecthis (your nature) adtowards illamthat (nature of the universe) affecta,disposed qualisquequālisqueand what kind of parspart qualisquālisof what kind of universiūniversīuniverse existat:it isOne must always remember these things: what the nature of the universe is, what yours is; how yours is related to that, and what kind of part it is of what kind of universe:Horum meminisse … oportet meminisse is the infinitive of memini: perfect in form, present in meaning, 'to remember'. With oportet it means 'one must remember'. Verbs of remembering often take the genitive: Horum 'these things', which the following questions spell out. Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere)quae universi, quae tua natura sit A string of indirect questions explains Horum, all with subjunctive verbs: quae … sit, quomodo … affecta, qualis … existat. In the first, natura sit serves both universi and tua: 'what the nature of the universe is, what yours is'. Indirect questionshaec ad illam affecta haec 'this one' is the nearer-mentioned nature, yours; illam 'that one' is the nature of the universe. affecta stands for affecta sit 'is disposed towards', i.e. 'is related to'. Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idemqualisque pars qualis universi Two question words in one clause: 'what kind of part of what kind of whole'. Latin can join them where English needs a looser phrasing. quodthat etiamalso nemonēmōno one sit,there is quiquīwho prohibereprohibēreto prevent tetēyou possit,can quoquōso that minusless eathose things faciasfaciāsyou do dicasquedīcāsqueand say semper,always quaewhich naturaenātūraewith nature illiillī,that cujuscūjusof which parsa part es,you are consentaneacōnsentāneain keeping fuerint.areand also that there is no one who can prevent you from always doing and saying the things that are in keeping with that nature of which you are a part.quod etiam nemo sit quod 'the fact that' adds a second thing to remember, still depending on Horum meminisse … oportet. Its verb sit is subjunctive because it is a thought to be held in mind rather than a plain statement of the writer's. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtnemo sit, qui prohibere te possit After nemo est 'there is no one', a relative clause takes the subjunctive, describing the kind of person: 'no one who could prevent you'. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)prohibere te … quo minus ea facias dicasque After a verb of preventing, quo minus (often written as one word, quominus) with the subjunctive means 'from (doing)': prohibere te quo minus facias 'to prevent you from doing'. Literally it is 'by which the less you do'. Quo minus and quin after verbs of hinderingquae naturae illi, cujus pars es, consentanea fuerint consentaneus 'in keeping with' takes the dative naturae illi. fuerint is perfect subjunctive: the relative clause is part of the quo minus clause and takes the subjunctive with it, and the perfect looks on the agreement as settled, 'whatever has proved to be in keeping'. The future perfect has the same form in the 3rd plural, but the clause needs the subjunctive. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought

Theophrastus rightly judged that wrongs done through desire are worse than wrongs done through anger. The angry man is driven by pain, like someone provoked; the man of desire is overcome by pleasure and rushes into wrongdoing of his own accord.

PhilosophicePhilosophicēlike a philosopher Theophrastus,Theophrastus inin peccatispeccātīswrongdoings interamong sesēthemselves conferendiscōnferendīsbeing compared (proutprōutjust as vulgovulgōcommonly conferricōnferrīto be compared solent)they usually are dicitdīcit;he says gravioragraviōramore serious esseto be quae(those) which perthrough cupidinemcupīdinem,desire quamthan quae(those) which perthrough iramīramanger admittuntur.are committedTheophrastus, in comparing wrongdoings with one another (as they are commonly compared), says like a philosopher that those committed through desire are more serious than those committed through anger.in peccatis inter se conferendis in + noun + gerundive: conferendis agrees with peccatis (abl. pl. n.), so the phrase means 'in wrongdoings being compared', i.e. 'in comparing wrongdoings'. inter se 'among themselves' = 'with one another'. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitiveprout vulgo conferri solent solent 'they are usually' takes the infinitive conferri; its subject is still the wrongdoings: 'as they are commonly compared', in the ordinary, everyday way.dicit; graviora esse After dicit the statement is reported: its verb becomes an infinitive (esse) and its subject goes into the accusative. The subject here is 'those things' (ea, left out) quae per cupidinem (admittuntur), and graviora agrees with it. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)graviora … quam graviora is the comparative of gravis, 'heavier, more serious' (neuter plural); quam 'than' brings in the second thing compared. The two quae clauses share the one verb admittuntur at the end. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamadmittuntur admittere here means 'to commit' (a fault or crime), not 'to admit'. etenim,for indeed quiquī(the man) who irasciturīrāscitur,is angry cumwith doloredolōrepain quodamquōdama certain etand contractionecontractiōnecontraction animianimīof the mind occultaoccultāhidden aāfrom rationisratiōnisof reason tramitetrāmitepath declinaredēclīnāreto turn aside videturvidētur:seemsFor the man who is angry seems to turn aside from the path of reason with a certain pain and a hidden contraction of the mind;qui irascitur … videtur The relative clause qui irascitur 'he who is angry' is itself the subject of videtur; Latin leaves out the 'he' (is). Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodirascitur irascitur is from the deponent irascor: passive form, active meaning 'he is angry'. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningcum dolore quodam et contractione animi occulta cum here is the preposition 'with' (it is followed by ablatives), not the conjunction. quodam 'a certain' softens dolore: 'with a kind of pain'. occulta agrees with contractione: 'a hidden contraction (shrinking) of the mind'.a rationis tramite The genitive rationis stands between the preposition and its noun: 'from the path of reason'.declinare videtur videtur (passive of video 'see') means 'seems' and takes an infinitive: 'seems to turn aside'. quiquī(the man) who verovērōbut perthrough cupidinemcupīdinemdesire delinquitdēlinquit,does wrong quiabecause voluptatevoluptāteby pleasure vincitur,he is overcome intemperantiormore intemperate quodammodoquōdammodo,in a way etand inin peccandopeccandōdoing wrong effoeminatioreffoeminātiormore unmanly videturvidētur.seemsbut the man who does wrong through desire, because he is overcome by pleasure, seems in a way more intemperate, and more unmanly in his wrongdoing.qui vero qui vero 'but he who' answers qui irascitur in the sentence before; again the whole relative clause is the subject of videtur.quia voluptate vincitur quia 'because' with the indicative states a fact. voluptate is an ablative of means: 'he is overcome by pleasure' (a thing, not a person, so no a/ab). Ablative of means, cause and mannerintemperantior … effoeminatior Two comparatives in -ior (nom. sg. m.), predicates with videtur: 'seems more intemperate … more unmanly' than the angry man, who is understood. quodammodo 'in a way' softens the first. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamin peccando peccando is a gerund (a verbal noun) in the ablative after in: 'in doing wrong', i.e. 'in his wrongdoing'. It is from pecco 'do wrong', the verb of peccatis in the first sentence; delinquit just before says the same. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)effoeminatior Gataker writes oe in effoeminatior for classical effeminatior, as if the word came from foemina, his spelling of femina 'woman'. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunque recterēctērightly igitur,then, therefore necand not indigneindignēunworthily philosophophilosophō,of a philosopher pronunciavitprōnūnciāvit,he declared ampliorisampliōrisof greater esseto be criminiscrīminis,of offence quod(that) which cumwith voluptatevoluptāte,pleasure quamthan quod(that) which cumwith doloredolōrepain admittitur.is committedRightly, then, and not unworthily of a philosopher, he declared that what is committed with pleasure is a greater offence than what is committed with pain.nec indigne philosopho 'And not unworthily of a philosopher': a negative with a negative word (litotes), meaning 'in a way fully worthy of a philosopher'. Like indignus, the adverb indigne takes an ablative of the person: philosopho.pronunciavit, amplioris esse criminis Reported speech again, after pronunciavit 'he declared': the infinitive esse has as its subject the clause quod cum voluptate (admittitur) 'what is committed with pleasure'. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)amplioris esse criminis A genitive after esse describes what kind of thing the subject is: 'to be of a greater offence', i.e. 'to be a graver fault'. amplioris (comparative of amplus 'large') agrees with criminis. Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"amplioris … quam quod quam 'than' sets the second quod clause against the first; both clauses share the verb admittitur at the end. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quampronunciavit Gataker spells pronunciavit with c for classical pronuntiavit; ci and ti before a vowel sounded alike, and printers of his day often wrote c. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunque atqueand omninoomnīnōon the whole alterthe one (the angry man) eieīto the man similiormore like existit,is, proves to be quiquīwho priorfirst laesus,having been wronged dolorisdolōrisof pain rationeratiōneby reason adto irascendumīrāscendumbeing angry adigitur:is driven cumwhereas isthat man sponteof (his own) accord suasuāhis own adto laedendumdoing harm feraturferātur,he is carried quiquīwho adto perpetrandumcommitting quidquamanything cupidinecupīdineby desire duciturdūcitur.he is ledAnd on the whole the one is more like a man who, wronged first, is driven to anger by reason of pain; whereas the man who is led by desire to commit anything is carried to doing harm of his own accord.alter ei similior existit, qui alter 'the one' is the angry man. similior 'more like' (comparative of similis) takes the dative ei 'to him', and qui picks up ei: 'is more like a man who …'. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodprior laesus prior 'first, earlier' (a comparative with no positive) goes with the participle laesus like an adverb: 'wronged first', i.e. someone provoked before he grew angry. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsdoloris ratione ratione + genitive often means 'by reason of, because of': 'because of pain'.ad irascendum … ad laedendum … ad perpetrandum ad + a gerund in the accusative gives the goal: 'to being angry', 'to doing harm', 'to committing'. In ad perpetrandum quidquam the gerund keeps a direct object, quidquam 'anything'. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)cum is … feratur cum + subjunctive here sets the second man against the first: 'whereas he … is carried'. It can also be felt as causal, 'since', giving the reason why the angry man is the more excusable. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughis sponte sua … qui … ducitur is … qui 'that man … who': the relative clause comes last, after feratur. sponte sua 'of his own accord': no one has wronged him first. feratur 'is carried, rushes' is a passive with a middle sense.

Act and think as one who may depart from life at any moment: if the gods exist, death is nothing to fear, and if they do not, a world without gods or providence is not worth living in. But the gods exist and have put true evil wholly in our power; what befalls good and bad alike, such as death and life, honour and disgrace, pain and pleasure, wealth and poverty, is neither good nor evil.

Itain such a way quaequeeach thing faciasfaciāsyou do cogitesquecōgitēsqueand you think oportet,it is necessary utas quiquī(one) who confestimcōnfestimat once eēfrom vitavītālife hachācthis possispossīsyou can discederediscēdere.to departYou must do and think each thing in such a way, as one who can depart from this life at once.quaeque quaeque here is not quae + -que: it is the neuter plural of quisque 'each', used as a noun, 'each thing', the object of facias and cogites. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunquefacias cogitesque oportet oportet 'it is necessary' can take a plain subjunctive without ut: 'it is necessary that you do and think', i.e. 'you must do and think'. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)Ita … ut qui … possis ut qui + subjunctive means 'as one who', 'as being one who': the relative clause gives a reason, so its verb possis is subjunctive. Ita … ut 'in such a way … as': act like a man who may leave life at any moment. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) humanishūmānīshuman affairs autembut excedereexcēdere,to depart from siquidemsīquidemif indeed DiiDiīgods sunt,exist nihilnothing estis grave.grievousBut to depart from human affairs, if indeed there are gods, is nothing grievous.humanis autem excedere … nihil est grave The infinitive excedere is the subject of est: 'to depart … is nothing grievous'. An infinitive used this way acts as a neuter noun. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)humanis humanis is the neuter plural of humanus used as a noun, 'human things, the world of men'. excedere takes a plain ablative of the thing left (ablative of separation): 'to depart from human affairs'. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)siquidem Dii sunt siquidem 'if indeed', i.e. 'if, as is the case'. sunt here means 'exist'. Dii is Gataker's spelling of di (or dei), the nominative plural of deus. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunque nequenot enimfor malomalōin evil ulliūllīany illiillīthey (the gods) involventthey will entangle tetē.youFor they will not entangle you in any evil.involvent involvent is future, not present: involvo is 3rd conjugation, whose future runs -am, -es, -et … -ent. 'They will entangle'.neque enim neque enim 'for … not': enim 'for' stands second, and neque negates the whole sentence. illi 'they' are the gods.malo ulli malo 'evil' is the neuter of malus used as a noun. ulli agrees with it: an old ablative of ullus 'any', which Gataker prints for the usual ullo; do not take it as a dative, or as nominative plural like the illi 'they' that follows. ullus is used because the sentence is negative: 'not … in any evil'. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque sisīif verovērō,but veleither nullinūllīnone sunt,they are velor nullamnūllamno rerumrērumof affairs humanarumhūmānārumhuman curamcūramcare gerunt,they take quidwhat attinetdoes it matter tandemafter all viverevīvereto live inin mundomundōa world veleither DeorumDeōrum,of gods velor providentiaeprōvidentiaeof providence inaniinānī?emptyBut if they either do not exist, or take no care of human affairs, what is the use, after all, of living in a world empty either of gods or of providence?si vero … quid attinet A simple condition: the 'if' clause has the indicative (sunt, gerunt), and the main clause is a question. Nothing is implied about whether the 'if' is true. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)vel nulli sunt, vel nullam … curam gerunt vel … vel 'either … or'. nulli sunt 'they are none' = 'they do not exist'; the subject, the gods, carries over from the sentences before. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivererum humanarum curam rerum humanarum is an objective genitive: the care is for human affairs. curam gerere 'to have care, take care'. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)quid attinet tandem vivere quid attinet? 'what does it matter? what is the use?' is impersonal, and the infinitive vivere is its subject: 'what is the use of living …?' tandem in a question adds impatience: 'after all, pray'. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)in mundo vel Deorum, vel providentiae inani inani 'empty' agrees with mundo but waits till the end; like other words of fullness and lack, it takes the genitive: 'a world empty of gods or of providence'. caeterumbut in fact etboth suntthey exist illiillī,they (the gods) etand resrēsaffairs humanashūmānāshuman curantcūrant:they care forBut in fact they both exist and care for human affairs;et sunt illi, et res humanas curant et … et 'both … and'. sunt again means 'exist'; illi 'they' are the gods. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivecaeterum caeterum is Gataker's spelling of ceterum, here 'but in fact', turning from the supposition to what is true. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunque etand nenēso that not ininto ea,those things quaewhich verevērētruly malaevil sunt,are incidatmay fall quisquam,anyone inin ipsiusipsīusof the man himself arbitrioarbitriōpower, control prorsusprōrsusentirely posuereposuēre.they have placed (it)and so that no one may fall into the things which are truly evil, they have placed it entirely in his own power.ne in ea … incidat quisquam ne + subjunctive gives a negative purpose: 'so that no one may fall'. After ne, 'no one' is said as 'not … anyone': ne … quisquam. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)in ea, quae vere mala sunt in + accusative means 'into'. ea 'those things' and mala 'evils' are neuter plurals used as nouns: 'into the things which are truly evil'. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)in ipsius arbitrio Here in + ablative means 'in'. ipsius 'of (the man) himself' refers back to quisquam: the matter lies in each man's own judgment and power.posuere posuere = posuerunt 'they have placed', the other ending -ere of the 3rd plural perfect; the perfect stem posu- shows it is not an infinitive. The thing placed ('it', the matter) is understood. Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere) reliquorumreliquōrumof the remaining things siquidsīquidif anything malumevil existeret,were, proved to be ettoo dedēfor, about hochōcthis utiqueutīquecertainly pariterin the same way prospexissentprōspexissent,they would have provided quoquōso that inin ipsoipsōthe man himself situmplaced, lying foret,it would be ininto istudthat (evil) quoquetoo nenēthat … not incideret.he should fallAnd if anything among the rest were evil, they would certainly have provided for this too in the same way, so that it would lie in the man himself not to fall into that too.reliquorum siquid malum siquid = si quid 'if anything' (quid means 'anything' after si). reliquorum 'of the remaining things' is a partitive genitive with it: 'if any of the other things'. malum is predicate: 'were an evil'. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…)siquid malum existeret … prospexissent An unreal (contrary-to-fact) condition: existeret (impf. subj.) 'if anything were evil' and prospexissent (plpf. subj.) 'they would have provided'. The subjunctives show that the 'if' is not true: nothing else is in fact evil. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)et de hoc utique pariter prospexissent et here means 'also' (= etiam). prospicere de + ablative is 'to provide for, take care about': 'they would certainly have provided for this too, in the same way'.quo in ipso situm foret quo + subjunctive introduces a purpose clause, 'so that', like ut; it usually comes with a comparative, but not here. foret = esset, and situm (perfect participle of sino) means 'placed, lying': in ipso situm foret 'it would lie in the man himself', i.e. in his own power. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)in istud quoque ne incideret This ne clause is the subject of situm foret: what would lie in his power is 'that he should not fall into that too'. The imperfect subjunctives foret and incideret follow the past main verb prospexissent. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…) atbut verovērō,indeed quodthat which hominema man deterioremdēteriōremworse nonnōnnot facit,makes vitamvītamthe life hominisof a man deterioremdēteriōremworse efficereto make quiquīhow possit?could itBut how could that which does not make a man worse make a man's life worse?qui possit qui here is not the relative pronoun but an old adverb meaning 'how?'. The subjunctive possit makes the question potential, 'how could it …?', and the expected answer is 'it could not'. Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questionsquod hominem deteriorem non facit quod 'that which' has no antecedent expressed; the whole clause is the subject of possit. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodhominem deteriorem … vitam hominis deteriorem deteriorem 'worse' is a comparative with no positive. With facere and efficere it is a predicate: 'to make a man worse', 'to make life worse'. It agrees first with hominem (m.), then with vitam (f.). Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam necneither imprudensimprūdēnsunaware autem,and necnor prudensprūdēnsaware utiqueutīque,indeed sedbut praecaverepraecavēreto guard against autor corrigereto correct impotensimpotēns,unable universiūniversīof the universe naturanātūrathe nature neglexitneglēxithas overlooked ista;these thingsAnd neither unaware, nor indeed aware but unable to guard against or correct them, has the nature of the universe overlooked these things;nec imprudens … nec prudens … impotens All three adjectives describe natura, the subject, which comes near the end: 'neither unaware, nor aware but unable to prevent or correct them, has nature overlooked these things'. Both possible excuses for neglect are ruled out. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…siveimprudens … prudens prudens (from providens 'foreseeing') keeps here its first sense 'knowing, aware', and imprudens means 'unknowing, unaware'; not 'wise' and 'unwise'.praecavere aut corrigere impotens impotens 'unable' takes infinitives, as potens 'able' can: 'unable to guard against or to correct'.universi natura universi is the neuter of universus 'whole' used as a noun, 'the universe': 'the nature of the universe'. ista 'these things' is a neuter plural too: the matters just discussed. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia) necnor erroremerrōreman error tamso immanemimmānemmonstrous admisissetadmīsissetwould it have committed unquam,ever sivesīvewhether perthrough impotentiam,lack of power sivesīveor perthrough imperitiamimperītiam,lack of skill utas to, that bonagood things acand mala,bad things bonisbonīsto good malisquemalīsqueand to bad exon aequoaequōan equal footing hominibus,to men nullonūllōno factofactōhaving been made discriminediscrīmine,distinction contingereto befall patereturpaterētur.it would allownor would it ever have committed so monstrous an error, whether through lack of power or through lack of skill, as to allow good and bad things to befall good and bad men equally, with no distinction made.admisisset admisisset (plpf. subj.) says what would have happened, 'nor would it ever have committed', with the 'if' clause left unsaid (if nature had overlooked these things). admittere again means 'to commit'. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)tam immanem … ut … pateretur tam … ut 'so … that': a result clause with the subjunctive pateretur, 'so monstrous an error as to allow'. It is imperfect by sequence after the past admisisset. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)sive per impotentiam, sive per imperitiam sive … sive 'whether … or'. The two nouns pick up the excuses of the sentence before: lack of power (impotens) and lack of knowledge (imprudens). Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivebona ac mala … contingere pateretur pateretur is from the deponent patior 'allow', which takes an accusative and infinitive: 'allow good and bad things to happen'. bona ac mala are neuter plural adjectives used as nouns. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)bonis malisque ex aequo hominibus bonis malisque agree with hominibus, which comes three words later; all are dative with contingere 'to happen to': 'to good and bad men alike'. ex aequo 'on an equal footing, equally'. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)nullo facto discrimine Ablative absolute: a noun (discrimine) with a participle (facto) in the ablative, 'no distinction having been made', i.e. 'without any distinction'. Ablative absolute atquiatquīyet mors,death etand vitavīta,life honorhonour etand ignominiaignōminia,disgrace dolorpain etand voluptasvoluptās,pleasure opesopēswealth etand paupertaspaupertās,poverty istathese things omniaall bonisbonīsto the good pariterequally malisquemalīsqueand to the bad contingunt,happen to cumsince necneither honestahonourable eathey necnor inhonestashameful sint.they areYet death and life, honour and disgrace, pain and pleasure, wealth and poverty: all these happen equally to good and bad men, since they are neither honourable nor shameful.atqui atqui 'and yet, now' brings in the next step of the argument; the conclusion follows with itaque in the next sentence.mors, et vita … ista omnia Four pairs of nouns come first; ista omnia 'all these things' then gathers them up as the subject of contingunt. A neuter plural can sum up nouns of any gender. Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idembonis pariter malisque bonis … malisque are adjectives used as nouns, masculine here: 'to the good and the bad', dative with contingunt. The -que is joined to the second word, with pariter between. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)cum nec honesta ea nec inhonesta sint cum + subjunctive is causal here: 'since they are neither honourable nor shameful'. honesta and inhonesta are predicates agreeing with ea (nom. pl. n.). Clauses with cum: when, since, although necneither bonagood (things) itaquetherefore necnor malaevil (things) sunt.they areTherefore they are neither good nor evil.nec bona … nec mala sunt bona and mala are neuter plural predicates: '(these things) are neither goods nor evils'. itaque 'therefore' stands second. This ends the argument: what happens to good and bad men alike cannot itself be good or evil. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)

Reason's task is to see how quickly everything passes, how cheap the things of sense are, and who the people are whose praise gives fame. Above all it should look at death stripped of its frightening masks, and see that it is a work of nature and good for nature; and it should ask how man touches God and what becomes of that part of him when it leaves the body.

FacultatisFacultātisof the faculty rationalisratiōnālisrational est,it is (the task) considerarecōnsīderāre,to consider quamhow velocitervēlōciterswiftly evanescantēvānēscantthey vanish omnia,all things inin mundomundōthe world corpora,bodies inin aevoaevōtime eorundemeōrundemof the same (things) etiameven memoria:memoryIt is the task of the rational faculty to consider how swiftly all things vanish: in the world, their bodies; in time, even the memory of them;Facultatis rationalis est, considerare facultatis rationalis est is a genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to the rational faculty", "it is the work of reason". What belongs to it is the infinitive considerare, which is the subject of est: "to consider … is the task of reason". Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"quam velociter evanescant considerare governs a chain of indirect questions that runs through the whole section: quam velociter evanescant, cujusmodi sint, quinam ii sint, quid sit ipsum mori, and at the end quomodo … contingat and quo pacto habitura se sit. Each has its verb in the subjunctive, which English gives as a plain indicative: "how quickly all things vanish". Indirect questionsin mundo corpora, in aevo eorundem etiam memoria The two phrases divide up omnia: in the world the bodies vanish, in time even the memory of them. corpora and memoria are subjects of evanescant understood again, and eorundem "of the same" refers back to the bodies. cujusmodicujusmodīof what kind sintthey are omniaall things quaewhich subunder sensumsēnsumthe senses cadunt;they fall horumquehōrumqueand of these eathose (things) maximemāximē,especially quaewhich veleither voluptatevoluptātewith pleasure alliciunt,they entice velor doloredolōrewith pain percellunt,they strike down velor cumwith fastufastūpride celebrantur;they are celebratedwhat kind of things all those are that fall under the senses, and of these especially the ones that either entice us with pleasure, or strike us down with pain, or are celebrated with pride;cujusmodi sint omnia cujusmodi is cujus modi written as one word, "of what kind", a genitive of description used as the predicate: "what sort of things all things are". This is the second question after considerare, so sint is subjunctive. Indirect questionshorumque ea maxime "and of these especially those which …": horum is a partitive genitive with ea, and ea is a second subject of sint. The three quae-clauses with vel … vel … vel name the three kinds of things meant. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…) quamhow viliavīlia,cheap quamhow contemnenda,contemptible quamhow sordida,sordid caducacadūca,perishable mortuadead sint.they arehow cheap, how contemptible, how sordid, perishable and dead they are.quam vilia … sint Another indirect question after considerare, with quam "how" before each adjective and a single sint at the end. The subject is still the things of sense from the sentence before, so all the adjectives are neuter plural. Indirect questionscontemnenda contemnenda is the gerundive of contemno, "to be despised". Standing as a predicate among ordinary adjectives (vilia, sordida), it works like one: "contemptible". Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt) quinamquīnamwho (really) iiiīthose people sint,they are quorumquōrumwhose opinionesopīniōnēsopinions vocesquevōcēsqueand voices claritatemclāritātemfame largiuntur.they bestowWho those people are whose opinions and voices bestow fame.quinam ii sint A further question depending on considerare, from the sentence before: "(to consider) who those people really are". quinam is qui strengthened by -nam; ii is picked up by the relative quorum "whose". Indirect questions quidwhat sitit is ipsumitself morimorī;dying quodqueand that siquissīquisif anyone remthe thing ipsamitself perin sesēitself intueaturintueātur,he should look at cogitationequecōgitātiōnequeand in thought abfrom illaillāit submoveritsubmōverithe should have stripped away eathose (things) omnia,all quibuswith which tanquamas if larvislārvīswith masks horrendishorrendīsfrightful instructaīnstrūctadecked out imaginationiimāginātiōnīto imagination nostraeour sesēitself objicit,it presents nihilnothing esseto be aliudelse comperiethe will find quamthan opusa work naturaenātūrae.of natureWhat dying itself is; and that if anyone looks at the thing itself, in itself, and in thought strips from it all those things with which, decked out as if in frightful masks, it presents itself to our imagination, he will find that it is nothing other than a work of nature.quid sit ipsum mori mori "to die, dying" is an infinitive used as a noun, the subject of sit in yet another indirect question. An infinitive counts as a neuter noun, so ipsum is neuter: "dying itself". The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)quodque … comperiet quodque = et quod "and that": a statement of fact, still an object of considerare. Inside it, comperiet "he will find" takes an accusative and infinitive, nihil esse aliud quam opus naturae "that it is nothing other than a work of nature"; the accusative subject "it" (death) is left to be understood. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)siquis rem ipsam per se intueatur, cogitationeque ab illa submoverit siquis is si quis "if anyone". The if-clause has subjunctives, present intueatur and perfect submoverit ("should look … should have stripped away"), but the main verb is a plain future, comperiet: a supposed case with a confident result. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)quibus tanquam larvis horrendis instructa "decked out with which, as with frightful masks": quibus and larvis horrendis are ablatives of means with instructa. instructa is feminine because it agrees with the subject of objicit, the thing itself (res), that is, death. Ablative of means, cause and manner opuswork autembut naturaenātūraeof nature ullumūllumany quisquiswhoever expavescitexpavēscit,is terrified of puera child est.isBut whoever is terrified of any work of nature is a child.quisquis expavescit, puer est quisquis "whoever" opens a relative clause with no antecedent, and the whole clause is the subject of puer est: "whoever is terrified … is a child". The object of expavescit, opus … naturae ullum "any work of nature", is placed before quisquis for emphasis. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod verumvērumbut enimveroenimvērōindeed morimorīdying nonnōnnot estis opusa work tantumonly naturaenātūrae,of nature sedbut quodsomething which eidemeīdemto the same (nature) etalso conducatcondūcat.it is good forBut indeed, dying is not only a work of nature, but also something that is good for it.non est opus tantum naturae, sed quod eidem et conducat non … tantum … sed … et is "not only … but also". verum enimvero at the start, "but indeed", marks a step beyond what was just said. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivequod eidem et conducat quod has no antecedent ("something which"), and its subjunctive conducat makes a clause of characteristic: "the sort of thing that is of benefit". eidem "to the same" is the dative with conducat and means nature. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) ejusdemof the same deniquedēniquefinally facultatisfacultātisfaculty fuerit,it would be (the task) considerarecōnsīderāre,to consider homohomōman DeumGod quomodoquōmodo,how etand quaquāwith what suisuīof himself partepart contingat;he touches quoquequōqueand in what pactopactōway habiturahabitūragoing to fare sesēitself sitis parspart ista,that ubiwhen corporefrom the body solutasolūtareleased fuerit.has beenFinally, it would be the task of the same faculty to consider how, and with what part of himself, man touches God; and how that part will fare when it has been released from the body.ejusdem denique facultatis fuerit, considerare The genitive of characteristic again, with the infinitive considerare as subject. fuerit is a perfect subjunctive used as a potential, a softened statement: "it would be the task of the same faculty". (The same form is also the future perfect indicative, but the sense here is "would".) Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questionshomo Deum quomodo, et qua sui parte contingat The question words come after the subject and object: "how, and with what part of himself, man touches God". sui "of himself" is a partitive genitive with parte: the part of man that is in contact with God is his mind. Indirect questionsquoque pacto habitura se sit quoque here is quo + -que, "and in what", not the adverb quoque "also"; quo pacto means "in what way, how". habitura sit, the future participle with sit, is how an indirect question speaks of the future, and se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be, to fare": "how that part will fare". Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses)ubi corpore soluta fuerit soluta fuerit "has been released" is a perfect passive subjunctive (formed with fuerit instead of sit). It stands inside the indirect question, so it is subjunctive, and it describes an act that will be complete in the future: "when it has been released from the body". Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought

Nobody is more wretched than the man who pries into everything, even into other people's minds, and does not see that it is enough to live with the guardian spirit within him and to honour it. He honours it by keeping it free of passion and rashness and untroubled by what gods or men do: the gods' deeds deserve reverence, men's deeds affection, and sometimes pity, for their ignorance of good and evil is a kind of blindness.

Nihilnothing hominethan the man illoillōthat miseriusmore wretched est,is quiquīwho omniaall things undiqueeverywhere pervagaturpervagātur,he roams over etand cumboth eathe things quaewhich subterbeneath terramthe earth sunt,they are quodas (lit. which) illethat (poet) ait,says scrutaturscrūtātur,he searches into tumand above all quaewhat (things) inin animisanimīsminds alienisaliēnīs,of others conjecturaconjectūrāby guesswork nititurnītiturhe strives indagareindāgāre;to track downNothing is more wretched than that man who roams over everything everywhere, and who both searches into the things that are beneath the earth, as the poet says, and, above all, tries by guesswork to track down what is in other people's minds;Nihil homine illo miserius est homine illo is an ablative of comparison after the comparative miserius: "nothing is more wretched than that man". illo points ahead to the relative clause: "that man who …". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamcum … tum cum … tum means "both … and above all": here cum is not "when" but the first half of a pair, and its verb is indicative (scrutatur). The second member, tum … nititur indagare, carries the weight: prying into other people's minds is worse. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivequod ille ait "as that man says": quod "which (thing)" refers to the words just quoted, and ille "that famous man" is the poet whose phrase "the things beneath the earth" Marcus borrows (Pindar, as quoted by Plato). Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodquae in animis alienis Supply sunt: quae in animis alienis [sunt] "what is in other people's minds". The whole clause is the object of indagare, which depends on nititur "he strives". Words left out: esse, sum and others understood necand not intelligithe understands interimmeanwhile sufficereto be enough sibi,for him utthat cumwith eoeō,that quemwhich intraintrāwithin sesēhimself gerit,he carries geniogeniōguardian spirit verseturversētur,he should live eumqueand it legitimelēgitimēproperly colat.he should worshipand meanwhile he does not understand that it is enough for him to live with the guardian spirit he carries within himself, and to worship it as he should.intelligit interim sufficere sibi, ut intelligit introduces an indirect statement whose verb is the infinitive sufficere "(that it) is enough". Its subject is not an accusative but the whole ut-clause with the subjunctives versetur and colat: "that it is enough for him to live with … and to worship …". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)cum eo, quem intra se gerit, genio eo and genio frame the relative clause: "with that guardian spirit which he carries within himself". Gataker's genius renders the Greek "daimon", the divine element, the mind, in each person. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod colethe will worship autem,and sisīif affectibusfrom passions immunemimmūnemfree custodieritcustōdierit,he keeps (will have kept) etand temeritatetemeritātefrom rashness alienumaliēnum,a stranger necand not offensumoffēnsumoffended rerēby a thing aliquaaliquā,any quamwhich veleither DiiDiīgods velor homineshominēsmen egerintēgerint.they may have doneAnd he will worship it if he keeps it free from passions and a stranger to rashness, and not offended by anything that either gods or men may have done.colet autem, si … custodierit custodierit is future perfect, literally "if he will have kept"; English says "if he keeps". Latin uses it because the condition must be fulfilled before the future colet "he will worship". The object of both verbs, the spirit, is understood from eum in the sentence before. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")affectibus immunem … temeritate alienum immunis "free from" and alienus "a stranger to" take an ablative of separation: "free from passions", "untouched by rashness". They are accusative, like offensum, because they describe the understood object of custodierit: "keep it free …". Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)quam vel Dii vel homines egerint The perfect subjunctive egerint gives the relative clause a general, supposed sense: "anything that gods or men may have done". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) quaewhat (things) enimfor DiiDiīthe gods agunt,they do virtutisvirtūtisof (their) virtue nominenōmine,on account of veneranda;to be revered quaewhat (things) homineshominēs,men cognationiscognātiōnisof kinship rationeratiōne,by reason suntthey are amicaamīca;dearFor what the gods do is to be revered on account of their virtue; what men do is dear to us by reason of kinship;quae enim Dii agunt, virtutis nomine, veneranda veneranda is a gerundive used as a predicate adjective, "to be revered", with sunt understood (it appears in the next clause). The subject is the clause quae Dii agunt "the things the gods do". Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)virtutis nomine … cognationis ratione Two parallel ablatives of cause: nomine and ratione with a genitive mean "on account of, by reason of". We revere the gods' deeds for their virtue, and love men's deeds because we are their kin. Ablative of means, cause and mannerquae homines Supply agunt from the first clause: quae homines [agunt] "what men do". Words left out: esse, sum and others understood sedbut etalso modomodōin a way quodamquōdamcertain miserandato be pitied quandoquequandōque,sometimes obbecause of bonorumbonōrumof good things malorumquemalōrumqueand of bad things ignorationemignōrātiōnem.ignorance necand not sanesānēsurely defectusdēfectusdefect hicthis minorsmaller estis illoillō,than that (one) quiquīwhich albawhite things etand nigrablack things internoscereinternōscereto tell apart prohibet.it preventsbut sometimes, in a way, also to be pitied, because of ignorance of good and evil. And this defect is surely no smaller than the one that keeps us from telling white from black.sed et modo quodam miseranda Still about what men do, with sunt carried over: "but also, in a way, sometimes to be pitied". miseranda, like veneranda before, is a gerundive used as a predicate adjective; et here means "also". Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)nec sane defectus hic minor est illo illo (supply defectu) is an ablative of comparison after minor: "this defect is no smaller than that one". Not knowing good from bad is as real a blindness as being unable to tell white from black. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam

However long you live, you lose only the life you are living, and that is only the present moment, which is the same for everyone; so the longest life and the shortest come to the same. Since all things come round alike for ever, it makes no difference how long you watch them, and no one can lose the past or the future, which he does not have.

EtiamsiEtiamsīeven if terthree times millemīllea thousand annosannōsyears victurusvīctūrusgoing to live essesessēs,you were etand totidemas many insuperīnsuperbesides myriadas,tens of thousands illudthis tamenstill meminisseto remember debesdēbēs,you must necneither ullamūllamany aliamother vitamvītamlife abthan eaeā,the one quamwhich degitdēgit,he is living amittereāmittereto lose quenquam;anyone necnor aliamanother (life) abthan eaeā,the one quamwhich amittitāmittit,he is losing degeredēgere.to liveEven if you were going to live three thousand years, and as many tens of thousands besides, still you must remember this: that no one loses any other life than the one he is living, nor lives any other than the one he is losing.Etiamsi … victurus esses victurus esses is the future participle of vivo with the imperfect subjunctive of sum: "you were going to live". After etiamsi "even if" the imperfect subjunctive marks the supposition as unreal, and tamen "still" answers it. Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses)ter mille annos ter mille "three times a thousand" is three thousand. annos and myriadas are accusatives of time how long; myriadas is the Greek accusative plural (ending -as) of myrias "ten thousand".illud tamen meminisse debes, nec … amittere quenquam illud "this" points forward to an accusative and infinitive: "that no one loses …". quenquam (Gataker's spelling of quemquam) is the accusative subject of both amittere and degere; nec … nec "neither … nor" with ullam gives "no one loses any other … nor lives any other". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)aliam vitam ab ea, quam degit alius ab means "other than": "another life than the one he is living". The relative clauses quam degit and quam amittit keep the indicative, although they stand inside the reported statement. eodemeōdemto the same point ergoergōso reditit comes back longissimumthe longest aetatisaetātisof life spatium,span cumwith eoeōthat quodwhich estis brevissimum.the shortestSo the longest span of life comes to the same thing as the shortest.eodem ergo redit … cum eo eodem redire "to come back to the same place" means "to come to the same thing", and cum eo "with that" names what it is equal to: "the longest span of life comes to the same as the one that is shortest". praesenspraesēnspresent siquidemsīquidemfor tempustime estis omnibusfor all aequaleaequāle:equal etand quodwhat amittiturāmittituris lost ergoergō,so aequaleaequāleequal estis omnibus.for allFor the present time is equal for all; and so what is lost is equal for all.quod amittitur quod has no antecedent here: quod amittitur "what is lost" is a clause standing as the subject of aequale est. omnibus "for all" is a dative with aequale. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod eademqueeādemqueand by the same rationeratiōnereasoning idthat quodwhich amittiturāmittitur,is lost momentaneummōmentāneummomentary tantumonly esseto be constatcōnstat.it is evidentAnd by the same reasoning it is clear that what is lost is only a moment.id quod amittitur, momentaneum tantum esse constat constat "it is agreed, it is evident" is impersonal and takes an accusative and infinitive: id … momentaneum tantum esse "that what is lost is only momentary". The accusative subject is id, with its relative clause quod amittitur. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) nequeand not enimfor auteither praeteritum,the past autor futurumfutūrumthe future amittereāmittereto lose quisanyone potest.canFor no one can lose either the past or the future.neque … quis potest After neque (as after si, ne, num) quis is indefinite, "anyone": "nor can anyone", that is, "no one can". praeteritum "what has gone by" and futurum "what will be" are participles used as neuter nouns: "the past", "the future". Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque namfor quiswho cuiquamfrom anyone id,that quodwhich nonnōnnot habet,he has abstulerit?could take awayFor how could anyone take from someone what he does not have?quis cuiquam id, quod non habet, abstulerit? abstulerit is the perfect subjunctive of aufero, used as a potential in a rhetorical question: "who could take away …?", expecting the answer "no one". cuiquam is a dative of the person something is taken from, normal with aufero. Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questions horumhōrumthese (things) itaqueso duorumduōrumtwo meminisseto remember oportebitoportēbit:it will be necessary alteriusthe one (thing) nimirumnīmīrum,namely quodthat omniaall things abfrom aeternoaeternōeternity consimiliacōnsimiliaalike fuerint,they have been etand inin orbema circle ferantur:they are carried roundSo you will need to remember these two things: the first, namely, that all things have been alike from eternity and go round in a circle;horum itaque duorum meminisse oportebit oportebit "it will be necessary" is impersonal, with the infinitive meminisse as its subject. memini takes a genitive here, horum duorum "these two things", which are then given one by one: alterius … quod … "the one, that …", and later alterius vero, quod … "the other, that …". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)quod omnia ab aeterno consimilia fuerint, et in orbem ferantur The quod-clause "that …" gives the content of what is to be remembered, so its verbs are subjunctive (fuerint, ferantur), as in reported thought. in orbem ferri "to be carried round in a circle": everything comes round again and again. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought itaqueand so nihilnothing interesse,to make a difference perfor centum,a hundred anor perfor ducentosducentōs,two hundred anor perfor tempustime interminatuminterminātum,endless eademthe same things quisone visurusvīsūrusgoing to see sit.isand so that it makes no difference whether one is going to see the same things for a hundred years, or for two hundred, or for endless time.nihil interesse … an … an Gataker passes from the quod-clause to an accusative and infinitive, still depending on "remember": nihil interesse "that it makes no difference" (interest is impersonal, and nihil is adverbial, "in no way"). What makes no difference is an indirect question with an … an "whether … or … or"; the first member has no utrum. Indirect questionsper centum, an per ducentos Supply annos "years" with both numbers: "for a hundred (years), or for two hundred". The years have been spoken of since the start of the section (ter mille annos). Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodeadem quis visurus sit visurus sit, the future participle with sit, is the future in an indirect question: "whether one is going to see the same things". quis is indefinite, "anyone, one". Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses) alteriusthe other (thing) verovērō,and quodthat isthe man quiquīwho quamas … as possible diutissimediūtissimēlongest vixeritvīxerit,has lived etand isthe man quiquīwho quamas … as possible celerrimecelerrimēsoonest mortuusdied fuerit,has tantundemjust as much vitaevītaeof life prorsusprōrsusexactly amittitāmittitloses uterque.each of the twoThe second, that the man who has lived as long as possible and the man who has died as soon as possible each lose exactly the same amount of life.alterius vero, quod Supply meminisse oportebit from before: "and (you will need to remember) the other thing, that …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodquam diutissime quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam diutissime "as long as possible", quam celerrime "as quickly as possible". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamvixerit … mortuus fuerit Perfect subjunctives in relative clauses that describe a general case: "the man who has lived longest", "the man who has died soonest". The same forms could also be read as future perfects; mortuus fuerit is the perfect of the deponent morior. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)tantundem vitae prorsus amittit uterque tantundem vitae "just as much (of) life": vitae is a partitive genitive. uterque "each of the two" gathers up the two is qui subjects and is singular, so the verb is singular, amittit; in this quod-clause Gataker keeps the indicative. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…) praesenspraesēnspresent siquidemsīquidemfor duntaxatonly uterqueeach of the two tempustime amittitāmittit,loses cumsince hocthis duntaxatonly habeat,he has necand not amittereāmittereto lose possitcan quis,anyone quodwhat nonnōnnot habet.he hasFor each of them loses only the present time, since this is all he has, and no one can lose what he does not have.cum hoc duntaxat habeat, nec amittere possit quis cum with the subjunctive (habeat, possit) here means "since": "since this is all he has, and no one can lose what he does not have". nec … quis is "and no one", with quis indefinite as in neque … quis above. Clauses with cum: when, since, although

All things depend on our opinion of them, as the sayings of the Cynic Monimus show. Their usefulness becomes clear to anyone who accepts his witty writings in so far as they are true.

Inin opinioneopīniōneopinion sitaplaced, lying suntare omnia.all thingsEverything lies in opinion.In opinione sita sunt omnia sita is the perfect participle of sino; situm esse in + ablative means "to lie in, depend on". The subject omnia "all things" comes last. opinio is the judgement the mind forms about things: what troubles us is that judgement, not the things themselves. docentshow hoc,this quaethe things which aāby MonimoMonimōMonimus dictasaid sunt.wereThe things that were said by Monimus show this.Monimo Monimus of Syracuse (4th century BC) was a Cynic philosopher, a pupil of Diogenes. He taught that everything is illusion and empty opinion, and wrote light, joking pieces with a serious point hidden in them.docent hoc, quae a Monimo dicta sunt The subject of docent comes after it: the relative clause quae a Monimo dicta sunt "the things which were said by Monimus", with no antecedent (understand ea "those things"). dicta sunt is a perfect passive, participle + sunt; a + ablative names the agent. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod horumhōrumof these (sayings) autemand utilitasūtilitāsthe usefulness comparebitcompārēbit,will appear sisīif quisanyone quaethe things which festivefēstīvēwittily abby illoillōhim conscriptacōnscrīptawritten sunt,were quatenusquātenusin so far as veritatemvēritātemtruth habentthey have patrocinantempatrōcinantem,pleading for them admiseritadmīserit.will have acceptedAnd the usefulness of these (sayings) will become clear if anyone accepts the things that were wittily written by him, in so far as they have the truth pleading on their side.comparebit comparebit is the future of compareo "appear, come to light" (from pareo "be visible"), not of comparo "compare".si quis … admiserit admiserit could be perfect subjunctive or future perfect. The future comparebit in the main clause shows that it is future perfect: "if anyone will have accepted", which English says as "if anyone accepts". After si, quis means "anyone". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")quae festive ab illo conscripta sunt Another relative clause with no antecedent, here the object of admiserit: "(the things) which were wittily written by him". The verb admiserit is held back to the very end of the sentence, after two inserted clauses. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodquatenus veritatem habent patrocinantem quatenus "in so far as". patrocinantem, present participle of the deponent patrocinor "plead someone's cause", agrees with veritatem: "in so far as they have truth pleading for them", that is, as far as they are true. The subject of habent is Monimus's writings. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns

The human soul does itself outrage in five ways: by resenting what happens and so breaking away from Nature, by turning against people in anger, by giving way to pleasure or pain, by pretending, and by acting without aim. Even the smallest act should be directed to the goal of rational beings, which is to obey the reason and laws of the world, the most ancient city.

ContumeliaContumēliāwith insult sesēitself afficittreats animathe soul humanahūmāna:human inprimisinprīmīs,above all, first quandoquandōwhen abscessusan abscess etand quasias it were strumastrūmaa tumour mundimundī,of the world quantumas far as inin ipsoipsōitself est,it lies evaditēvādit.it becomesThe human soul inflicts insult on itself: above all, when it becomes, as far as lies in it, an abscess and, as it were, a tumour on the world.Contumelia se afficit afficere aliquem aliqua re means "to treat someone with something"; so contumelia se afficit "treats itself with insult", i.e. "does itself outrage". se refers to the subject, anima humana, which stands at the end of the clause. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusinprimis inprimis (= in primis, more often written imprimis) "first of all, above all" opens a numbered list of the ways the soul insults itself; deinde, tertio, quarto and quinto follow.abscessus et quasi struma mundi … evadit evadit "turns out, becomes" takes a predicate nominative: the soul becomes abscessus et quasi struma mundi "an abscess and, as it were, a tumour of the world", a growth that has broken away from the healthy body of the universe.quantum in ipso est An idiom: quantum in me est "as far as lies in me", "as far as I can". Here: "as far as lies in it", so far as the soul can make itself such a thing. One would expect ipsa, agreeing with anima, but ipso is what Gataker wrote: his own edition (1652) prints it. It seems to follow the masculine abscessus, or else the idiom is used as a fixed phrase. abscessionemabscessiōnema separation enimfor facitmakes aāfrom naturanātūrā,Nature inin cujusof which partepart aliquaaliquāsome reliquorumreliquōrumof the other things omniumof all cujusqueof each naturanātūrathe nature contineturcontinētur,is contained quiquī(he) who rerēthing aliquaaliquāsome obvenientehappening offenditur.takes offenceFor whoever takes offence when anything happens makes a separation from Nature, in some part of which the nature of each and every other thing is contained.abscessionem enim facit … qui re aliqua obveniente offenditur The subject of facit is the relative clause at the very end, qui … offenditur "(he) who takes offence", with is "he" understood. Read: "for whoever takes offence … makes a separation from Nature". To resent an event is to break away from the whole to which it belongs. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodre aliqua obveniente An ablative absolute: "some thing happening", i.e. "when anything happens" or "at anything that happens". Ablative absolutein cujus parte aliqua reliquorum omnium cujusque natura continetur cujus refers back to natura, universal Nature. The subject of continetur is the second natura: "the nature of each (cujusque) of all the rest (reliquorum omnium)", with the genitives placed first. The nature of every other thing is contained in some part of Nature. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…) deindenext, secondly cumwhen veleither hominema person quemcunqueany … whatever aversaturāversātur,it turns away from velor laedendilaedendīof harming consiliocōnsiliōwith the intention adversaturadversāturit opposes alicui.someone hujusmodihujusmodīof this kind suntare autemand irascentiumīrāscentiumof angry people animae.the soulsNext, when it either turns away from any person whatever, or opposes someone with the intention of harming him. And such are the souls of angry people.deinde cum cum with the indicative (aversatur, adversatur) simply means "when"; so too in the items that follow. The main verb contumelia se afficit is understood from the first sentence. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughaversatur … adversatur alicui Two deponent verbs that look alike (passive forms, active meaning): aversor "turn away from, shun" takes the accusative (hominem quemcunque); adversor "oppose" takes the dative (alicui). Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaninglaedendi consilio laedendi is the genitive of the gerund, "of harming", depending on consilio: "with the intention of harming". The ablative consilio tells in what spirit the soul opposes someone. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)hujusmodi sunt autem irascentium animae An aside: "and such are the souls of angry people". hujusmodi (= hujus modi "of this kind") is a genitive of description used as the predicate; irascentium, present participle of irascor, is used as a noun: "of those who are angry". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns tertiotertiōthirdly contumeliacontumēliāwith insult sesēitself afficit,it treats cumwhen voluptativoluptātīto pleasure velor doloridolōrīto pain succumbit.it gives wayThirdly, it inflicts insult on itself when it gives way to pleasure or pain.tertio tertio, and below quarto and quinto, are ablatives of the ordinal numbers (tertius, quartus, quintus) used as adverbs: "thirdly, fourthly, fifthly". In the next two items contumelia se afficit is again understood.voluptati vel dolori succumbit succumbo "sink under, give way to" is a compound verb and takes the dative. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi) quartoquārtō,fourthly cumwhen simulat,it pretends acand fictefictēfeignedly velor falsofalsōfalsely agitdoes quicquam,anything loquiturve.or saysFourthly, when it pretends, and does or says anything in a feigned or false way.ficte vel falso agit quicquam, loquiturve -ve "or" is joined to loquitur (deponent: passive form, active meaning): "or says". quicquam (another spelling of quidquam) "anything" is the object of both agit and loquitur. ficte "in a feigned way" comes from fictus, participle of fingo "invent, pretend". Enclitics: -que, -ve, -ne quintoquīntō,fifthly quotiesquotiēswhenever actionemāctiōnemaction autor conatumcōnātumimpulse suumits adtowards nullumnūllumno certumdefinite scopumgoal destinatdēstinat,it directs sedbut temereat random agit,acts etand nescianot knowing ipsa,itself quidwhat velit.it wantsFifthly, whenever it directs its action or impulse towards no definite goal, but acts at random, and is itself unaware of what it wants.conatum conatus usually means "attempt"; here it stands for the Stoic term for the soul's impulse, its urge towards an action.ad nullum certum scopum destinat destinare ad "aim at, direct towards"; scopus (Greek skopos) is the mark an archer aims at, hence "goal".nescia ipsa, quid velit No verb: supply "is": "and is itself unaware of what it wants". nescia agrees with the soul, the subject of the sentence; quid velit is an indirect question depending on it, so velit is subjunctive. Indirect questions cumsince etiameven minutissimaminūtissimathe smallest things quaequeeach, every one itain such a way sintare agenda,to be done utthat adto finemfīnemthe end, goal ipsumitself referantur.they are referred finisfīnisthe end, goal autemand animantiumof living beings rationisratiōnisin reason participumsharing hicthis est,is utthat civitatiscīvitātisof the city acand politiaepolītīaeof the commonwealth antiquissimaeantīquissimaemost ancient rationiratiōnīthe reason legibusquelēgibusqueand the laws obsequantur.they obeyFor even the very smallest things should each be done in such a way that they are referred to the end itself. And the end of living beings that share in reason is this: that they obey the reason and laws of the most ancient city and commonwealth.cum etiam minutissima quaeque cum with the subjunctive (sint) here means "since": it gives the reason why aimless action is an insult, added after a full stop as an afterthought. quisque with a superlative means "every … -est one": minutissima quaeque "even the very smallest things, every one of them". Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughsint agenda The gerundive agenda with a form of sum says what must be done: sint agenda "must be done, should be done" (the passive periphrastic). Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)ita … ut ad finem ipsum referantur ita … ut with the subjunctive: "in such a way that they are referred to the end itself", i.e. every act, however small, should be directed towards the final goal of life. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)animantium rationis participum animans "a living being" is a present participle (of animo) used as a noun; particeps "sharing in" takes the genitive rationis. Together: "of living beings that share in reason", that is, rational creatures.finis … hic est, ut … obsequantur The ut clause spells out hic "this": "the end is this, that they obey …". obsequor "obey, comply with" is deponent and takes the dative: rationi legibusque. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)civitatis ac politiae antiquissimae The universe is pictured as "the most ancient city and commonwealth", whose citizens are all rational beings. politia is the Greek politeia "state, constitution".