Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)

A relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive describes a kind of person or thing ("the sort who would …"), or gives a reason or a purpose.

Characteristic: after nemo est qui, nihil est quod, sunt qui, is qui, dignus qui, the subjunctive means "the kind who would, who could": nemo sit, qui prohibere te possit "there is no one who can stop you".

Cause: ut qui, quippe qui, utpote qui + subjunctive "as one who, since he": ut qui … possis discedere "as one who may leave". tanquam qui + subjunctive "as one who, as if": tanquam qui jam statim moriturus sis "as one who is about to die".

Purpose: qui = ut is, "(in order) to": scopum, ad quem … dirigant "a target at which to aim".

A relative clause may also be subjunctive only because it stands inside reported speech or another subjunctive clause (see the subjunctive in reported speech).

Examples

sed tanquam qui jam statim moriturus sis 2.2but as one who is about to die at any moment
scopum, ad quem conatus suos cogitationesque omnes dirigant 2.7a target at which to aim all their efforts and thoughts
nemo sit, qui prohibere te possit 2.9there is no one who can stop you
ut qui confestim e vita hac possis discedere 2.11as one who may leave this life at any moment

In the text 178

I.3 tum victu simplici, quique ab opulentorum more ac instituto abscedat quam longissime, contentum esse.quique = et qui "and which", referring to victu: the relative clause is joined by -que to the adjective simplici as a second description, "a simple way of living, and one which departs …". Its verb abscedat is subjunctive because it describes the kind of life.
I.7 ne togatus intra aedes obambularem, neve ejusmodi alia, quae fastum resiperent, facerem.resipere "to taste of, smack of" takes an accusative: "which smacked of pride". The subjunctive marks the kind of thing meant: "such things as smacked of pride".
I.9 adhaec dilucidam ac methodicam cum inventionem, tum et dispositionem, decretorum ejusmodi, quae ad vitam recte instituendam conducerent.ejusmodi … quae "of such a kind as": after a word of kind the relative clause takes the subjunctive (conducerent), describing the sort of principles: "such as would help". ad vitam recte instituendam is ad with a gerundive, "towards ordering life rightly".
I.10 idque sub specie vel respondendi, vel calculum dictis contribuendi, vel de re ipsa, non autem de dictione, una dispiciendi, vel per aliam aliquam istiusmodi scitam, sed quae oblique facta sit, commonefactionem.Everything between per and the last word describes commonefactionem "reminder": "some other apt reminder of this kind, but one that has been made indirectly". facta sit is the perfect passive subjunctive; the subjunctive describes the kind of reminder.
I.14 et quod imaginem animo conceperim status popularis, in quo per aequalitatem jurisque aequabilitatem res administrentur; regnique, in quo subditorum libertate nihil antiquius habeatur.Both relative clauses have the subjunctive: they describe the kind of state Marcus pictured, "a state such that in it …", and they stand inside a quod clause which is itself subjunctive.
I.15 quod verax; quodque hominis ejusmodi specimen dare videretur, qui perverti nesciret potius, quam qui corrigi unquam opus haberet.ejusmodi … qui "of such a kind … as" is followed by relative clauses of characteristic in the subjunctive: "a man such as did not know how to be perverted, rather than such as ever needed correcting". Maximus seemed upright by nature, not straightened by others.
I.15 quod nemo quisquam inventus sit, qui vel contemptui ab illo haberi se existimaret, vel praestantiorem se illo opinaretur.After nemo … qui "no one who", the relative clause has the subjunctive: it describes a kind of person that was never found. vel … vel "either … or".
I.16 quod eos audire promptus fuerit, qui adferre quid poterant, quod in publicum conduceret:quid here is indefinite, = aliquid "something, anything". The subjunctive conduceret describes the kind of thing: "anything such as would serve the public". in publicum "for the public (good)".
I.16 quod arcana haud multa, sed pauca admodum et rarissima habebat; eaque quae ad rempublicam duntaxat pertinerent.eaque "and those too". The subjunctive pertinerent describes the kind: "such as concerned the state only". rempublicam is rem publicam "the commonwealth" written as one word.
I.16 utpote cum is esset, qui non ad celebritatem ex rebus a se gestis acquirendam, sed id duntaxat quod facto erat opus, respiceret.utpote cum "seeing that, inasmuch as" gives the reason, with the subjunctive esset. is … qui respiceret "one who looked to": the subjunctive in the relative clause describes what kind of man he was.
I.16 nihil immite; nihil immodestum, nihil vehemens, aut de quo usurpari posset, quod solet vulgo dici, Ad sudorem usque:No verb again: "(there was) nothing harsh …". aut de quo … continues the list with a relative clause whose antecedent is understood: "or (anything) about which there could be used …". The subjunctive posset describes the kind of thing.
I.17 caeterum numinis beneficio factum est, quod nulla ex rerum concursu occasio contigerit, quae affectum illum proderet.A relative clause with the subjunctive describes the kind of thing meant: 'an occasion such as would bring out that disposition'. proderet is from prodo 'reveal, betray', not from prodesse 'to be of use'; the imperfect follows the past contigerit.
I.17 quod principi patrique eidem subditus fuerim, qui me a fastu omni alienum redderet; fidemque faceret, posse in aula ita degi, ut nec satellitio, nec vestitu insigniore, nec funalibus statuisque istiusmodi, atque apparatu consimili opus sit:The relative clause has the subjunctive because it says what kind of man he was and what he was there to do: 'one who would make me … and convince me'. It is a relative of characteristic with a sense of purpose. The imperfects follow the past subditus fuerim, and -que joins the second verb faceret across the semicolon.
I.17 quod fratrem eum nactus sim, qui ad curam mei agendam suis moribus me extimularet, quique simul honore affectuque erga me suo animum mihi oblectaret.eum … qui with the subjunctive is a relative clause of characteristic: 'a brother of the kind who would rouse me'. The brother is Lucius Verus, adopted with Marcus by Antoninus Pius and his co-emperor from 161. nactus sim 'I found, came by' is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent nanciscor: passive form, active meaning.
I.17 ut, quantum ad Deos attinet, ac suggestiones, adjutationes, inspirationes ab ipsis profectas, nihil obstet omnino, quo minus juxta naturae praescriptum confestim vivam, nisi ipse tandem in culpa sim, qui Deorum submonitiones, et tantum non claras praeceptiones neutiquam observem.in culpa esse 'to be at fault'. The relative qui … observem gives the reason, with the subjunctive: 'since I am one who pays no heed'. Both verbs are subjunctive because they stand inside the ut clause.
I.17 quod cum Rustico saepe succenserem nihil ultra admiserim, cujus poenitere me posset.
I.17 quod, quotiescunque animus fuit pauperi alicui, aut alias indigo, opem ferre, nunquam responsum est, non suppetere nummos mihi, unde id fieret:unde 'from where' serves as a relative, 'from which': 'money from which it could be done', 'the means to do it'. The subjunctive gives the purpose the money would serve.
I.17 quod ea fuerim illorum copia instructus, qui ad liberos educandos mihi idonei existerent.ea … copia 'such a supply' is ablative with instructus 'furnished'; ea stands well before its noun. illorum … qui … existerent 'of people who would prove …' is a relative clause of characteristic.
II.2 proinde mitte libros. nec distrahere amplius: (nihil obstat, quo minus hoc facias) sed tanquam qui jam statim moriturus sis, carnes istas contemnas.
II.7 nugas siquidem agunt actuosi haud pauci, dum vitam agendo conterunt, sed scopum, ad quem conatus suos cogitationesque omnes dirigant, sibi propositum nullum habent.The frame is scopum … sibi propositum nullum habent 'they have no target set before themselves'; nullum at the end belongs to scopum at the start. The relative clause ad quem … dirigant has the subjunctive because it describes the kind of target they lack: 'one to which they might direct their efforts'.
II.9 quod etiam nemo sit, qui prohibere te possit, quo minus ea facias dicasque semper, quae naturae illi, cujus pars es, consentanea fuerint.After nemo est 'there is no one', a relative clause takes the subjunctive, describing the kind of person: 'no one who could prevent you'.
II.11 Ita quaeque facias cogitesque oportet, ut qui confestim e vita hac possis discedere.ut qui + subjunctive means 'as one who', 'as being one who': the relative clause gives a reason, so its verb possis is subjunctive. Ita … ut 'in such a way … as': act like a man who may leave life at any moment.
II.12 verum enimvero mori non est opus tantum naturae, sed quod eidem et conducat.quod has no antecedent ("something which"), and its subjunctive conducat makes a clause of characteristic: "the sort of thing that is of benefit". eidem "to the same" is the dative with conducat and means nature.
II.13 colet autem, si affectibus immunem custodierit, et temeritate alienum, nec offensum re aliqua, quam vel Dii vel homines egerint.The perfect subjunctive egerint gives the relative clause a general, supposed sense: "anything that gods or men may have done".
II.14 alterius vero, quod is qui quam diutissime vixerit, et is qui quam celerrime mortuus fuerit, tantundem vitae prorsus amittit uterque.Perfect subjunctives in relative clauses that describe a general case: "the man who has lived longest", "the man who has died soonest". The same forms could also be read as future perfects; mortuus fuerit is the perfect of the deponent morior.
II.17 quidnam est ergo, quod hominem deducere et transmittere possit?A relative clause of characteristic: the subjunctive possit asks what thing is of such a kind that it can guide a man. quidnam is quid strengthened by -nam: "what, then?"
III.1 ea vero vis, qua sese uti possit, et officii sui numeros omnes absolvere, et quae animo conceperit distincte explicare, et de hoc ipso, an mortem sibi consciscere debeat, considerare,The subject ea … vis "that power" comes first, but its verb waits until the end of the next part, where Gataker restarts it with haec, inquam, vis. qua "by which" is an ablative of means. uti "to use" is deponent and takes the ablative, here sese "himself": the power by which a man can make use of himself, govern and direct himself. possit is subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of power.
III.2 nihil fere etiam in eis, quae quasi appendicis cujusdam loco res naturales consequuntur, deprehendet, quod non etiam cum oblectatione quadam huic ipsi commendare sese videatur.nihil … quod non "nothing which does not": after a negative antecedent the relative clause describes the kind of thing, so its verb videatur is subjunctive. The two negatives make a strong positive: he will find almost everything pleasing. videri "to be seen" means "to seem".
III.2 denique contingunt multa hujusmodi, quae non cuivis sunt grata, sed illi duntaxat qui adversus naturam operaque ejusdem animum habuerit probe conciliatum.habere with a perfect participle agreeing with its object stresses a lasting state: animum habuerit … conciliatum "has had his mind won over", i.e. "has his mind made friendly". conciliare is "to make friendly, win over", and adversus naturam "towards nature". The perfect subjunctive habuerit describes the kind of man meant: "the sort of man who has".
III.4 assuefacere vero te debes, ut ea duntaxat cogites, de quibus siquis subito te requisiverit, quid nunc in animo versas? libere statim respondere queas, istud vel illud.queas "you could" is the present subjunctive of queo "be able". The subjunctive marks the de quibus clause as describing the kind of things you should think: "such that you could answer about them". The answer itself is istud vel illud "this or that": you would simply name the thought.
III.4 unde palam fiat extemplo, esse omnia apud te simplicia, benevolaque animalis sicut socialis, et cogitationes omnes neglectim habentis, quaecunque voluptatem aut luxum ullo modo respiciant;
III.4 aut aemulationem etiam, aut invidentiam et suspicionem, aut aliud quidlibet, de quo proloqui pudeat, hoc te vel illud in animo habuisse.
III.4 quod hominem utique praestet intaminatum voluptatibus, dolore omni illaesum, contumelia intactum, improbitatis ne sentientem quidem; certaminis praestantissimi, ne ab affectu scilicet ullo subvertatur, athletam;quod refers to numine, the god within, although Gataker puts a full stop before it; its verb praestet is subjunctive, as in a clause of characteristic: "a deity such as keeps the man unstained". praestare with an object and a predicate means "to render, keep (someone) so", and a long chain of predicates follows, all accusative and agreeing with hominem: intaminatum, illaesum, intactum, sentientem, athletam, and in the next unit imbutum and amplexantem.
III.4 qui raro admodum, nec citra magnam aliquam atque in commune utilem occasionem advertat, quid alius quispiam dicat, faciat, cogitet.A relative clause with the subjunctive describes the kind of person meant: qui … advertat "one who pays heed", "the sort to pay heed". Gataker sets it off with a full stop, but its antecedent is still hominem, the man whom the god within keeps unstained.
III.5 qui ita se composuerit, ut qui promptus decedere, classicum duntaxat, quo e vita avocetur, expectet.The relative clause still describes the living being of the previous line. Its verb is subjunctive because it says what kind of man he is: "one such as has composed himself". The perfect composuerit presents the composure as already achieved.ita … ut is here "so … as", and ut qui with the subjunctive means "as one who": he has ordered himself as a man would who waits only for the signal. promptus decedere "ready to depart" has an infinitive, a use of poetry and later Latin (classical prose prefers ad decedendum). expectet is Gataker's spelling of exspectet.
III.5 quique nec juramento proprio, nec alius cujusquam testimonio opus habeat.
III.7 Nihil unquam in pretio pro utili habeas, quod eo te adigat, ut fidem fallas, modestiam deseras, oderis quenquam, suspectum habeas, execreris, simules, appetas quicquam, quod parietes circumjectos velamentaque desideret.quod … adigat is a relative clause of characteristic, "(anything) such as would drive you". eo is the adverb "to that point", answered by ut with the result: "so far that you break faith …".Another clause of characteristic: "(anything) such as needs walls around it and curtains", that is, anything that has to be hidden from view. desiderare here is "to need, require".
III.7 utpote qui, si statim demigrandum fuerit, perinde promptus sit decedere, ac aliud quid agere, quod modeste et decore agi oporteat.utpote qui with the subjunctive gives a reason: "seeing that he is one who …". Gataker sets it off with a full stop, but it still explains why the length of his life makes no difference to him.
III.8 quin nec servile quippiam in eodem aut affectatum deprehendas, aut addictum, aut abscissum, aut quod censuram refugiat, aut quod latebras requirat.The antecedent of quod is quippiam understood: "anything that shrinks from scrutiny". The subjunctives describe a kind of thing ("the sort of thing that would …") and also sit inside the potential statement. censura, first the censor's review of citizens, here means being examined and judged.
III.10 eaque homuncionum morti celerrime concedentium, qui ne seipsos quidem probe norint, nedum jam olim defunctum quempiam, successionibus propagata.ne … quidem "not even" surrounds the word it stresses, seipsos. nedum "much less, still less" follows a negative and adds something even less likely: "who do not properly know even themselves, much less someone long dead". norint = noverint, "they know"; it is subjunctive because the clause describes what kind of men they are.
III.12 hoc autem quin facias, qui impediat, nullus est.A relative clause of characteristic: after nullus est "there is no one", the subjunctive impediat means "of the kind to prevent", "who could prevent".
III.13 Quemadmodum chirurgi instrumenta et ferramenta sua ad curationes subitaneas semper habent ad manum: ita tu dogmata in promptu apud te habeas, quorum ope res cum divinas tum et humanas dignoscas;quorum ope "by the help of which (principles)": ope is the ablative of ops "help". The relative clause states a purpose, so its verb dignoscas is subjunctive: "by whose help you may discern".
III.13 et rem quamque, etiam levissimam, ita peragas, ut qui memineris duo ista esse invicem connexa.ut qui with the subjunctive means "as one who", "since you are one who": the relative clause gives a reason, as in 2.11. memineris is the perfect subjunctive of memini, which is perfect in form but present in meaning: "you remember".
IV.1 et quicquid eorum loco adversi se ingerit, id pro materia, in qua exerceat se, habet:A relative clause in the subjunctive can express purpose: in qua exerceat se "in which it may exercise itself", i.e. "material to exercise itself on".
IV.1 quemadmodum ignis validior, ubi ea, vel obvia facta, vel injecta, corripuerit, quae lucernam exilem cito extinxissent, accommodat sibi et absumit, et ex eis ipsis incrementa capit.The pluperfect subjunctive extinxissent is unreal, like the main clause of an "if" sentence that did not come true: "which would quickly have put out a feeble lamp" (if they had fallen on one). What smothers a small flame feeds a strong one. Gataker writes extinxissent for exstinxissent, from exstinguo.
IV.3 praecipue, si quis ea intra se reposita habuerit, quorum contemplatione summam extemplo tranquillitatem consequatur.The relative clause is in the subjunctive because it describes what kind of things ea are: "such that by contemplating them he attains". quorum "of which" is an objective genitive with contemplatione: "by the contemplation of which", i.e. by looking into which. summam "highest" is the superlative of superus.
IV.3 habeas autem penes te brevia quaedam et principalia documenta, quae statim ubi succurrerint, omnem animi molestiam eluere tibi possint, remittantque te nihil aegre ferentem eorum, ad quae reverteris.The relative clause is in the subjunctive because it says what the principles are for: "such as can wash away … and send you back". -que on remittant joins its second verb. Inside it, ubi succurrerint "as soon as they have come to mind" is a perfect subjunctive standing for a future perfect, subjunctive because it sits within the subjunctive clause.
IV.3 ecquid est enim, quod aegre ferre debeas? nunquid hominum improbitatem?ecquid "is there anything?" is the neuter of ecquis, a question word that asks whether there is anything at all, with the answer "no" in view. The relative clause has the subjunctive debeas because it describes the kind of thing asked about: "anything such that you ought to resent it".
IV.3 istic autem agentium quota pars, et hi quales sunt, qui te celebraturi sint?
IV.3 Ista autem duo prae reliquis ad manum tibi sint maxime, ad quae jugiter intendas.A relative clause of purpose, in the subjunctive: "to which you may constantly attend". intendere "to stretch towards" is used here without animum "the mind": "to direct (your mind) to, attend to".
IV.4 ecquam enim aliam excogitaverit quisquam politiam, cujus universum genus humanum sit particeps?particeps "sharing in" takes the genitive, here the relative cujus "of which". The subjunctive sit describes the kind of commonwealth meant: "such that the whole human race shares in it".
IV.5 ex eisdem elementis concretio illic, in quae istic resolutio. nihil omnino, cujus quenquam pudeat:
IV.5 cum nihil subsit, quod animali intellectu praedito non congruat, vel constitutionis ejusdem rationi repugnet.After a negative such as nihil "nothing", a relative clause takes the subjunctive to describe the kind of thing: "nothing of a kind not to suit …". Both congruo "suit" and repugno "fight against" take the dative: animali and rationi.
IV.12 alterum, ut in partem diversam transeas, siquis affuerit, qui te corrigat, et sententiam tibi mutet.affuerit, from adsum "be present", is a perfect subjunctive inside the ut clause, again standing for a future perfect: "if anyone is there". The relative clause qui te corrigat has the subjunctive because it says what kind of person is meant: "someone to correct you".
IV.13 cur ergo ea non uteris? haec enim si quod suum est fecerit, ecquid est amplius quod requiras?ecquid "is there anything?" expects the answer "no". The relative clause quod requiras has the subjunctive because it describes the kind of thing: "anything more for you to want".
IV.18 sed quid ipse tantum agat, quo id justum sit piumque; nec, ut Agatho loquitur, mores nigros quod resipiat.nec carries on the purpose clause: "and (that it may) not (be something) which smacks of black ways". quod has no antecedent of its own, "something which", and resipiat is subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of thing to avoid. resipio "taste of, smack of" takes an accusative, mores nigros; mores in the plural is "character", and black means wicked or spiteful. This is the Latin of Gataker's own edition (1652); the Greek behind it is corrupt, and the clause can also be read as a further object of animadvertit: "nor (notices) what smacks of black character".
IV.18 non est itaque circumspiciendum, sed lineae insistendum, per quam citra evagationem omnem recta curras.per quam "along which" refers to lineae. curras is subjunctive because the clause gives the line's purpose: "along which you are to run". citra is Gataker's "without", and after "without" omnem means "any". recta is short for recta via "by the straight road", used as an adverb: "straight on".
IV.25 eum dico, qui rebus ab universo sibi assignatis acquiescit, et propria actione, quae justa, affectione, quae benevola sit, contentus agit.Two relative clauses share one verb, sit, which is written only in the second: quae justa (sit). The subjunctive describes the kind of action and disposition he is content with, one that is just and one that is kindly; so long as they are such, he asks for nothing more. actione and affectione are ablatives with contentus "satisfied with".
IV.29 profugus, qui rationem civilem fugit. caecus, qui mentis oculos clausos habet. mendicus, qui alterius cujusquam indiget, neque apud se habet, quicquid ad vitam conducat.apud se habere "to have with oneself, in one's own keeping". conducat is subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of thing he lacks: "whatever may be useful for life".
IV.31 quod autem vitae reliquum est, ita exigito, ut qui Diis tua omnia ex toto animo commiseris; nullique homini vel servum vel tyrannum te exhibeas.ut qui "as one who, as being someone who" takes the subjunctive and gives the character behind the command. The verb is 2nd person, commiseris "you have entrusted" (perfect subjunctive of committo), because the "one who" is you. ex toto animo "from your whole heart", i.e. wholeheartedly; Diis is Gataker's spelling of dis, the dative plural of deus.
IV.32 illi vero cum primis sunt memoria recolendi, quos ipse noris aliquando se rebus inanibus distinuisse, cum id interim facere, quod conditioni propriae consentaneum erat, huic firmiter inhaerere, eodemque contentum esse, neglexerint.
IV.33 ecquid est igitur, in quod studium conferre par sit?studium conferre in + accusative is "to devote one's zeal to". par sit "it is right" has the infinitive conferre as its subject. The subjunctive sit marks a relative clause of characteristic: "anything of such a kind that it is right to spend our effort on it".
IV.45 neque enim rerum enumeratio simplex est a se invicem discretarum, quae necessitate tamen quadam contineantur; sed rationi consentanea connexio;A relative clause with the subjunctive describes the kind of thing meant, the relative clause of characteristic: "things of the sort that are held together, all the same, by some necessity". Such a list would hang together only by force, not by reason. After sed, supply est again: "but (it is) a connection in keeping with reason".
IV.48 horum summa huc redit, ut humana omnia semper sic aspicias, tanquam quae diurna et vilia sint:tanquam quae … sint "as (things) which are": the relative has no antecedent and gives the character in which things are to be seen, so its verb is subjunctive. diurnus "lasting a day" (from dies) renders the Greek word behind English "ephemeral": human things last a day and are worth little.
IV.49 memineris deinceps, quoties inciderit quicquam quod ad tristitiam impellat te, decreto hoc uti:
IV.50 si enim aevi praeteriti immensitatem adverteris et futuri itidem infinitatem, quid tandem distabit, triduanus qui fuerit, ab eo qui secula tria transegerit?triduanus qui fuerit "he who has been three days old", the baby who lived three days, is the subject of distabit; its antecedent is is left out and the predicate triduanus put before qui. distare ab "to differ from": "from him who has passed three generations". The Greek makes a joke on Nestor, who outlived three generations of men; Gataker's secula tria (= saecula) renders it plainly.
V.3 neque avertat ab eo te, quae sequi possit, quorumlibet hominum reprehensio aut vituperatio.The relative clause comes before the nouns it refers to: quae is feminine singular, looking ahead to reprehensio aut vituperatio. possit is subjunctive because the blame is only a possibility: "which may follow". quorumlibet hominum "of any people you like" means "of anyone at all".
V.5 Acumen tibi non est, quod sit admirationi cuiquam.sit has two datives: admirationi "for wonder" says what the thing would serve as (a predicative dative), cuiquam "to anyone" says for whom. esse admirationi alicui is "to be a cause of wonder to someone". The subjunctive describes the kind of sharpness meant: "such as to be admired by anyone".
V.5 multa tamen sunt alia, de quibus dicere nequeas, non esse te ad ea aptum natum.nequeo "I cannot" is the opposite of queo "I can", and both are conjugated like eo "go". The subjunctive nequeas describes the kind of things: "things of a kind that you could not say about them …".
V.6 Est, qui ubi gratum quid alicui fecerit, beneficium imputare proclivis sit.Est, qui … "there is (one) who …" opens the first of three portraits; the second begins est, qui and the third est et, qui. After est qui the verb of the relative clause is often subjunctive, as sit here: it describes a kind of person, "the sort of man who is inclined", rather than one particular man.
V.6 sed viti sit similis, quae racemum ubi tulerit, fructumque sibi proprium semel dederit, nihil ulterius requirit.similis "like" takes the dative: viti similis "like a vine". sit is subjunctive because the sentence still belongs to the qui clause of the third portrait (est et, qui …): it describes the kind of man, as proclivis sit did in the first. The third kind of man is compared to a vine, which simply does what it is made to do and expects no thanks.
V.8 siquidem et ibi coordinavit illud, sensum hunc habet, acsi diceretur, hoc ad illud ordinavit, tanquam quod ad ejusdem sanitatem conducat:hoc ad illud ordinavit "he has ordered this towards that": the treatment is set in order towards an end. tanquam quod … conducat "as (something) which serves": the antecedent is left out, and the subjunctive describes the treatment as the kind of thing that serves health. ejusdem "of the same (man)" is the patient.
V.8 atque istic pariter, quicquid unicuique contingit, ad illud ordinatur quodammodo quod fato congruum existat.congruus "agreeing, fitting" takes the dative: fato congruum "in keeping with fate". Gataker often uses existere for plain esse, and here it is subjunctive: the clause describes the kind of end, "whatever suits fate", rather than naming one thing.
V.8 cum nec natura quaelibet quicquam ferat, quod non ei mundo, qui ab ipsa administratur, congruens existat.After a negative (nec … quicquam) the relative clause takes the subjunctive: "anything such as is not suited". congruens "agreeing, suited" takes the dative ei mundo; ab ipsa "by (nature) itself" gives the agent of administratur.
V.9 ita nihil deerit ulterius, quod rationis obsequelae conciliet te, sed ea sponte tua acquiesces."Nothing further will be lacking that might win you over": no further persuasion will be needed. quod … conciliet is a relative clause in the subjunctive, describing the kind of thing that would be wanted. conciliare aliquem alicui rei is "to win someone over to something": here to obsequela "obedience", and rationis is an objective genitive, reason being what is obeyed.
V.9 ipsa vero prudentia quid gratius compereris, cum facultatem intelligentia scientiaque in te praeditam ejusmodi cogitaveris, quae nusquam impingat, sed in omni re prospere feratur?cogitare takes facultatem … ejusmodi as "to think of the faculty as of such a kind" (esse understood). ejusmodi … quae "of such a kind that" is followed by the subjunctive, like a result clause: impingat "stumbles", feratur "goes along". cogitaveris is subjunctive because it hangs on compereris; the same form could be future perfect, "when you have considered", with the same sense. The faculty is reason itself, which here never trips.
V.10 ubinam enim gentium est, qui sententiam, falsus quandoque, non mutaverit?ubinam gentium "where among the nations", i.e. "where in the world": gentium is a partitive genitive with a word of place. est, qui … mutaverit "is there (a man) who has …": the subjunctive describes the kind of man, and the question implies there is none. falsus is the participle of fallo, "deceived, mistaken", not the adjective "false".
V.10 ad subjecta jam ipsa si transieris, quam caduca, quam vilia sunt? quaeque etiam cinaedo, scorto, latroni in possessionem cedere possint.quaeque is quae + -que "and which", not a form of quisque. The subjunctive possint describes their kind: "things such as can pass". cedere alicui in possessionem "to pass into someone's possession": the three datives name the lowest of people, a cinaedus (a man who sells himself to men), a scortum (a prostitute) and a latro (a robber).
V.10 in hujusmodi itaque caligine ac sorde, tantoque materiae, temporis, motuum, rerumque motarum fluxu, nihil possum comminisci, quod aestimatione studiove dignum videatur.dignus "worthy" takes the ablative of what one is worthy of: aestimatione studiove "of esteem or of eager pursuit" (-ve "or"). videatur is subjunctive because quod describes the kind of thing he cannot find: "nothing such as to seem worthy".
V.10 altero nimirum, nihil obtingere sibi posse, quod non sit universi naturae consentaneum; altero, in sua esse potestate situm, ut nihil faciat praeter genii Deique sui voluntatem.
V.10 hanc enim transgredi qui cogat, nullus est.nullus est qui with the subjunctive, "there is no one who could", here turned round with the relative clause first: "(one) who could force him to transgress this, there is none". hanc is the will of his god; transgredi "to step across" is a deponent infinitive.
V.12 si quid eorum quae revera bona sunt mente quispiam conceperit, puta, prudentiam, temperantiam, justitiam, fortitudinem, ista, inquam, si animo praeconceperit, non sustinebit adjectum huic audire quicquam, quod non rei bonae probe congruat.sustinere with an infinitive is "to bear to": "he will not bear to hear". quicquam … adjectum huic "anything added to it": a remark tacked on to the good he has in mind. The subjunctive congruat gives the kind of remark: one that does not properly fit a good thing.
V.12 Eas nunc et quaeras licet, utrum in honore habendae, aut in bonis censendae sint res hujusmodi, quibus animo prius conceptis illud commode possit adjici, homini istis instructo prae opulentia sua non suppetere, ubi ventris onus deponat.
V.14 unde et recte factorum appellationem sortitae sunt actiones istiusmodi, qua viae rectitudo significetur.qua "by which" refers to appellationem. The subjunctive significetur gives the point of the name: "a name by which the straightness of the road is (meant to be) signified". A relative clause with the subjunctive often carries a purpose like this.
V.15 nec proinde in istis consistit, aut naturae humanae finis, aut bonum aliquod quod ad finem hunc conficiendum conducat.conducat is subjunctive because the clause describes a kind of thing: "any good of the sort that helps". ad finem hunc conficiendum is again ad with a gerundive, "towards achieving this end".
V.23 est enim rerum natura instar fluvii cujusdam, qui in jugi sit fluxu.sit is subjunctive because the relative clause says what kind of river this is: "one that is in continual flow". jugis "never-failing" was said of springs that never run dry; fluxus "flowing, flow" is a 4th-declension noun, ablative fluxu.
V.23 nec quod consistat fere quicquam est.Read it as nec fere quicquam est quod consistat, "nor is there almost anything that stands still". est means "there is". The relative clause comes before its antecedent quicquam and is in the subjunctive because it describes a kind of thing: "anything such as to stand still". quisquam "anything" is the form used after a negative such as nec.
V.23 qui igitur non pro fatuo merito habeatur, qui istis vel inflatur, vel cruciatur, vel de re aliqua, quae ad spatium perbreve molestiam exhibeat, quiritatur, quasi diu id fiat.
V.29 interim vero dum nihil me ad educendum me adigit, liber maneo; utpote quem nemo prohibere possit, quo minus faciam quae velim;utpote quem "as being one whom" gives a reason, and its verb is subjunctive: "since no one can prevent me". The relative quem refers to me, the speaker; while the door stays open and I stay, I stay freely.
V.31 nunquid hactenus adversus horum aliquem, quod minus deceat, quicquam vel facto, vel dicto etiam admiseris.minus "less" often softens a negative to "not": quod minus deceat "that is not fitting". The subjunctive deceat makes a relative clause of characteristic: not one particular deed, but anything of the unbecoming kind. The clause stands before its antecedent quicquam.
V.33 ecquid igitur restat quod te istic detineat?ecquid "is there anything?" expects the answer "no". The relative clause has the subjunctive because it describes the kind of thing looked for: quod te detineat "anything such as to keep you". istic is "there, where you are", i.e. here in this life.
V.33 animula ipsa, exhalatio a sanguine emissa: apud eos, qui istiusmodi sint, celebrem esse, inane quiddam.
VI.7 Hoc uno te oblecta, in eoque acquiesce, ut ab una, quae communitatem juvet, actione, ad alteram transeas, numinis memor.The relative clause sits between una and its noun actione: "from one action that helps the community". Its verb juvet is subjunctive because it describes the kind of action meant, and because it stands inside the ut clause.
VI.9 neque enim secundum aliam ullam, quae vel exterius contineat, vel interius contineatur, vel extra etiam quasi appensa sit.Three imagined kinds of other nature, each verb in the subjunctive because the clause describes a kind of thing, not a real one: one that "contains (things) from outside", one that "is contained within (them)", or one that "hangs outside, as it were", apart from them. exterius and interius are comparative adverbs; appensa sit is a perfect passive subjunctive, "has been hung on". There is no second nature: the one nature of the whole does everything.
VI.10 aut est compages rerum in unum ordine justo convenientium, quae providentia regatur.quae refers to compages. Its verb regatur is subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of structure meant: "such as is governed by providence". providentia is ablative, of means.
VI.10 si prius illud, quid est, quod desiderem in temeraria miscela colluvieque istiusmodi ulterius commorari?quid est, quod with the subjunctive asks "what is there for which …?", that is, "what reason is there why …?", "why should I …?". desidero "desire" takes an infinitive, commorari "to linger", from the deponent commoror.
VI.16 ecquid est igitur, quod pretio aliquo dignum sit? num plausibus excipi? nequaquam.The relative clause has the subjunctive because it describes the kind of thing sought: "anything of a sort to be worthy of some value". dignus takes the ablative, pretio aliquo.
VI.16 istic ergo reperitur quod in pretio sit habendum. atque hoc bene si habuerit, nihil aliud quod acquiras, opus erit.opus est "there is need" takes the thing needed as its subject: nihil aliud … opus erit "nothing else will be needed". quod acquiras is a relative clause in the subjunctive, saying what the thing would be for: "for you to acquire".
VI.19 Sed siquid fuerit, quod possit quisquam, hominisque sit munus, id te quoque assequi posse existimes.The relative clause describes the kind of thing meant, so its verbs are subjunctive: "anything such that anyone can do it and it is a man's proper task". quod is the object of possit (with facere understood) and the subject of sit; hominis munus is "the task of a man", work that belongs to human nature.
VI.23 Animantibus, adeoque omnibus in universum rebus ac subjectis rationis exortibus, utpote ratione praeditus ipse qui sis, magno liberoque utaris animo.utpote qui with the subjunctive gives a reason: "inasmuch as you are one who …". The order is free: utpote … qui sis, with ratione praeditus ipse "yourself endowed with reason" placed in between.
VI.44 quibus et mea cum consecutione necessaria cohaereant, amplecti haec debeo eisque acquiescere.quibus "with which" (dative with cohaereo "cling to, be bound up with") refers back to rebus universi. A relative clause with the subjunctive can give a reason: "since my affairs too are bound up with them". mea "my things" is a neuter plural used as a noun.
VI.44 mihi autem deliberatio competit, de eo quod conducat mihi.conduco with the dative is "be of use to, profit". The subjunctive conducat presents it as the matter under deliberation: "about whatever may profit me". The last word, mihi, picks up the mihi at the start: the deliberation that falls to me is about my own advantage.
VI.47 unicum ergo istic est, quod sit plurimi faciendum, ut veritatem justitiamque colens ipse, cum mendacibus injustisque benevole degas.
VII.5 vel quod possum facio, eo adscito qui mentis meae opera usus id possit, quod ad societatem humanam est hoc ipso tempore tempestivum ac utile.usus is the perfect participle of the deponent utor, but with present sense: "using". Like utor it takes the ablative, mentis meae opera "the service of my mind": the helper does the work with my mind to guide him. possit is subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of person sought: "one who can". With id possit supply efficere.
VII.13 hoc ipsum benefacere per se nondum oblectat te: adhuc tanquam quod fieri deceat tantum facis, nondum perinde acsi tibi ipsi benefacias.tanquam "as" says how you regard your good deeds: "as (something) which it is fitting should be done". deceat is the impersonal decet "it is fitting", and its subject is quod fieri "that it be done". The subjunctive marks the kind of thing: you do good as one does a duty, because it is proper, not because you feel it.
VII.35 Cui igitur animus sublimis fuerit, quique et tempus omne, et substantiam omnem contempletur; nunquid huic magnum quiddam putas posse videri hominis vitam?cui … animus … fuerit "to whom a mind is" is the dative of possession: "who has a lofty mind". The relative clauses come first and are picked up by huic "to him" in the question. Their verbs, fuerit and contempletur, are subjunctive because they describe a kind of man: "one such as has … and contemplates …".
VII.44 Parum recte censes, mi homo, si hominem, qui vel ullius sit usus, existimas mortis vitaeque discrimen in numero aliquo habiturum;ullius usus "of any use" is a genitive of quality, describing what the man is worth, and vel "even" sharpens it: "of even the least use". The subjunctive sit marks a relative clause of characteristic: "a man such as is of any use".
VII.46 neque enim hoc est, quod, vir vere qui sit, tantopere expetere debeat, ut temporis tantundem vivat; neque vitae oportet avidum esse;hoc est quod … debeat "this is (the kind of thing) which he ought to desire": the subjunctive debeat makes it a clause of characteristic. hoc is then spelled out by the ut clause, "that he live for just so much time". tantundem temporis "just so much of time" stands for the Greek "for however long": mere length of life.The relative clause comes before the word it describes, and that word, the subject of debeat, is left out: "(he) who is truly a man". vir means a man worthy of the name, as in English "be a man".
VII.67 quodque etiamsi desperes dialecticae aut naturalis scientiae peritiam, nihil esse tamen quod animam despondeas, quasi liber et modestus fieri nequeas, et communitatis cultor, et obsequens Deo.nihil est quod with the subjunctive means "there is no reason why": "there is still no reason why you should lose heart". The idiom is animum despondere, literally "to give away one's courage", "to lose heart"; Gataker writes animam "soul, spirit" for animum, with the same sense. tamen "still" answers etiamsi.
VIII.1 at haec quomodo quis faciat? si decreta nactus sit, a quibus appetitiones actusque istiusmodi profluant.The relative clause has the subjunctive profluant because it says what kind of principles are needed: "principles such that impulses and actions of that kind flow from them". It also stands inside the si clause, whose verb nactus sit is subjunctive.
VIII.1 quaenam, inquis, decreta? de bonis malisque, ut nihil nimirum homini bonum censeat, quod non justum, temperantem, fortem, liberalem faciat; nihil malum, quod non istis contrarium.facere with an object and a predicate adjective means "make (someone) so". The object, the man, is understood from homini, and the four adjectives agree with it: "which does not make him just, self-controlled, brave, free-spirited". liberalis "befitting a free man" stands here for freedom of spirit, not only generosity.
VIII.7 prospere autem procedit rationalis natura, ubi in cogitando nec falso, nec incerto assentitur, impulsus suos ad opera, quae societatem juvent, sola dirigit,The subjunctive juvent marks a relative clause of characteristic: "works of the kind that help society". sola "only" agrees with opera, though it stands after the clause: to such works only.
VIII.10 Poenitentia est suiipsius reprehensio quaedam, ut qui utile aliquid omiserit.ut qui with the subjunctive means "as one who, inasmuch as one": it gives the ground of the reproach. qui refers to the person contained in suiipsius: one blames oneself as a man who has let something useful slip. omiserit is perfect subjunctive, "has passed over".
VIII.14 qui enim de voluptate ac dolore, et efficientibus utriusque, vel de fama et ignominia, morte et vita, decreta istiusmodi habeat, si hujusmodi fecerit, nihil mihi mirum novumque videbitur.qui has no antecedent: "one who holds…". The subjunctive habeat makes the clause hypothetical, almost "if a man holds". The man so described is then the subject of fecerit.
VIII.16 etenim et haec tua est operatio, utpote quae juxta intentionem judiciumque tuum, atque adeo ex animi etiam tui sententia perficiatur.utpote quae with the subjunctive gives a reason, "inasmuch as it": the relative refers to operatio. perficiatur "is carried out".
VIII.32 atqui dum impedimentum ipsum placide fers, et ad id quod datur aequo animo te transfers, alia statim prioris vice actio emergit, quae ad eam, de qua sermo instituitur, vitae compositionem non minus apte conducat.The relative clause has the subjunctive because it describes the kind of action: "one such as to serve". conducere ad is "to lead to, be useful for". de qua sermo instituitur "about which the talk is set up", i.e. "which we are discussing", is the vitae compositio, the building of a life, of the first sentence; ad eam … compositionem wraps round it.
VIII.36 sed ad praesentium unumquodque interroga te, quidnam hac in re est, quod subiri aut sustineri nequeat? confiteri namque erubesces.The question is put directly, with the indicative est, as words you say to yourself. quod … nequeat is a relative clause of characteristic: "what is there of such a kind that it cannot be undergone or endured?" nequeo "be unable" takes the passive infinitives subiri and sustineri. In hac in re the preposition stands between the adjective and its noun, a common order.
VIII.39 In animantis rationalis constitutione virtutem nullam video, quae justitiae se opponat: at voluptati quae opponat sese, continentiam video.After a negative (nullam "no"), the relative clause takes the subjunctive to describe the kind: "no virtue such as to set itself against justice". se opponere "to set oneself against" takes the dative, justitiae.
VIII.41 est et aliud quod vegetativam conditionem pariter impediat, estque malum ejusdem.est at the head of a sentence means "there is", and et here means "also". After "there is something which", Latin puts the relative clause in the subjunctive, because it describes the kind of thing: aliud quod … impediat "something else such as to hinder".
VIII.42 Indignum censeo, ut me ipse vexem, qui neminem unquam volens vexarim.qui "who" has as its antecedent the speaker, "I", contained in censeo and me. Its verb is subjunctive because the clause gives a reason: "I who have never …", i.e. "since I have never …". vexarim is the short form of vexaverim, perfect subjunctive, with -ve- dropped as in amarim for amaverim. volens "willing", the present participle of volo, works as an adverb, "willingly, on purpose". neminem unquam "never anyone".
VIII.43 me vero, si mentem sanam habuerim, quae nec hominem quenquam, aut humanum quicquam aversetur; sed quicquid obvenit, oculo benigno aspiciat excipiatque, et pro sui existimatione singulis utatur.quae "which" refers to mentem. Its four verbs (aversetur, aspiciat, excipiat, utatur) are subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of mind meant: "such as turns away from …". After nec, aut carries the negative on: "neither any man nor anything human". aversor is a deponent with the accusative, "turn away from, shun".
VIII.45 ecquid reperiam, quod tanti sit?tanti again "worth so much". The subjunctive describes the kind of thing looked for: "such as to be worth so much". sit is Gataker's reading (1652); the later reprints print fit, misreading the long s (ſ).
VIII.46 Nihil homini cuiquam contingere potest, quod non humanus sit casus; nec bovi, quod non bovis sit; nec viti, quod non vitis sit, nec lapidi, quod non lapidis ipsius sit.contingere with the dative is "to happen to, befall". After a negative such as nihil, a relative clause takes the subjunctive: quod non … sit "which is not …", so "nothing … that is not", i.e. whatever happens to a man is human. humanus … casus "a human happening" is the predicate of sit; casus, from cado "fall", is what falls to one's lot.
VIII.46 Si ergo contingit id cuique, quod et usui et naturae ejus est consentaneum, quid est, aegre quod feras?quid est quod with the subjunctive asks "what is there that …?", i.e. "why should …?" (as in quid est, quod desiderem, 6.10). aegre ferre "to bear ill" is "to resent, take hard"; aegre is put before quod for stress.
VIII.46 neque enim quicquam tibi tulisset natura communis, quod ferri non posset.
VIII.47 nihil est ergo quod anxius sis.nihil est quod with the subjunctive is "there is no reason why": literally "there is nothing in respect of which you should be anxious", with quod an adverbial accusative. If the obstacle is truly stronger than you, your anxiety has nothing to fasten on.
VIII.48 neque enim aliud ullum habet homo hoc validius communitum praesidium, ad quod ubi confugerit, in nullius potestatem possit deinceps venire.The relative clause with the subjunctive possit says what kind of stronghold it is: "such that a man … can". Inside it, ubi confugerit "once he has fled" is in the perfect subjunctive because it stands within a subjunctive clause, and ad quod "to which" belongs to confugerit. in potestatem alicujus venire "to come into someone's power" is the usual phrase for falling under another's control; nullius makes it "into no one's".
VIII.49 hoc igitur modo in primo visis consiste semper, nec amplius quicquam eis a te intus adjicias, et nihil tibi accidit, quod commoveat te.et after a command gives its result: "(do this) and nothing happens to you". commoveat is subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic: "nothing of a kind to disturb you".
VIII.49 vel adjicias potius aliquid, ut qui rerum omnium, quae in mundo isto contingunt, naturam perspectam habeas.ut qui + subjunctive means "as one who", "being one who": a relative clause that gives a reason. qui refers to "you", so the verb is second person, habeas.
VIII.50 et illi tamen quo projiciant habent, cum universi natura nihil extra se habeat;habere quo + subjunctive "to have (a place) to which": quo is the adverb "whither", and projiciant is subjunctive because the clause describes a place fit for the purpose, "somewhere to throw (their scraps)". et … tamen "and yet".
VIII.50 adeo ut nec materia extranea opus habeat, nec quo putrefacta projiciat, desideret.
VIII.57 talem ergo mentis solutionem et diffusionem esse oportet, non effusionem utique, sed extensionem, quaeque adversus obvia quaelibet impedimenta non violentam et impetuosam collisionem adhibeat,quaeque is quae "which" with -que "and", not a form of quisque. After talem a relative clause in the subjunctive says what kind of thing is meant: "and such that it brings no violent and rushing collision". obvia quaelibet impedimenta "any obstacles whatever that meet it" is the object of adversus "against".
VIII.57 nec etiam decidat, sed consistat, et illustret quicquid eam admiserit.These subjunctives continue the quaeque clause of the sentence before: the mind's light, like the sun's, should not fall away but stay, and light up what it falls on. nec etiam is "and not … either".
IX.1 Quin etiam, qui voluptates, tanquam quae sint bonae, sectatur, dolores, tanquam quae mala sint, fugit, impie hic quoque agit.tanquam "as" with a relative clause in the subjunctive gives the light in which the man sees these things: tanquam quae sint bonae "as (things) which are good", that is, "as being goods". The subjunctive marks this as his opinion, not the writer's. quae agrees with the noun it refers to (voluptates feminine, dolores masculine). In the first half the predicate agrees too, bonae feminine with voluptates; in the second it is the neuter plural mala used as a noun, "evils", the Stoic term. For the Stoic, pleasure and pain are neither good nor evil.
IX.3 Mortem noli contemnere, sed animo lubenti excipe, tanquam ex eorum quae natura vult, numero quod sit.tanquam … quod sit "as (a thing) which is", i.e. "as being". quod is neuter because death is thought of as "a thing", as if id quod; the subjunctive sit gives the light in which you are to see it, as tanquam quae sint bonae "as being good" does in §1.
IX.3 si autem vulgare vis pharmacum, quod cor tamen attingat, morti facilem cumprimis praestabit te, si consideraveris res subjectas a quibus morte divelleris, moresque hominum quales sint, quibus anima tua ulterius non immiscebitur.vis is the verb here, "you want" (2nd singular of volo), not the noun vis "force". A vulgare pharmacum is a "common remedy", a plain everyday one rather than a philosopher's proof. The subjunctive attingat describes the kind of remedy: "one such as to reach the heart"; tamen "all the same" answers vulgare.
IX.9 cum omni vero, qui istic est, igni adeo simul accendi proclivis est, ut materia omnis siccior paulo incendi prompta admodum sit, eo quod minus sibi admixtum habeat, quod incendium prohibeat.The relative clause says what there is less of: "less (of that) which would hinder burning". Supply ejus "of that" with minus. The subjunctive describes the kind of thing: whatever is such as to stop a fire, like moisture.
IX.25 tum et tempus tecum definito ad quod plurimum res sic affecta perdurare possit.ad quod "up to which" looks back to tempus; plurimum "the most", a neuter superlative used as an adverb, means "at most". res sic affecta "a thing so affected" is a thing having that form, this particular thing. The subjunctive possit marks the clause as describing a limit still to be worked out: "the longest time that such a thing could last".
IX.27 facile videbis, nihil esse quod te angat, quicquid illi de te judicent.videbis "you will see" takes an accusative and infinitive: nihil esse "that there is nothing". The relative clause has the subjunctive of characteristic, quod te angat "of a kind to trouble you". angere is literally "to squeeze the throat, choke", hence "to distress".
IX.29 aggredere, quatenus tibi datur. nec circumspice, nunquis adsit, qui advertat. nec Platonis rempublicam expecta.
IX.30 et quam multi sint, qui nec norint nomen tuum; quam multi, qui mox ejusdem obliviscentur; quam multi, qui cum te nunc laudent, mox vituperaturi sint.
IX.31 hoc est; intentio tua actioque omnis hunc solum sibi finem propositum habeat, ut ad societatem humanam quod conducat fecerit, utpote quod naturae tuae consentaneum existat.
IX.35 nec penes Deos, qui tot fuerint, potentiam extitisse corrigendi ista, quo minus mundus ad mala ista addiceretur, quibus perpetim teneretur implicitus?quibus is an ablative with implicitus "entangled in": "in which it would be held entangled continually". The subjunctive teneretur gives the consequence as the speaker imagines it.
IX.42 nihil enim horum, quibus succenses, quenquam fecisse deprehendes, quod mentem tuam deteriorem reddat.A relative clause of characteristic, with the subjunctive: "(nothing) of a kind to make your mind worse". reddere with an object and an adjective is "to make (something) so".
IX.42 peccatum enim proculdubio est tuum, sive quod hominem sic affectum credidisti fidem tibi servaturum, sive beneficium cum dares, quod non absolute dedisti nec tanquam qui totum actionis tuae fructum jam statim percepisses.tanquam qui "as one who" takes the subjunctive, here the pluperfect percepisses "had received". The verb is in the second person because qui refers to you: "as one who had already, there and then, received the whole fruit of your action". The good man gives as if the act itself were the whole reward.
IX.42 ad eundem et homo cum ad benefaciendum natus sit, ubi beneficum quippiam, aut quod in commune conducat, egerit, illud fecit ad quod conditus est, et quod suum est obtinuit.beneficum quippiam "some kind thing": the adjective agrees with quippiam "something". aut quod … conducat "or (something) that serves" is a relative clause of characteristic, with the subjunctive; conducere in commune is "to be useful for the common good".
X.1 ecquando futura es plena, rei nullius indiga, nihil desiderans ulterius, nihil expetens vel animatum vel inanime, quo frui tibi volupe sit,fruor "enjoy" is a deponent that takes its object in the ablative, so the relative is quo "which" (ablative), not quod. volupe est with a dative is "it is a pleasure to": quo frui tibi volupe sit "which it would be a pleasure to you to enjoy". The subjunctive sit describes the kind of thing: "nothing such that you would delight in enjoying it".
X.1 utpote quae ad salutem faciant animantis perfecti, probi, justi, honesti, quod cuncta ista, quae ut alia similia indidem oriuntur, dissolvuntur, generet, contineat, ambiat, complectatur?
X.6 neque habet quicquam universum, quod non sibi conducat.A relative clause after a negative (neque … quicquam "not anything") takes the subjunctive, describing the kind of thing: "nothing of a sort that does not benefit it". sibi refers back to universum, the subject.
X.6 in quantum vero necessitudine quadam ejusdem generis partibus conjunctus sum, nihil facturus sum, quod communionis jus violet:
X.6 sed cognatorum potius rationem habebo, omnemque conatum meum ad id dirigam, quod in commune conducat, et ab eo quod est huic contrarium, abstinebo.in commune "for the common (good)": the neuter adjective is used as a noun. The subjunctive conducat describes the kind of thing: "whatever serves the common good".
X.8 sin excidere, nec statum tueri posse te senseris, in angulum aliquem, ubi possis aliquid, audacter te conferas;posse aliquid "to be able to do something" means "to have some power, to prevail". The subjunctive possis describes the kind of corner wanted: "(some corner) where you can hold out". te conferas "betake yourself" is jussive, like persistas.
X.11 Methodo contemplativa instructus sis, qua perspectum habeas, quomodo cuncta in se invicem mutent.qua "by which" refers to methodo, and its subjunctive habeas gives the purpose: "by which you may have …". habere with a perfect participle stresses a lasting result: perspectum habere is "to have (something) seen through", to hold it clearly in view. What is seen is the indirect question quomodo cuncta … mutent "how all things change", so perspectum is neuter.
X.11 utpote qui duobus hisce etiam contentus sit, quicquid impraesentiarum agit, justum praestare, et quicquid impraesentiarum sibi obvenit, diligere:utpote qui with the subjunctive gives a reason: "seeing that he is one who is content". hisce is his with the strengthening -ce. etiam "even" shows how little he needs: these two things are enough.
X.11 negotiis vero studiisque reliquis omnibus missis, nihil aliud velit, quam recta juxta legem proficisci, rectaque proficiscentem Deum ipsum sequi.velit is subjunctive because it still belongs to the utpote qui clause of the last sentence: "and (seeing that) he wants nothing else". Before it, negotiis … missis is an ablative absolute, "all other business and pursuits having been let go".
X.15 viderint, norintque homines, hominem verum, qui naturae convenienter vivat.homines, hominem sets "men" against "a man": among many men, one true man. The relative clause has the subjunctive vivat because it says what kind of man he is: "one who lives in agreement with nature". convenienter "in agreement" takes a dative, naturae.
X.31 quid enim sunt aliud haec omnia, quam mentis, quae, hac in vita quae contingunt, naturam eorum rimata, accurate perspexerit, exercitationes.The first quae is the mind, subject of perspexerit. Inside its clause stands a second relative clause with no antecedent, hac in vita quae contingunt "the things that happen in this life", picked up by eorum: having searched out their nature, the mind has looked into them closely. rimata, from the deponent rimor, is active in sense, "having probed"; perspexerit is a perfect subjunctive of characteristic, "a mind such as has examined".
X.33 Ecquid est, quod de materia ista rectissime vel fieri vel dici possit?ecquid est "is there anything?" with a relative clause of characteristic in the subjunctive: quod … possit "such that it could". Here the expected answer is "yes": the next sentence takes for granted that there always is something. de materia ista "out of this material": the situation in front of you is the raw material of your action. rectissime is the superlative of recte: "most rightly".
X.33 ante ingemiscere non desinas, quam eo te adegeris, ut quod voluptuariis hominibus est luxu diffluere, hoc tibi fuerit de subjecta quaque oblata tibi materia ea facere, quae humanae constitutioni conveniant.convenire "suit, fit" takes the dative constitutioni. The subjunctive marks the kind of thing meant, "such things as suit", and the clause also stands inside the result clause. constitutio is the make-up of man, the nature he is built with.
X.33 quae enim coerceant et obsistant, multa sunt. verum mens et ratio per obstantia quaelibet, prout nata est, et prout vult ipsa, procedit.The antecedent is left out: "(the things) which may restrain and resist (them) are many". The subjunctives coerceant and obsistant describe a kind of thing, "such as to restrain".
X.35 quae vero dixerit, Liberos mihi salvos velim; et, Omnes quicquid fecero laudent, velim; oculi est instar viridia poscentis, vel dentium tenella postulantium.quae is feminine because it means a mind (mens), left out: "but (a mind) which says". Its verb est comes only after the quoted wishes. dixerit is perfect subjunctive, describing the kind of mind: "one such as says".
X.36 Nemo quisquam adeo felix est, cui morienti non adstabunt aliqui, qui praesenti laetentur malo.A relative clause of characteristic, with the subjunctive: "people such as to be glad". laetor "rejoice" is deponent and takes an ablative of the cause: praesenti malo "at the evil at hand", his death. morienti, the present participle of the deponent morior, agrees with cui: "by him as he is dying".
X.36 bonus sapiensque fuerit, annon ad extremum futurus est qui de illo dicat,annon "or not?" opens a question expecting "yes". futurus est qui dicat "there is going to be (someone) who will say": est qui with the subjunctive means "there is someone to …". ad extremum "at the last", at his death. The words he will say follow.
X.36 at nos quod attinet, quam multa sunt alia, ob quae a nobis liberari desiderent haud pauci?a nobis liberari "to be freed from us": the people round us would gladly be rid of us. desiderent is subjunctive, "for which (they) would wish"; its subject comes last, haud pauci "not a few", that is, many.
X.36 illi, inquam, ipsi elatum me optant, tanquam qui levamen forsan hinc aliquod sperent.tanquam qui with the subjunctive, "as people who hope", gives their reason as it looks to them: they expect some relief (levamen) from his going. hinc "from here" means from his death.
X.38 siquidem membrorum istorum, absque forma quae ea cieat sistatque, non magis usus est, quam radii textrici, aut scriptori calami, aut aurigae flagelli.forma "form" is the philosophers' word for what makes a thing what it is and moves it; here it is the soul. The Greek has "the cause that moves and checks them", and Gataker puts it in the language of the schools. quae … cieat sistatque is a relative clause of characteristic: "a form such as to move them and hold them still".
XI.4 Nunquid feci, quod in commune conducat? beneficium hoc ipso accepi.nunquid is num + quid. Usually it asks a question expecting "no"; here it asks a plain one, and its quid "anything" is the object of feci and the antecedent of quod: "have I done anything that serves the common good?" The subjunctive conducat describes the kind of deed, "anything such as to serve". in commune "for the common (good)" is in with the accusative of purpose.
XI.5 hoc quo modo melius fit, quam documentorum ope, quorum alia sint de universi natura, alia de hominis conditione propria.
XI.6 Primo tragoediae invectae sunt, quae casuum et eventuum homines commonefacerent, quo et ista sic fieri nata monerentur; nec quibus in scena oblectarentur, ea in scena majori, gravatim sustinerent:A relative clause with the subjunctive can express purpose: quae … commonefacerent "to remind", literally "which were to remind". commonefacio "remind" takes the accusative of the person (homines) and the genitive of the thing (casuum et eventuum, "of the chances and outcomes of life").
XI.6 (nam et ab istis utilia dici nonnulla, nemo est qui nesciat.)nemo est qui with the subjunctive, "there is no one who does not know", is a relative clause of characteristic; the two negatives make a strong positive: everyone knows. What they know is the accusative and infinitive ab istis utilia dici nonnulla "that some useful things are said by these men too".
XI.13 neque id contumeliose, neque ut qui patientiam ostentare cupiam, sed ingenue, benigne, quo modo Phocion ille, nisi si simulate agebat.ut qui "as one who" takes the subjunctive: ut qui … cupiam "as one who wants (to show off)". cupiam is first person because the "one" is the speaker himself.
XI.13 interius enim ita affectum esse oportet, ut ipsi Dii videant, hominem esse te, qui nihil quicquam indigne aegreve ferat.qui … ferat is a relative clause of characteristic: "a man such as to take nothing …". nihil quicquam "nothing whatever" doubles the pronoun for force. indigne ferre and aegre ferre both mean "take something ill, resent it"; aegreve is aegre with -ve "or".
XII.4 itaque si vel Deus vel praeceptor prudens quis astans praeceperit cuiquam, ne quid apud se cogitet menteve agitet quod non simul ac conceperit proferat, ne ad dieculam quidem id sustineret.An indirect command: ne quid … cogitet "not to think anything", with quid indefinite after ne; menteve agitet "or turn over in his mind", with -ve "or". The relative clause quod non … proferat "which he would not speak out" is subjunctive because it describes the kind of thought forbidden, and simul ac conceperit "as soon as he had conceived it" because it stands inside the command. In short: to think nothing he would not say aloud at once.
XII.5 curare nempe, ne homines, boni cumprimis, quique frequentissima cum ipsis quasi commercia habuerint, atque per opera pia sacraque ministeria quam maxime familiares ipsis extiterint, ubi semel defuncti sunt, non existerent amplius, sed omnino extinguerentur?quique is qui + -que "and who", not a form of quisque. commercia "dealings, trade" is a bold word for men's converse with the gods, so it is softened by quasi "as it were". The relative clauses inside the ne clause take the subjunctive (habuerint, extiterint).
XII.14 sin providentia, quae placari possit, auxilio divino dignum te praesta.A relative clause of characteristic, "(a providence) such as can be appeased": it restates placabilis.
XII.16 tum illud memineris, eum qui improbos delinquere non vult, parem esse illi, qui ficum in ficubus succum acrem gerere; et infantes vagire, et equum hinnire, aliaque ejusmodi quae necessaria sunt, nolit.eum qui … non vult has the indicative, a real man; illi qui … nolit the subjunctive, an imagined kind of man: "one who would not want". nolit governs a row of accusatives and infinitives, ficum … gerere "the fig tree to bear", infantes vagire "babies to cry", equum hinnire "the horse to neigh", and last a plain object, alia ejusmodi "other such things". ficus is both the tree and the fruit: ficum "the fig tree", in ficubus (4th-declension ablative plural) "in its figs". Sharp sap, crying, neighing: each nature does what it must, and so do the wicked.
XII.20 secundo, ne ad ullum alium finem, quam qui societati conducat, referatur.alius … quam is "other than". After quam supply "the one": "to any other end than (one) which serves society". conducere "be of use to" takes the dative societati. The relative clause is subjunctive because it describes the only kind of end allowed, and because it stands inside the ne clause.
XII.27 Eos apud te crebro recolas, qui de re aliqua vehementer indignati fuerint, qui vel in summa gloria, vel in insigni miseria, inimicitia, fortuna qualibet extitere.indignati fuerint is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent indignor "be indignant", made with fuerint where classical Latin has indignati sint. The first qui clause is subjunctive because it depends on the command recolas and describes the kind of man meant; the second has a plain indicative, extitere.