Book VIIMeditations · Liber VII

Vice is what you have seen many times before, and in everything that happens you should remind yourself of that. History, cities and households are full of the same things in every age: nothing is new, everything is familiar and short-lived.

Quidwhat estis vitiositasvitiōsitās?vice hoc,this (is it) quodwhich saepeoften vidistivīdistī.you have seenWhat is vice? This: what you have often seen.Quid est vitiositas? hoc Quid "what?" is neuter, and so is the answer hoc "this": Latin asks "what thing is vice?". The answer has no verb; supply est: "(it is) this, which you have often seen". vitiositas "viciousness, vice" is badness of character, the opposite of virtue. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood inin omniomnīevery casucāsūevent occurratlet (it) come to mind idem,the same (thought) hocthis estis quodwhat saepeoften vidivīdī.I have seenIn every event let the same thought come to you: "This is what I have often seen."occurrat idem, hoc est quod saepe vidi occurrat "let it occur (to you)" is a jussive subjunctive, a command in the third person; its subject is idem "the same (thing)". occurro "run to meet" is used of a thought that comes to mind. The thought itself follows in the first person, as words you say to yourself: hoc est quod saepe vidi "this is what I have often seen". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") omninoomnīnōin a word sursumup deorsumdown eademthe same things deprehendesdēprehendēs,you will find quibuswith which refertaefilled suntare historiaethe histories priscaeprīscae,ancient mediae,middle praesentespraesentēs;present quibuswith which civitatescīvitātēscities atqueand familiaehouseholds scatent.teemIn a word, up and down you will find the same things: the things with which the histories of ancient times, of the times between and of the present are filled, and with which cities and households teem.sursum deorsum eadem deprehendes sursum deorsum "up and down", two adverbs set side by side without et, means "everywhere, whichever way you look", here up and down through the ages. eadem is neuter plural, "the same things"; deprehendes is future: "you will find (them)". omnino "altogether" here sums up: "in a word".quibus refertae sunt historiae priscae, mediae, praesentes Both quibus clauses depend on eadem: "the same things with which …". refertus "crammed, full" and scateo "teem, swarm" take an ablative of what fills: quibus refertae sunt historiae "with which histories are filled", quibus civitates … scatent "with which cities teem". The three adjectives sort the histories by age: of ancient times, of the times between, and of the present. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod nihilnothing estthere is novinovī.newThere is nothing new.nihil est novi novi is a partitive genitive with nihil: literally "there is nothing of new", i.e. "nothing new". Latin says nihil novi, aliquid boni, putting the adjective in the genitive after a word of quantity. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…) consuetacōnsuētafamiliar etand caducacadūcashort-lived suntare omnia.all thingsAll things are familiar and short-lived.consueta et caduca sunt omnia The predicates come first for stress and the subject omnia "all things" last. consueta "customary, familiar" says that things are old; caduca "ready to fall, short-lived" (from cado "fall") that they pass.

Your principles cannot die unless the thoughts that keep them alive are put out, and you can rekindle those thoughts whenever you choose. You can think rightly about anything, and what lies outside the mind cannot touch it: look at things again as you once saw them, and you come back to life.

Dogmatathe principles inin tetēyou aboleriabolērīto be destroyed quoquōin what modomodōway poterunt,will they be able nisiunless cogitationescōgitātiōnēsthe thoughts hishīswith these congruaeagreeing extinguantur?are put outThe principles in you: how will they ever be destroyed, unless the thoughts that agree with them are put out?Dogmata in te aboleri quo modo poterunt, nisi cogitationes his congruae extinguantur? The subject Dogmata "principles, convictions" comes first, and the question quo modo poterunt "how will they be able?" follows it: "the principles in you, how will they be able to be destroyed?" The expected answer is "they cannot": principles stay alive as long as the thoughts that agree with them are kept alight. nisi with the subjunctive extinguantur puts the condition as a mere supposition: "unless those thoughts should be put out". Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)his congruae congruus "agreeing, in keeping" takes the dative: his congruae "agreeing with these", that is, with the principles. Gataker's edition of 1652 misprints his as bis "twice"; the sense and the Greek (autois, "with them") show what is meant.aboleri … extinguantur aboleri is the present passive infinitive of aboleo "destroy, do away with" (English abolish), depending on poterunt. extinguo (also spelt exstinguo) "put out" is said of a fire, and the next sentence keeps the image: what has been put out can be rekindled. quasquāsand these resuscitareresuscitāreto rekindle tibi,for you quotiesquotiēswhenever libuerit,it pleases (you) licet.it is allowedAnd these you are free to rekindle whenever you like.quas resuscitare tibi … licet quas "which" begins a new sentence but links it to the last; it means "and these", the thoughts. licet "it is allowed" is impersonal: the person goes in the dative (tibi) and what is allowed is an infinitive, resuscitare "to rekindle": "it is open to you to rekindle them", i.e. "you are free to". resuscito "rouse again" here means "fan back into flame". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)quoties libuerit libet "it pleases" is impersonal too, with tibi understood. libuerit is future perfect, "whenever it shall have pleased (you)", where English uses the present: "whenever you like". The future perfect ("if you will have done…") possumI can dedēabout rerēmatter istaistā,this quodwhat oportet,I ought opinariopīnārī.to thinkI can think what I ought about this matter.quod oportet quod oportet is short for (id) quod opinari oportet "what one ought (to think)": the antecedent and the infinitive are both left out. oportet "it is right, one ought" is impersonal. opinari "to hold an opinion" is the infinitive of the deponent opinor, with possum "I can". Words left out: esse, sum and others understood SiSīif possum,I can quidwhy perturbaturperturbāturis disturbed mihimy animus?mindIf I can, why is my mind disturbed?quid perturbatur mihi animus quid "what?" is used here, as often, for "why?". mihi is a dative of reference, "for me", where English says "my": perturbatur mihi animus "my mind is thrown into confusion". Dative of reference, possession and advantage nihilnothing quicquamwhatever adtowards mentemthe mind faciunt,they do quae(the things) which extraextrāoutside mentemthe mind suntare sita.placedThings that lie outside the mind have nothing whatever to do with the mind.nihil quicquam ad mentem faciunt facere ad aliquid "to bear on, matter to" something: nihil ad mentem faciunt "they do nothing towards the mind", i.e. "they have nothing to do with it, they cannot touch it". nihil quicquam "nothing whatever" doubles the negative word for stress.quae extra mentem sunt sita The subject of faciunt is this clause, with its antecedent (ea "those things") left out: "(the things) which are placed outside the mind". situs "placed, lying" is the perfect participle of sino. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod hochōcthis modomodōway sissīsbe affectus,disposed etand (then) rectusrēctusupright consistiscōnsistis.you standBe disposed in this way, and you stand upright.hoc modo sis affectus, et rectus consistis sis affectus is a jussive subjunctive: "be disposed in this way, be of this mind"; affectus, the perfect participle of afficio, describes a state of mind. Joined by et, the command and the plain present consistis work like a condition: "be so minded, and (at once) you stand upright". rectus "straight, upright" agrees with the subject: you stand straight, not bent by outward things. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") reviviscererevīvīscereto come back to life tibifor you licet.it is allowedYou can come back to life.reviviscere tibi licet licet again, with the dative tibi and an infinitive as its subject: "to come back to life is allowed to you", i.e. "you can come back to life". revivisco (re- "again" + vivo "live") has the inceptive ending -sco, which marks something beginning: "begin to live again". Recovering one's principles is a return to life. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) resrēsthings ipsasipsāsthemselves intuereintuērelook at proutprōutjust as priusbefore vidistivīdistī.you saw (them) hocthis estis enimfor reviviscererevīvīscere.coming back to lifeLook at things themselves as you saw them before. For this is what coming back to life is.res ipsas intuere prout prius vidisti intuere is not an infinitive but the imperative of the deponent intueor "look at": "look at the things themselves". prout "just as": as you saw them before, when your principles were alive in you. In hoc est enim reviviscere the infinitive serves as a noun: "this is coming back to life". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning

Pageants, plays, herds, sham fights, a bone thrown to puppies, ants hauling their loads, frightened mice, jerking puppets: such are all outward things. Stand among them kindly and without scorn, but understand that each person is worth just as much as the things he cares about.

Pompaefor pageantry studiumthe zeal inaneināne,empty fabulaefābulaeplays scenicaescēnicae,on the stage gregesgregēs,flocks armenta,herds velitationesvēlitātiōnēs,skirmishes catuliscatulīsto puppies projectumprōjectumthrown ossiculum,a little bone offulaa morsel ininto piscinampiscīnama fishpond immissa,thrown formicarumformīcārumof ants aerumnaethe toils etand bajulationesbājulātiōnēs,load-carryings musculorummūsculōrumof little mice perterritorumperterritōrumfrightened discursusdiscursūs,the scurryings sigillariasigillāriapuppets verticillisverticillīsby little wheels cita.set movingThe empty zeal for pageantry, plays on the stage, flocks, herds, skirmishes, a little bone thrown to puppies, a morsel thrown into a fishpond, the toils and load-carrying of ants, the scurrying of frightened mice, puppets set moving by little wheels.Pompae studium inane, fabulae scenicae, greges, armenta, velitationes The section opens with a list of nouns and no verb: the idle sights of the world, on which people spend their care. Pompae studium inane "the empty zeal for a procession": pompa is a parade or pageant, and Pompae is an objective genitive, the thing the zeal is for. fabulae scenicae are "stage plays"; velitatio is skirmishing (from velites, the light-armed skirmishers of the Roman army), here mock fights. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)catulis projectum ossiculum, offula in piscinam immissa Two pictures of a scramble for food, each a noun with a perfect participle: projectum ossiculum "a little bone thrown", with the dative catulis "to puppies"; offula in piscinam immissa "a morsel thrown into a fishpond", for the fish to fight over. ossiculum, offula and catulus are diminutives: small things for small creatures. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsformicarum aerumnae et bajulationes, musculorum perterritorum discursus aerumnae "toils, hardships" and bajulationes "load-carryings" (from bajulus "porter") are the busy labours of ants; discursus "runnings to and fro", a fourth-declension plural, is the scurrying of frightened mice. The genitives say whose labours and whose scurrying.sigillaria verticillis cita sigillaria are little figures, here puppets. cita "set in motion" is the perfect participle of cieo, and verticillis "by little whorls", the turning pegs or wheels that work the figures, is an ablative of means. The Greek says simply "puppets pulled by strings". Ablative of means, cause and manner hocof this genuskind suntare externaoutward things cunctacūncta.allAll outward things are of this kind.hoc genus sunt externa cuncta hoc genus is an accusative used like an adjective, "of this kind" (compare id genus "of that sort"): "all outward things are of this kind". externa "outward things" is a neuter plural adjective used as a noun: everything that lies outside the mind, as in the last section. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia) inamong hishīsthese things igiturthen benevolumkindly placidumqueand calm consisterecōnsistereto stand parpārright est,it is nonnōnnot autembut insolescereīnsolēscere:to grow haughtyAmong these things, then, it is right to stand kindly and calmly, but not to grow haughty:benevolum placidumque consistere par est par est "it is right, it is fitting" has infinitives for its subject: consistere "to stand (firm)", non … insolescere "not to grow haughty", and in the next sentence intelligere. benevolum and placidum are accusative because they describe the unexpressed subject of the infinitive, "one" or "you": "to stand kindly and calmly". insolesco "grow haughty" is an inceptive verb in -sco: do not look down on the crowd with scorn. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement) intelligereto understand nihilominusnihilōminus,none the less tantitantīworth so much quemqueeach person esse,is quantiquantīas much as illudthat thing estis (worth) inon quoquōwhich studiumhis zeal posuerit.he has setand yet to understand that each person is worth just as much as the thing he has set his heart on.tanti quemque esse, quanti illud est Latin puts the worth of a thing in the genitive, the genitive of value: tanti "of so much (worth)", quanti "of how much". As a pair of correlatives, tanti … quanti means "worth as much … as": tanti quemque esse, quanti illud est "that each man is worth as much as that thing is worth". It is an accusative and infinitive after intelligere, with quemque "each one" as subject and esse as verb. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivein quo studium posuerit studium ponere in aliqua re "to set one's zeal on something", to make it one's care. posuerit is subjunctive because the clause belongs to the reported thought after intelligere. A man who spends himself on trifles is worth no more than the trifles. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought

Attend closely to what is said and to what is done: in words consider what is meant, in actions what end they are aimed at.

Inin sermonesermōne,conversation eiseīsto the things quaewhich dicunturdīcuntur;are said inin conatucōnātūundertaking omniomnī,every eiseīsto the things quaewhich fiuntfīuntare done animumthe mind advertereto turn oportet:one mustIn conversation one must attend to the things that are said, and in every undertaking to the things that are done:animum advertere oportet animum advertere "to turn the mind" to something is "to attend to, notice"; written as one word it is animadvertere. Gataker puts what one attends to in the dative, eis quae dicuntur "to the things that are said", as with attendere. The infinitive is the subject of the impersonal oportet "one must", and both halves share it: "in conversation (one must attend) to what is said, in every undertaking to what is done". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) etand inin alteroalterōthe one quidem,on the one hand quidwhat designeturdēsignētur;is meant inin alteroalterōthe other verovērō,on the other quorsumquōrsumto what end referaturreferātur,it is directed considerandumcōnsīderandum.must be consideredand in the one case one must consider what is meant, in the other to what end it is directed.in altero quidem … in altero vero alter … alter "the one … the other (of two)": the first altero is conversation, the second the undertaking, in the order just named. quidem … vero balances them: "in the one case … in the other". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivequid designetur … quorsum referatur, considerandum considerandum is a gerundive, "to be considered", with est left out: considerandum (est) "it must be considered". The gerundive with esse says what has to be done (the gerundive of obligation). Here it is neuter and impersonal, and what must be considered is the pair of indirect questions quid designetur "what is meant" and quorsum referatur "to what end it is directed", whose verbs are subjunctive as in every indirect question. In words look for the meaning, in actions for the aim. Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)

If my mind is equal to a task, I use it as a tool given me by Nature; if not, I hand the work to someone who can do it better, or do what I can with a helper. Whatever I do, alone or with another, must aim only at what is useful to society.

Sufficitneis it enough? adfor istudthis (task) mensmēnsmind mea,my necne?or notIs my mind equal to this, or not?Sufficitne … necne A double question: -ne on the first word asks "is it enough?", and necne "or not" gives the other half. sufficere ad aliquid "to be enough for, be equal to" something: "is my mind equal to this or not?". istud "this (task)" is whatever work is in hand. Enclitics: -que, -ve, -ne sisīif sufficit,it is enough eaeāit tanquamas instrumentoīnstrūmentōa tool abby universiūniversīof the whole naturanātūrāthe nature mihito me datodatōgiven adfor hocthis efficiendumdoing utorūtor,I useIf it is, I use it for doing this as a tool given me by the nature of the whole,ea tanquam instrumento … utor utor "I use" is deponent and takes the ablative: ea "it" (the mind, mens, feminine) is ablative, and so is instrumento with tanquam: "I use it as a tool". ab universi natura mihi dato "given me by the nature of the whole" agrees with instrumento: the mind is a tool lent by Nature. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningad hoc efficiendum ad with a noun and a gerundive expresses purpose: ad hoc efficiendum "for this to be done", i.e. "for doing this". The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive sisīif nonnōnnot sufficit,it is enough auteither opusthe work illiillīto the one concedoconcēdō,I hand over quiquīwho memēthan I meliusbetter idit efficereto do potest,can nisiunless aliterfor some other reason adto officiumduty meummy pertinuerit;it belongsif it is not, either I hand the work over to someone who can do it better than I, unless for some other reason it belongs to my duty;opus illi concedo, qui me melius id efficere potest concedo "give way, hand over" takes the dative: opus illi concedo "I yield the work to that man", and illi … qui is "to that man who", i.e. "to someone who". me is an ablative of comparison with the comparative adverb melius "better": "better than I". Latin can say melius quam ego or, more briefly, me melius. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamnisi aliter ad officium meum pertinuerit pertinere ad "to concern, belong to"; its subject is the work, understood. aliter "otherwise": unless on other grounds the task is mine to do, so that I may not hand it on. pertinuerit is future perfect, "unless it shall turn out to belong", as Gataker likes in conditions; in this person it has the same form as the perfect subjunctive. The future perfect ("if you will have done…") velor quodwhat possumI can faciofaciō,I do eoeōsomeone adscitoadscītōtaken on quiquīwho mentisof mind meaemy operaoperāthe service ususūsususing idthat possit,can do quodwhich adfor societatemsocietātemsociety humanamhūmānamhuman estis hochōcthis ipsoipsōvery temporeat the time tempestivumtempestīvumtimely acand utileūtile.usefulor I do what I can, taking on someone who, using the service of my mind, can do what is timely and useful for human society at this very moment.eo adscito An ablative absolute: a noun or pronoun with a participle, both in the ablative, standing apart from the main clause. eo adscito "he having been taken on" means "taking someone on" (adscisco "take on, admit as a partner"). eo is also the antecedent of qui: "taking on someone who …". Ablative absolutequi mentis meae opera usus id possit usus is the perfect participle of the deponent utor, but with present sense: "using". Like utor it takes the ablative, mentis meae opera "the service of my mind": the helper does the work with my mind to guide him. possit is subjunctive because the clause describes the kind of person sought: "one who can". With id possit supply efficere. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)quod ad societatem humanam est hoc ipso tempore tempestivum ac utile ad societatem humanam "for human society", the common good. hoc ipso tempore "at this very time" is an ablative of time: what is fitting now, at this moment. Gataker writes ac before a vowel, where classical writers prefer atque. quicquidwhatever enim,for veleither perthrough memē,myself velor cumwith alioaliōanother fecerofēcerō,I do adtowards idthat duntaxatonly tendereto aim fasfāsright est,it is quodwhich estis societatisocietātīto society utileūtileuseful etand congruum.in keepingFor whatever I do, either by myself or with another, it is right that it should aim only at what is useful to society and in keeping with it.quicquid enim … fecero, ad id duntaxat tendere fas est quicquid … fecero "whatever I shall have done" is future perfect, where English says "whatever I do". quicquid does two jobs: it is the object of fecero and the subject of tendere: "whatever I do, it is right (for it) to aim only at that …". fas est "it is right (by divine law)" has the infinitive tendere as its subject. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")vel per me, vel cum alio vel … vel "either … or": per me "through myself, on my own", cum alio "with another", the two ways just described. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

Many who were once famous are now forgotten, and many of those who sang their praises have long since vanished too.

Quamhow multimultīmany quiquīwho celebrescelebrēsfamous admodumvery olimōlimonce extitereextitēre,were oblivionioblīviōnīto oblivion nuncnow sunthave been tradititrāditī?handed overHow many who were once very famous have now been handed over to oblivion?extitere extitere is extiterunt "they stood out, they were", with the short ending -ere for the third person plural perfect -erunt. Mind the long e: extitēre is a perfect, not an infinitive. existo (also spelt exsisto) "stand out, emerge" with a predicate means "prove to be, be": celebres admodum extitere "were very famous". Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere)Quam multi … oblivioni nunc sunt traditi? quam multi? "how many?": quam "how" with an adjective asks about degree, and the question is really an exclamation. tradere oblivioni "to hand over to forgetfulness" is a set phrase for being forgotten; sunt traditi is the perfect passive, its participle agreeing with multi. quamhow multimultīmany etiamtoo eorumeōrum,of those quiquīwho istosistōsthose men celebraverantcelebrāverant,had praised jamnow olimōlimlong ago penitusutterly abolitiabolitīwiped out sunt?have beenAnd how many of those, too, who had sung their praises have long since vanished entirely?eorum, qui istos celebraverant eorum is a partitive genitive with multi: "many of those who …". istos "those men" are the famous ones of the first question. celebraverant is pluperfect, "had made famous, had praised", an act earlier than their own vanishing. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…)jam olim penitus aboliti sunt jam olim "long since". aboliti sunt "have been blotted out", from aboleo, the verb used of the principles in section 2: the praisers are as forgotten as the praised.

Do not be ashamed to be helped: your task is to do your duty, like a soldier storming a wall. If you are lame and cannot climb the battlement alone but can with help, then take the help.

AuxiliiAuxiliīof help nenēnot tetēyou pudeat.let it shameDo not be ashamed of help.Auxilii ne te pudeat pudet "it shames" is impersonal: the person who feels shame goes in the accusative (te) and what he is ashamed of in the genitive (auxilii "of help"). Literally "let it not shame you of help", i.e. "do not be ashamed of being helped". ne with the present subjunctive makes a prohibition, "do not". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) hocthis estis enimfor tibibefore you propositumprōpositum,set utthat quodwhat estbelongs munerismūneristo the duty tuituīyour faciasfaciās,you do quomodoquōmodoas militimīlitīfor a soldier inin dimicationedīmicātiōnefighting muralimūrālī.at a wallFor this is what is set before you: to do what belongs to your duty, as it is for a soldier in an assault on a wall.hoc est enim tibi propositum, ut … facias hoc "this" points ahead to the ut clause, which says what it is: "this is set before you, that you do …". propositum est "it is set before, it is laid down as one's task" takes the dative tibi. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)quod est muneris tui muneris tui is a predicate genitive: quod est muneris tui "what is of your office", i.e. "what belongs to your duty". munus "duty, post" is also a soldier's post, which leads into the comparison. Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"quomodo militi in dimicatione murali quomodo "as" introduces a comparison with the verb left out: "as (it is set before) a soldier"; militi is dative like tibi. dimicatio muralis "fighting at a wall" is the storming of a city wall, where each man holds his place and climbs as best he can. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood quidwhat ergoergō,then sisīif adto propugnaculumprōpugnāculumthe battlement ascendereto climb solussōlus,alone quiabecause clauduslame es,you are nequeasnequeās,you cannot abby alteroalterōanother verovērōbut adjutusadjūtushelped possispossīs?you canWhat then, if you cannot climb up to the battlement alone, because you are lame, but with another's help you can?quid ergo, si … nequeas, … possis? quid ergo? "what then?", with est understood, asks what follows from the picture. The si clause takes the present subjunctive because it imagines a case: "if you should be unable …, but could …". With possis supply ascendere. The answer is left to the reader: then take the help, for what matters is that your part is done, not that you do it alone. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)ab altero vero adjutus adjutus "helped" is the perfect passive participle of adjuvo, with the agent in ab altero "by another": "but, helped by another, you can". vero "but" sets this against solus "alone". Agent with the passive: a, ab with the ablative

Do not worry about the future: if you must meet it, you will meet it with the same reason you now use for the present.

DeDēabout futurisfutūrīsthe things to come solicitusanxious nenēnot sissīs.beDo not be anxious about the future.De futuris solicitus ne sis ne sis "do not be" is a prohibition, ne with the present subjunctive, as in Auxilii ne te pudeat just before. futuris is the future participle of sum, a neuter plural used as a noun: de futuris "about the things to come". solicitus "anxious" is Gataker's spelling of sollicitus. Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctive accedesaccēdēsyou will come enimfor adto ea,them sisīif itaso necessenecessary fuerit,it shall be rationeratiōnewith reason instructusīnstrūctusequipped eademeādem,the same quaquāwhich nuncnow adfor praesentiapresent things uterisūteris.you useFor you will come to them, if it must be so, equipped with the same reason that you now use for present things.si ita necesse fuerit fuerit is future perfect after the future accedes: "if it shall (then) be necessary", i.e. "if you must". Marcus allows that the future may never come. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")ratione instructus eadem, qua nunc ad praesentia uteris instructus "equipped" takes an ablative of means, ratione … eadem "with the same reason", split by the participle. In qua … uteris "which you use" the relative is ablative because utor takes the ablative. ad praesentia "for present things": the reason that serves you now will serve you then. Ablative of means, cause and manner

All things are woven together by a sacred bond and make up one ordered world: there is one world, one God in all things, one matter, one law, which is the reason shared by all intelligent beings, and one truth, as there is one perfection for beings of one kind and one reason.

Omniaall things suntare sibiwith one another invicemmutually implexa,woven in etand vinculovinculōby a bond quodamquōdama kind of sacrosacrōsacred sibito one another invicemmutually sicsīcso devinctadēvīncta,bound fast utthat nihilno alterumone thing abfrom alteroalterōanother sitis alienumaliēnum.foreignAll things are woven in with one another, and bound to one another by a kind of sacred bond so closely that no one thing is a stranger to another.sibi invicem sibi invicem "to themselves in turn" means "to one another". sibi alone would be "to themselves"; invicem "mutually, by turns" makes it reciprocal. It goes with both participles: implexa "woven in" and devincta "bound fast". Omnia sunt … implexa is a perfect passive used of a lasting state: "all things are interwoven". Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suussic devincta, ut nihil alterum ab altero sit alienum sic … ut "so … that" brings a result clause, with the subjunctive sit. alienus ab "foreign to, a stranger to" takes ab and the ablative. nihil alterum ab altero "nothing, one from another": alter … alter sets each thing against every other, so the clause means "no one thing is a stranger to another". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic) coordinanturcoōrdinanturthey are ranged enimfor simul,together eundemqueand the same mundumworld cohonestant.they adorn togetherFor they are ranged together, and together they adorn the same world.coordinantur … eundemque mundum cohonestant Gataker builds both verbs with co- "together" to render Greek ones: coordinantur "they are set in order together", cohonestant "they join in adorning". The Greek word for the world, kosmos, also means "order" and "ornament": things ordered together and adorning together make up one world. eundemque is eundem "the same" with -que "and". etenimfor indeed etboth mundusworld unusūnus,one etand DeusGod unusūnusone estis inin omnibus,all things etand materiamāteriamatter unaūna,one etand lexlēxlaw unaūna;one ratioratiōreason nempenamely animantiumto living beings intelligentiumintelligent omniumall communiscommūnis;common etand veritasvēritāstruth unaūna:oneFor there is one world, and one God in all things, and one matter, and one law, namely the reason common to all intelligent living beings; and one truth:et mundus unus, et Deus unus est in omnibus A chain of et … et … "both … and …" with one verb, est, serving every member: "there is one world, and one God in all things, and one matter, and one law …". unus, una are predicates: "the world is one, God is one". in omnibus "in all things" goes with Deus: one God present throughout everything (the Greek says "through all"). Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…siveratio nempe animantium intelligentium omnium communis ratio stands in apposition to lex, and nempe "namely" marks it as an explanation: the one law is the reason common to all intelligent creatures. communis "common to" takes the genitive here. intelligentium "understanding, intelligent" is a present participle used as an adjective. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns siquidemsīquidemsince indeed etalso perfectioperfectiōperfection unaūnaone animantiumof living beings sibito one another invicemmutually congenerum,akin ejusdemqueand of the same rationisratiōnisreason participum.sharing insince there is also one perfection of living beings that are akin to one another and share in the same reason.siquidem et perfectio una siquidem "if indeed, since" gives the ground for what was said; est is again understood, and et here means "also": "since there is also one perfection". Causal clauses: quod, quia, siquidem, cum, quippesibi invicem congenerum, ejusdemque rationis participum Two adjectives describe the living beings: sibi invicem congenerum "akin to one another" (congener "of the same kind", with the reciprocal sibi invicem of the first sentence), and ejusdemque rationis participum "and sharing in the same reason" (particeps takes the genitive). Beings of one kind and one reason have one and the same perfection.

Everything material soon vanishes into the substance of the universe, and every cause is soon drawn back into its reason; and the memory of each thing is buried just as quickly in eternity.

MaterialeMāteriālewhat is material omne,everything ininto universiūniversīof the universe substantiamthe substance quamas … as possible celerrimecelerrimēmost quickly evanescitēvānēscit:vanishes caussalecaussālewhat is causal omne,everything ininto universiūniversīof the universe rationemratiōnemthe reason nonnōnnot minusless citocitōquickly resorbeturresorbētur;is sucked backEverything material vanishes as quickly as possible into the substance of the universe; everything causal is sucked back no less quickly into the reason of the universe;Materiale omne … caussale omne Materiale and caussale are neuter adjectives used as nouns: materiale omne "everything material", caussale omne "everything causal". They name the two principles of Stoic physics: matter, which is acted upon, and cause, the active reason that shapes it. caussale is Gataker's spelling of causalis, with the old double s of caussa. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)quam celerrime quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam celerrime "as quickly as possible". non minus cito "no less quickly" in the next clause repeats the idea in other words. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamin universi substantiam … in universi rationem in with the accusative gives the direction: each thing goes back into the whole it came from, matter into the substance of the universe, cause into its reason. universi is the neuter of universus used as a noun, "of the whole, of the universe"; resorbetur "is sucked back, swallowed again" pictures that reason drawing its causes back into itself. memoriathe memory deniquedēniquelastly reireīof a thing cujusqueeach pariparīequal celeritateceleritātewith speed inin aevoaevōeternity quasias if defossadēfossadug in, buried deep sepelitursepelītur.is buriedand lastly the memory of each thing is buried in eternity with equal speed, as if dug into the ground.pari celeritate pari celeritate "with equal speed" is an ablative of manner, a third way of saying "just as fast". par "equal" has its ablative in -i. Ablative of means, cause and mannerin aevo quasi defossa sepelitur defossa, the perfect passive participle of defodio "dig down, bury in the ground", agrees with memoria: memory "is buried as if dug under", heaped over with earth. aevum is unending time, eternity, and in aevo with the ablative says where it lies. quasi "as if" marks the burial as a picture. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns

For a creature endowed with reason, to act according to nature and to act according to reason are one and the same.

AnimaliAnimālīfor a living creature rationeratiōnewith reason praeditopraeditōendowed eademthe same actioāctiōaction est,is etboth secundumaccording to naturamnātūram,nature etand secundumaccording to rationemratiōnem.reasonFor a living creature endowed with reason, the same action is both according to nature and according to reason.Animali ratione praedito Animali is the dative of animal "living creature", a neuter of the third declension with its dative and ablative in -i: a dative of reference, "for a creature". praeditus "endowed, furnished" takes the ablative of what one is furnished with, so ratione praedito is "endowed with reason", Gataker's way of rendering the one Greek word for "rational". Dative of reference, possession and advantageet secundum naturam, et secundum rationem et … et "both … and"; secundum with the accusative means "according to". The point is Stoic: the nature of a rational creature is reason, so acting by nature and acting by reason are one and the same act. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

Stand upright by yourself, or else let yourself be set upright.

Auteither rectusrēctus,upright autor erectusērēctusset upright sissīs.you should beBe either upright, or set upright.Aut rectus, aut erectus aut … aut "either … or". rectus "straight, upright" is the man who stands by himself; erectus, the perfect passive participle of erigo "raise up, set upright", is the man who has been set upright by someone or something else. In 3.5 Marcus asked for the first only (Rectum … non surrectum esse oportet); here he allows the second as the next best. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivesis sis is the present subjunctive of sum, used as a softened command in the 2nd person, a jussive: "you should be", "be". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")

Rational beings, though their bodies stand apart, are related to one another as the limbs of one body are, since they were made to work together. Tell yourself often that you are a limb of that body; if you call yourself only a part, you do not yet love people from the heart, and you do good only because it is proper, not as doing good to yourself.

QuomodoQuōmodoas sesēthemselves habenthold inin continuiscontinuīsthings joined together corporisof the body membra,the limbs eodemeōdemin the same (way) sesēthemselves habentare disposed inin dissitisdissitīsthings set apart quae(those) which rationeratiōnewith reason suntare praedita.endowedAs the limbs of the body stand to one another in things that are joined together, in the same way stand, in things set apart, those that are endowed with reason.Quomodo se habent … eodem se habent se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be in a certain state, to stand in a certain relation". eodem is the ablative of idem with modo understood, answering Quomodo: "in what way … in the same (way)". The first habent has the subject membra; the second has the whole clause quae ratione sunt praedita. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivein continuis … in dissitis continuis "joined together, unbroken" and dissitis "set apart" are neuter plurals used as nouns: "in things joined" (one body, whose limbs grow together) and "in things apart" (many bodies standing separately). dissitus is the perfect participle of dissero "sow here and there", not of dissero "discuss". Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)quae ratione sunt praedita A relative clause with no antecedent, "(those things) which are endowed with reason", that is, rational beings. It is neuter plural, like the Greek word it renders. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod adfor mutuasmūtuāsmutual enimfor reireīto the thing eidemeīdemsame conficiendaecōnficiendaeto be accomplished operasoperāsservices conferendascōnferendāscontributing natanātaborn sunthave been utraque.both (kinds)For both have been born to contribute mutual services to the accomplishing of one and the same thing.ad mutuas enim rei eidem conficiendae operas conferendas Two gerundives, one inside the other. ad mutuas … operas conferendas is ad with a gerundive of purpose, "for contributing mutual services". Inside it, rei eidem conficiendae is dative (eidem can only be dative): "to one and the same thing to be accomplished", that is, "to accomplishing one and the same work". The gerundive with ad, in and the genitivead mutuas enim … nata sunt utraque enim "for" gives the reason for what was just said: rational beings belong together as limbs do because both were made for one shared work. nata sunt is the perfect of the deponent nascor: "they have been born" for something, made by nature for it. utraque, neuter plural of uterque, means "both kinds", the limbs and the rational beings. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning consideratiocōnsīderātiōreflection haecthis animummind tuumyour magismore attinget,will touch sisīif tetēyourself frequenteroften sicsīcthus allocutusallocūtusaddressed fueris,you have Membruma limb sumam egoI compagiscompāgisof the frame istiusistīusthat quaewhich exout of rationeratiōnewith reason praeditispraeditīsthose endowed componiturcompōnitur.is made upThis thought will touch your mind more if you have often addressed yourself thus: I am a limb of that frame which is made up of those endowed with reason.si te frequenter sic allocutus fueris allocutus fueris is the future perfect of the deponent alloquor "speak to, address", made with fuero where classical Latin says allocutus eris: "if you shall have addressed yourself". Since the main verb attinget "will touch" is future, the condition, which must come first, is put in the future perfect; English uses a present: "if you often tell yourself". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")Membrum sum ego compagis istius quae ex ratione praeditis componitur The words you are to say to yourself follow without quod; Gataker marks their start with a capital, Membrum. A compages is a frame of parts fastened together; istius "that" agrees with it. ex ratione praeditis "out of (beings) endowed with reason" uses the neuter plural of praeditus as a noun, as quae ratione sunt praedita did above. sinsīnbut if partema part duntaxatmerely esseto be tetēyou dixerisdīxeris,you (shall) have said homineshominēspeople exfrom animoanimōthe heart nondumnōndumnot yet diligisdīligis,you loveBut if you say that you are merely a part, you do not yet love people from the heart,sin partem duntaxat esse te dixeris sin "but if" opens the alternative to the si clause before. dixeris is again a future perfect, "if you (shall) have said", and it takes an accusative and infinitive: te is the subject, partem duntaxat "merely a part" the predicate, "that you are merely a part". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)partem duntaxat A membrum "limb" lives with the life of the whole body; a pars is merely a piece of a whole. Marcus's Greek plays on two words that differ by one letter, melos "limb" and meros "part"; Gataker keeps the sense but not the play on letters.homines ex animo nondum diligis ex animo "from the heart", that is, sincerely. nondum "not yet": you have not yet got as far as loving people truly. hocthis ipsumvery benefaceredoing good perin sesēitself nondumnōndumnot yet oblectatdelights tetē:you adhucadhūcstill tanquamas quod(something) which fierifierīto be done deceatit is fitting tantumonly facis,you do (it) nondumnōndumnot yet perindejust acsiacsīas if tibito yourself ipsiipsīself benefaciasbenefaciās.you were doing gooddoing good, this very thing, does not yet delight you for its own sake: you still do it only as something that is fitting to be done, not yet as if you were doing good to yourself.hoc ipsum benefacere per se The infinitive benefacere "to do good" is used as a neuter noun, the subject of oblectat, and hoc ipsum "this very" agrees with it: "this very thing, doing good". per se "in itself, for its own sake". The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)tanquam quod fieri deceat tanquam "as" says how you regard your good deeds: "as (something) which it is fitting should be done". deceat is the impersonal decet "it is fitting", and its subject is quod fieri "that it be done". The subjunctive marks the kind of thing: you do good as one does a duty, because it is proper, not because you feel it. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)nondum perinde acsi tibi ipsi benefacias perinde acsi "just as if" (ac si, written as one word) brings in an imagined comparison and so takes the subjunctive: "as if you were doing good to yourself". benefacio takes the dative, tibi ipsi "to yourself": if you are a limb of the same body, the good you do to others is done to you. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)

Let whatever will befall from outside the parts that can be affected by it; they may complain if they like. I am not harmed unless I judge what happens to be an evil, and it is in my power to judge nothing of the kind.

Quicquidwhatever voluerit,will (wish to) eiseīsto those things extrinsecusfrom outside accidat,let it befall quaewhich casibuscāsibusby chances istiusmodiistīusmodīof this kind afficiafficīto be affected possunt.canWhatever wishes, let it befall from outside those things which can be affected by chances of this kind.Quicquid voluerit, eis extrinsecus accidat accidat is a jussive subjunctive in the 3rd person, "let it befall". Its subject is Quicquid voluerit "whatever wishes (to)", that is, anything at all; voluerit is the future perfect, the usual tense for "whatever shall choose". accido "befall" takes the dative, eis "(to) those things". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")eis … quae casibus istiusmodi affici possunt eis is the antecedent of quae: the things that can be touched by what falls on them from outside, the body and its senses, not the mind. casibus istiusmodi "by chances of this kind" is an ablative of means with the passive infinitive affici. Ablative of means, cause and manner ipsathe things themselves enim,for quaewhich affectaaffected sunt,have been conquerantur,let them complain sisīif velint.they wishFor let the things themselves which have been affected complain, if they wish.conquerantur, si velint conquerantur is a jussive subjunctive of the deponent conqueror "complain": "let them complain". ipsa "they themselves", neuter plural, are the things that have been affected. si velint "if they wish" is subjunctive too, because it belongs to the thought of the jussive. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") ipseI myself nisiunless maluman evil censuerocēnsuerōI (shall) have judged idthat quodwhich contingit,happens nondumnōndumnot yet sumI am laesus.harmedI myself, unless I judge what happens to be an evil, am not yet harmed.nisi malum censuero id quod contingit censuero is the future perfect of censeo "judge": "unless I shall have judged". censeo takes two accusatives, the thing and what it is judged to be: id quod contingit "that which happens" is the object, and malum "an evil", put first for weight, the predicate. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")ipse … nondum sum laesus ipse "I myself" is the self that judges, set against the body that suffers. sum laesus is the perfect passive of laedo "hurt": "I have not yet been hurt". The harm comes only when, and if, I judge. inin memēme autemand situmplaced est,it is nihilnothing taletāleof the kind opinariopīnārī.to thinkAnd it lies in me to think nothing of the kind.in me autem situm est situm est in "it lies in, it is placed in", that is, it is in someone's power (situm is the perfect participle of sino, like sita in 2.15). Its subject is the infinitive phrase nihil tale opinari "to think nothing of the kind"; opinari is the infinitive of the deponent opinor. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)

Whatever anyone does or says, I must be good: just as gold, an emerald or purple might keep saying, Whatever anyone does or says, I must be an emerald and keep my lustre.

Quicquidwhatever veleither feceritfēceritdoes velor dixeritdīxeritsays quisquam,anyone probumgood esseto be memēI oportet.it is necessaryWhatever anyone does or says, I must be good.Quicquid vel fecerit vel dixerit quisquam quicquid "whatever" is the object of both verbs, and quisquam "anyone" their subject, put last. fecerit and dixerit are future perfects (the perfect subjunctive has the same form), as Latin says "whatever anyone shall have done or said" where English says "does or says". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")probum esse me oportet The impersonal oportet "it is necessary" takes an accusative and infinitive: me is the subject of esse, and probum "good, upright" agrees with it as predicate: "it is necessary that I be good", "I must be good". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) haudnot aliter,otherwise quamthan sisīif aurumgold autor smaragdusan emerald autor purpurapurple itathus jugiterjūgiteralways diceretdīceret,were saying Quicquidwhatever feceritfēceritdoes dixeritvedīxeritveor says quisquam,anyone smaragduman emerald esseto be memēI oportet,it is necessary nitoremquenitōremqueand lustre meummy retinereretinēre.to keepNo differently than if gold, or an emerald, or purple were always saying this: Whatever anyone does or says, I must be an emerald and keep my lustre.haud aliter, quam si … diceret haud aliter quam si "not otherwise than if", that is, "just as if", brings in an imagined comparison; the imperfect subjunctive diceret shows that it is unreal: "as if gold … were saying". The verb is singular because aut … aut offers the subjects one at a time. ita "thus" points to the words that follow, whose start Gataker marks with a capital, Quicquid, and jugiter "always" says they never stop being true. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)dixeritve -ve is an enclitic "or", joined to the end of the word: fecerit dixeritve "does or says". Enclitics: -que, -ve, -nesmaragdum esse me oportet, nitoremque meum retinere The emerald's words repeat the sentence above, with "an emerald" where the man said "good"; it speaks for all three, as in the Greek. -que on nitorem adds a second infinitive phrase, nitorem meum retinere "to keep my lustre": nitor, nitoris "brightness, sheen" (from niteo "shine") is a noun, not the deponent verb nitor "strive". Goodness is to a good man what its colour is to an emerald, his own nature, whatever others do. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)

Only the mind frightens and grieves itself; no one else can do it, and it is in the mind's own will not to stir itself into such feelings by its opinions. Let the body look after itself and complain if it suffers; the soul will suffer nothing unless you lead it into such a judgement. The mind needs nothing and is free from disturbance and hindrance, unless it makes them for itself.

MensMēnsthe mind anis it nonnōnnot ipsaitself perturbatdisturbs sesē?itselfIs it not the mind itself that disturbs itself?Mens an non ipsa perturbat se? an non opens a question that expects the answer "yes": "is it not the mind itself …?". Mens is put first, before the question word, as the topic. ipsa "itself" agrees with mens, and se is the reflexive object: the mind is both the one that disturbs and the one disturbed. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusan non ipsa perturbat se Gataker takes the Greek as a question; many editors read it as a statement, "the ruling part does not disturb itself". Either way the point is the same: nothing outside can trouble the mind, only its own judgements. verbiverbīof a word gratiagrātiā,for the sake andoes it nonnōnnot ipsaitself ininto formidinemformīdinem,fear ininto moestitiamsorrow impellitdrives sesē?itselfFor example, does it not itself drive itself into fear, into sorrow?verbi gratia verbi gratia "for example", literally "for the sake of a word", as in 4.32.in formidinem, in moestitiam impellit se in with the accusative gives the direction: the mind "drives itself into fear, into sorrow". moestitia is Gataker's spelling of maestitia "sadness", with oe for ae. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunque aliuselse quisanyone sisīif terrefacereto frighten eamit autor contristarecontrīstāreto sadden possit,should be able faciat.let him do itIf anyone else can frighten or sadden it, let him do so.alius quis si quis after si is the indefinite "anyone", and alius "other" agrees with it: "if anyone else". Both words are put before si for emphasis. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunqueaut contristare possit contristare "to sadden" stands beside terrefacere "to frighten", both depending on possit and both taking eam "it", the mind, as object. Gataker's edition of 1652 prints the passive contristari, a slip that the errata of the 1704 edition correct.faciat faciat "let him do it" is a jussive subjunctive, said as a challenge: let anyone else try, for no one can. possit is subjunctive because the case is only imagined, "if anyone should be able". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") inin ipsiusipsīusits own voluntatevoluntātewill situmplaced est,it is utthat nenēnot adinto motusmōtūsmovements, emotions istiusmodiistīusmodīof that kind opinandoopīnandōby forming opinions sesēitself commoveat.it should stirIt lies in its own will not to stir itself by its opinions into emotions of that kind.in ipsius voluntate situm est, ut ne situm est in "it lies in", as in 7.14. Its subject here is a noun clause, ut ne … se commoveat "that it should not stir itself", where ut ne is a fuller form of ne "that … not". ipsius "its own" refers to the mind: whether the mind is moved lies in its own will. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)ad motus istiusmodi opinando opinando is the ablative of the gerund of the deponent opinor "form an opinion": "by opining", by its own judgements. motus is accusative plural of the fourth declension, "movements" of the soul, emotions such as fear and grief. The gerund (agendo, laedendi) corpusculumthe poor body nenēthat … not quidanything patiaturpatiātur,it suffer sibifor itself curaecūraeas a care habeat,let it have sisīif possit;it can etand quandoquandōwhen patiturit suffers quicquam,anything conqueraturconquerātur.let it complainLet the poor body see to it for itself, if it can, that it suffers nothing; and when it does suffer anything, let it complain.corpusculum ne quid patiatur, sibi curae habeat habeat is a jussive, and corpusculum "the poor little body" is its subject, put first, before the ne clause that depends on it. curae habere "to hold (something) as a care", with the predicative dative curae and sibi "for itself", means "to make it one's own concern": what the body is to see to is ne quid patiatur "that it suffer nothing". After ne, quid means "anything". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")quando patitur quicquam, conqueratur conqueratur "let it complain" is another jussive, of the deponent conqueror. quando "when" has the indicative patitur "it suffers" (from the deponent patior) because it states a plain fact. Marcus's Greek says "let it say so"; Gataker has "let it complain". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") animulathe little soul verovērō,but quaewhich timet,fears quaewhich dolet,grieves quaewhich superabout hishīsthese things omninoomnīnōat all aliquidany opinion opinaturopīnātur,thinks nihilnothing horumhōrumof these things patieturpatiētur,will suffer nisiunless sisīif eamit ipseyou yourself ininto judiciumjūdiciuma judgement istiusmodiistīusmodīof that kind demiserisdēmīseris.you (shall) have let downBut the little soul, which fears, which grieves, which forms any opinion at all about these things, will suffer none of them, unless you yourself let it down into a judgement of that kind.animula vero, quae timet, quae dolet, quae super his omnino aliquid opinatur animula "the little soul", a diminutive of anima, is set against corpusculum; vero "but" stands second. The three quae clauses describe the part that fears, grieves and forms its opinions about these things, that is, the ruling mind. super with the ablative, super his, means "about, concerning". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodnihil horum patietur patietur is the future of the deponent patior "suffer". nihil horum "nothing of these" is a partitive genitive: none of the things the body suffers will touch the soul. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…)nisi si eam ipse in judicium istiusmodi demiseris nisi si "unless" is a fuller form of nisi. The person changes to "you": demiseris is the future perfect of demitto "let down, lower", with eam "it", the soul, as its object: "unless you yourself have let it down into a judgement of that kind", that is, into judging that what the body suffers is an evil. The Greek says "for you will not lead it into such a judgement". The future perfect ("if you will have done…") nulliusnūllīusof no reireīthing alteriusalterīusother perin sesēitself indigain need estis mensmēns,the mind nisiunless ipsaitself sibifor itself indigentiama need creaveritcreāverit.createsThe mind in itself is in need of nothing else, unless it creates a need for itself.nullius rei alterius … indiga indigus "in need of" takes the genitive: nullius rei alterius "of no other thing". nullius and alterius have the pronoun-type genitive in -ius, as ipsius and istius do. per se "in itself", left to itself.nisi ipsa sibi indigentiam creaverit creaverit is future perfect, like the conditions in 7.14: "unless it shall have created", in English "unless it creates". sibi is a dative of advantage, "for itself", and ipsa "itself" stresses that any need is of the mind's own making. The future perfect ("if you will have done…") eademqueeādemqueand the same rationeratiōneway etboth perturbationeperturbātiōnefrom disturbance etand impedimentoimpedīmentōhindrance omniomnīall immunisimmūnis,free nisiunless ipsaitself sesēitself perturbaveritperturbāveritdisturbs autor impediveritimpedīverit.hindersAnd in the same way it is free from all disturbance and hindrance, unless it disturbs or hinders itself.eademque ratione eadem ratione "by the same reckoning, in the same way" is an ablative of manner, and -que "and" joins this sentence to the last. The verb est and the subject mens are carried over from it: "(the mind is) free". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodet perturbatione et impedimento omni immunis immunis "free, exempt" takes an ablative of separation: "free from all disturbance and hindrance". omni agrees with the nearer noun, impedimento, but belongs in sense to both; et … et "both … and". Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)nisi ipsa se perturbaverit aut impediverit Two more future perfects in the condition, "unless it disturbs or hinders itself". The section ends where it began: only the mind can trouble the mind. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")

Happiness is a good genius, that is, a good mind. So the stray impression that has come in by old habit is sent away: Marcus has no need of it, and is not angry with it, if only it goes.

FelicitasFēlīcitāshappiness estis bonusgood genius,genius, guardian spirit sivesīveor, in other words mensmēnsmind bona.goodHappiness is a good genius, or, in other words, a good mind.Felicitas est bonus genius A play on the Greek word for happiness, eudaimonia, which is made of eu "well, good" and daimon "spirit": happiness "is" a good daimon. Gataker renders daimon by genius, as in 2.13 and 2.17, the divine spirit within each person, which is his mind; so sive mens bona "or, that is, a good mind" says plainly what the pun means. quidwhat igiturthen facisare you doing hichīc,here oōO phantasia?fancy, impressionWhat then are you doing here, O fancy?o phantasia o phantasia is a vocative: Marcus turns and speaks to an impression that has come into his mind. Gataker keeps the Greek word phantasia: in Stoic language, the picture a thing makes in the mind before the mind has judged it. English "fancy" and "fantasy" come from it. The vocativequid igitur facis hic hic here is the adverb hīc "here", not the pronoun hic "this": "what then are you doing here?", in a mind that ought to be a good genius. facessego away hinc,from here perby deosdeōs,the gods utiutīas accessistiaccessistī:you came nihilnot at all enimfor opusneed tetēof you habeohabeō.I haveGo away from here, by the gods, as you came: for I have no need of you at all.facesse hinc facesse is the imperative of facesso, a strengthened form of facio which in everyday speech meant "be off, go away": facesse hinc "get out of here". per deos "by the gods" is an oath that adds force to the command. Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctiveuti accessisti uti is an older form of ut; with the indicative it means "as": "(go) as you came". It is not uti, the infinitive of utor, which comes in the next section.nihil enim opus te habeo opus habeo "I have need" takes the ablative of what is needed, like opus est (see 2.17), so te is ablative, "of you"; it is feminine, since the one addressed is the phantasia. nihil "not at all" strengthens the negative: "I have no need of you at all". moremōrein the way antiquoantīquōold accessistiaccessistī.you have comeYou have come in your old way.more antiquo more antiquo "in the old way, by old habit" is an ablative of manner: the impression came as such impressions always have. accessisti is perfect, "you have come". Ablative of means, cause and manner necand … not succenseosuccēnseōI am angry tibiwith you tamen.yet facessego away tantum.onlyAnd yet I am not angry with you. Only go away.nec succenseo tibi tamen succenseo "be angry with" takes the dative: tibi "with you". nec … tamen "and yet … not", and tantum "only": the impression is not blamed for coming, so long as it goes. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)

Nothing comes about without change, and nothing is dearer to the nature of the universe. You cannot have a bath unless the firewood is changed, nor be fed unless your food is changed; your own change is just the same, and just as necessary to the nature of the universe.

CurCūrwhy mutationemmūtātiōnemchange quisanyone metuat?should fearWhy should anyone fear change?Cur mutationem quis metuat? metuat is a deliberative subjunctive: the question asks what one should do, "why should anyone fear change?", and implies that there is no reason. quis is not "who?" but the indefinite "anyone", as after si and num. Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questions ecquidanything at all enimfor fierifierīto come about potestcan absquewithout mutationemūtātiōne?changeFor can anything at all come about without change?ecquid enim fieri potest ecquid "is there anything (at all)?" asks with the answer "no" in view, as in 4.3: "can anything come about without change?". fieri "to come about, come into being" is the infinitive of fio; absque "without" takes the ablative. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque ecquidis anything autemand auteither gratiusgrātiusmore pleasing autor familiariusfamiliāriusmore familiar universiūniversīof the universe naturaenātūrae?to the natureAnd is anything either more pleasing or more familiar to the nature of the universe?ecquid autem aut gratius aut familiarius Supply est: "is anything more pleasing or more familiar to the nature of the universe?". The other half of the comparison is left unsaid: "than change". gratius and familiarius are neuter comparatives agreeing with ecquid, and both take the dative universi naturae; familiaris is "of the household, one's own": change is at home in nature. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood ipseyou yourself numsurely … not balneobalneōthe bath utiūtīto use poteris,will you be able ninīunless lignathe logs mutationemmūtātiōnemchange subeant?they undergoWill you yourself be able to use the bath, unless the logs undergo change?num balneo uti poteris num asks a question that expects "no": "you won't be able …, will you?". uti is the infinitive of the deponent utor "use", which takes the ablative: balneo uti "to use the bath", to have a bath. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningni ligna mutationem subeant ni is an old, short form of nisi "unless". Roman baths were heated by a wood fire in a furnace beneath them, so the logs must "undergo change", that is, burn. The present subjunctive subeant puts the condition as a mere supposition. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis) numsurely … not nutririnūtrīrī,to be fed ninīunless eduliaedūliafoods itidemlikewise mutenturmūtentur?are changedWill you be able to be fed, unless food is likewise changed?num nutriri Supply poteris from the last sentence: "(will you be able) to be fed?". nutriri is the present passive infinitive of nutrio "feed". Food too must be changed, digested, before it can feed you. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood nunquidsurely … not aliudelse utileūtileuseful quicquamanything perficiperficī,to be accomplished nisiexcept intervenientecoming in between mutationemūtātiōne?changeCan anything else that is useful be accomplished, except with change coming in between?nunquid aliud utile quicquam perfici nunquid (= num) again expects "no". Supply potest: "can anything else useful be accomplished?". quicquam "anything" is the usual word in a question that expects "no"; aliud and utile agree with it. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodinterveniente mutatione An ablative absolute: "with change coming in between". nisi here means "except": nothing is done except by way of change. Ablative absolute ando you nonnōnnot videsvidēssee similesimilar quiddamsomething esseis ettoo mutationemmūtātiōnemchange tuituī,of you necand not universiūniversīof the universe naturaenātūraeto the nature minusless necessariumnecessārium?necessaryDo you not see that your own change too is something similar, and no less necessary to the nature of the universe?an non vides simile quiddam esse et mutationem tui an non expects "yes", as in 7.16: "do you not see …?". It governs an accusative and infinitive: mutationem tui is the subject of esse, simile quiddam "something similar" the predicate, and et means "too": "that your change too is something similar". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)mutationem tui tui is the genitive of tu, not of tuus: an objective genitive, "the changing of you", your own change, at death. It is the same kind of change as the burning of the logs and the digesting of food. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)nec universi naturae minus necessarium necessarium is neuter because it goes with quiddam: "(something) no less necessary to the nature of the universe". nec … minus "and no less", that is, "and just as".

All bodies pass through the substance of the world as through a torrent, grown into one with the whole and working with it as our limbs work with one another. Time has already swallowed up many a Chrysippus, many a Socrates, many an Epictetus; think the same of every man and every thing.

Perthrough mundimundīof the world substantiam,the substance tanquamas perthrough torrentem,a torrent corporabodies transeunttrānseuntpass through universaūniversa,all ipsathemselves universoūniversō,with the universe proutprōutjust as membralimbs sibito one another invicemmutually nostra,our coalitagrown together etand eidemeīdemwith the same cooperantia.working togetherThrough the substance of the world, as through a torrent, all bodies pass, themselves grown into one with the universe and working together with it, as our limbs are with one another.tanquam per torrentem tanquam per torrentem "as through a torrent": bodies are carried through the stuff of the world as water rushes down a stream bed, and none of them stays put. tanquam "as" brings in the comparison, and per is repeated so that the two phrases match.ipsa universo … coalita et eidem cooperantia The closing phrase describes the bodies: ipsa "themselves" is neuter plural to agree with corpora. Each participle has a dative: universo coalita "grown together with the universe", eidem cooperantia "working together with the same (universe)". coalesco "grow together" has no passive, so its perfect participle means "having grown together"; cooperantia is the present participle of the deponent cooperor. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsprout membra sibi invicem nostra prout "just as" brings in a comparison set in the middle of the phrase, with its verb left out: "as our limbs (are grown together and work together) with one another". sibi invicem is "to one another"; nostra agrees with membra though the two words are apart. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood quothow many ChrysipposChrȳsippōs,men like Chrysippus quothow many SocratesSōcratēs,men like Socrates quothow many EpictetosEpictētōsmen like Epictetus jamalready dudumdūdumlong since absorpsithas swallowed up aevumage, endless time istud?thatHow many a Chrysippus, how many a Socrates, how many an Epictetus has that endless age long since swallowed up?quot Chrysippos, quot Socrates, quot Epictetos The names are plural, as English says "many a Socrates": quot Chrysippos is "how many Chrysippuses", how many men as great as Chrysippus. Socrates here is the accusative plural (Sōcratēs), not the nominative singular; all three names are objects of absorpsit. Chrysippus gave Stoic teaching its system; Epictetus was the Stoic teacher whose notebooks Rusticus gave Marcus to read (1.7).jam dudum absorpsit aevum istud jam dudum "long since": the swallowing is already long past. The subject comes last, aevum istud "that (endless) age", time without end pictured as a gulf. absorpsit is a later form of the perfect of absorbeo; classical Latin has absorbuit. idemthe same (thought) tibito you dedēabout quovisquōvīsany … whatever tumboth homine,man tumand rerēthing succurrat.let (it) occurLet the same thought occur to you about any man whatever and any thing whatever.idem tibi … succurrat succurrat is a jussive subjunctive, "let (it) occur". succurrere "to run to help" also means "to come into one's mind", with a dative of the person. idem "the same" is the thought just stated: whatever exists is soon swallowed up. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")tum homine, tum re tum … tum "both … and": "about any man and any thing whatever". One quovis serves both nouns; with re alone it would be quavis. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

The one thing that keeps me anxious is that I might do something which man's constitution does not want, or wants done otherwise, or does not want now.

Hocthis unumūnumone (thing) memēme solicitumanxious habet,keeps nequidnēquidthat … something ipseI myself faciam,I may do quodwhich hominisof man conditioconditiōconstitution veleither minusnot velit,wants velor secusotherwise velit,wants velor nuncnow nolitnōlit.does not wantThis one thing keeps me anxious: that I myself may do something which the constitution of man either does not want, or wants otherwise, or does not want now.Hoc unum me solicitum habet, nequid ipse faciam habere with an object and an adjective is "to keep (someone) in a state": me solicitum habet "keeps me anxious". The ne clause says what the anxiety is about, and after words of fear and worry ne means "that", not "that not": nequid ipse faciam "that I myself may do something". Gataker writes ne quid as one word; after ne and si the indefinite is quis, quid "anyone, anything". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)hominis conditio conditio (classical condicio) is here a man's "make-up, constitution": the way nature has built him, and so what is fitting for him to do.vel minus velit, vel secus velit, vel nunc nolit Three cases joined by vel … vel … vel "either … or … or": what our nature does not want at all, what it wants done another way, and what it does not want at this moment. minus velit is literally "wants less", a polite way of saying "does not want"; secus is "otherwise". The verbs are subjunctive because the relative clause stands inside the subjunctive ne clause. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

Soon you will have forgotten everything, and soon everyone will have forgotten you.

InstatĪnstatis at hand tempus,the time quoquōwhen tutūyou omniumeverything oblitusoblītusforgotten eris;will have instatīnstat,is at hand etalso quoquōwhen omnesomnēsall people tuituī.youThe time is at hand when you will have forgotten everything; at hand too is the time when all will have forgotten you.Instat tempus, quo tu omnium oblitus eris oblitus eris is the future perfect of the deponent obliviscor "forget": "you will have forgotten". Verbs of forgetting and remembering take the genitive: omnium "all things" (it could also be "all people"). quo "in which" is an ablative of time, "when"; instat "stands over, presses close" puts that time at the door. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")instat, et quo omnes tui The second half is cut short: supply tempus and obliti erunt: "the time is at hand also when all (will have forgotten) you". tui is the genitive of tu, which the verb of forgetting needs; it is not a form of tuus "your". et here means "also". Words left out: esse, sum and others understood

It is proper to a man to love even those who wrong him. He will do so if he remembers that they are his kin, that they err in ignorance and against their will, that both they and he will soon be dead, and above all that they have done him no harm, since they cannot make his mind worse than it was.

Hominisof a man est,it is etiameven eoseōsthose quiquīwho offenduntoffend diligeredīligere.to loveIt is the mark of a man to love even those who offend.Hominis est … diligere hominis est with an infinitive means "it is the mark of a man, it belongs to a man" to do something. This is the genitive of characteristic: it names the one to whom the conduct properly belongs, and the infinitive diligere is the subject of est. So sapientis est "it is the part of a wise man". Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"qui offendunt offendere with no object is "to stumble, trip", and so "to go wrong, give offence". The Greek word means "those who stumble": people who wrong us are people who have tripped. hocthis fietfīet,will come about sisīif unaūnāat the same time succurratit should occur tibi,to you tumboth esse(that they) are tibito you cognatoscognātōs,kin tumand insciosīnsciōsnot knowing invitosqueinvītōsqueand against their will peccarepeccāre:(that they) do wrong adhaec,besides paulopaulōa little postlater utrosqueutrōsqueboth vestrumof you mortimortīto death concessurosconcessūrōs:will yield praebefore omnibusall (else) deniquedēnique,finally nihilnot at all eoseōsthey tetēyou laesisse.have harmedThis will come about if it occurs to you at the same time both that they are your kin and that they do wrong in ignorance and against their will; besides, that in a little while both of you will yield to death; and finally, above all, that they have done you no harm at all.si una succurrat tibi, tum esse tibi cognatos, tum inscios invitosque peccare What is to occur to you is put in the accusative and infinitive, the form Latin uses for a thought: (eos) esse tibi cognatos "that they are your kin", (eos) inscios invitosque peccare "that they do wrong unknowing and unwilling". The subject eos "they" is carried over from the first sentence. una "at the same time": let these thoughts come together with the wrong itself. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)utrosque vestrum morti concessuros concessuros is the future participle with esse left out, as often: concessuros (esse) is the future infinitive, "that (both of you) will yield". morti concedere "to give way to death" is a way of saying "to die". The plural utrosque vestrum "both of you" counts two parties: you on one side, the wrongdoers on the other. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodprae omnibus denique, nihil eos te laesisse prae omnibus "before all (else)" marks the chief point, which the next sentence explains. In the accusative and infinitive eos is the subject and te the object: "that they have harmed you". nihil is used as an adverb, "not at all, in no way". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) nequenot enimfor mentemmind tuamyour deterioremdēteriōremworse faceremake possunt,they can quamthan priusbefore fuerat.it had beenFor they cannot make your mind worse than it was before.deteriorem facere possunt, quam prius fuerat facere with an object and an adjective is "to make (something) so": mentem deteriorem facere "to make your mind worse". After the comparative, quam "than" gives the standard: quam prius fuerat "than it had been before", the pluperfect looking back to the time before the wrong. For the Stoic the mind is the only part of us that can be harmed, and only by its own judgments. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam

Nature moulds a little horse out of the common matter of all things as out of wax, then breaks it up and uses the same stuff to make a tree, then a little man, then something else. Each lasts a short while, and it is no more a hardship for such things to be taken apart than it was to be put together, as with a box.

UniversiŪniversīof the universe naturanātūrathe nature exout of communicommūnīcommon rerumrērumof things omniumall materiamāteriā,material tanquamas eēout of ceracērā,wax nuncnow equuleuma little horse effingit;mouldsThe nature of the universe, out of the common material of all things, as out of wax, now moulds a little horse;Universi natura ex communi rerum omnium materia universi natura "the nature of the universe" is the Stoic Nature that orders the whole. ex communi rerum omnium materia "out of the common material of all things": there is one stock of matter, and every thing is made from it in turn.tanquam e cera, nunc equuleum effingit The picture is of modelling in wax: Nature shapes a little horse, kneads it down, and shapes something else from the same lump. equuleus, a diminutive of equus, is "a little horse, a colt", here a small figure of one. effingere (ex + fingo "shape") is "to mould, fashion". quemthis (horse) moxpresently denuodēnuōagain diffingit,unmakes ejusdemqueand of the same (horse) materiamāteriāthe material adfor arborema tree producendamprōdūcendamto be produced abutiturabūtitur;uses up tumthen adfor homuncionemhomunciōnem,a little man deinnext adfor aliudsomething else quidpiam.some (thing)this it presently unmakes again, and uses up the material of the same for producing a tree; then for a little man, then for something else.quem mox denuo diffingit quem begins a new clause but looks back to equuleum: a relative used as a link, "and this (horse)". diffingere "to unmake, mould over" answers effingere: dis- "apart" against ex- "out". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodejusdemque materia … abutitur abutor is deponent and takes the ablative, like utor: materia abutitur "uses up the material". Its first sense is "to use up, use to the full"; "misuse" is not meant here. ejusdem "of the same (horse)": the very stuff that was a horse becomes a tree. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningad arborem producendam ad with a noun and a gerundive says what something is for: ad arborem producendam "for producing a tree", literally "for a tree to be produced". The gerundive agrees with its noun, here feminine arborem. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitivetum ad homuncionem, dein ad aliud quidpiam The series goes on without the gerundive: ad homuncionem (producendum), ad aliud quidpiam (producendum). homuncio "a little man" matches equuleus: both are little wax figures, and the diminutive also belittles man. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood horumhōrumof these autemand quodlibetany one adfor brevea short temporisof time spatiumspace subsistit.lastsAnd each of these lasts for a short space of time.horum autem quodlibet … subsistit quodlibet "any one you like", with the partitive genitive horum "of these", comes to "each of these"; it is neuter because it covers horse, tree and man alike. subsistere is "to stand firm, hold out": each holds together only ad breve temporis spatium "for a short space of time". Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque istisistīsfor these autem,but sicutsīcutas arcae,for a box dissolvidissolvīto be taken apart nihilonihilōby nothing magismore molestumtroublesome est,is quamthan compingicompingīto be put together primoprīmōat first fuerat.had beenBut for these, as for a box, to be taken apart is no more troublesome than to be put together had been at first.istis autem, sicut arcae, dissolvi … molestum est The infinitives are the subjects: dissolvi "to be taken apart" and compingi "to be put together" each act as a neuter noun, so the adjective is neuter, molestum. istis and arcae are datives of the one affected: "for these things, as for a box". A box suffers nothing when its boards are taken apart, as it suffered nothing when they were joined. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)nihilo magis … quam … fuerat nihilo magis "more by nothing", that is "no more": the ablative nihilo says by how much. quam compingi primo fuerat "than to be put together had been at first": the pluperfect looks back to the making, before the breaking up; supply molestum. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam

A grim face is against nature: when it becomes a habit, the grace of the face dies away and can never be rekindled. This shows that it is against reason too; and if a man has so hardened his face that he no longer feels his faults, what is the point of his living on?

TorvitasTorvitāsgrimness vultusvultūsof the face estis valdevaldēvery much praeteragainst naturamnātūram.natureA grim look of the face is very much against nature.Torvitas vultus torvitas (from torvus "grim, glaring") is a fierce, scowling look; with vultus "of the face" (genitive, vultūs) it means "a grim face, a scowl".praeter naturam praeter "beyond, past" often means "contrary to": praeter naturam "against nature", the Stoic phrase for what does not fit our nature (Greek "para physin"). ubiwhen eieīto it saepiustoo often assueveritassuēverithas grown used quis,someone immoriimmorīto die away solet;it is wont vultusquevultūsqueand of the face decorthe grace itaso indeby that extinguitur,is put out utthat denuodēnuōagain reaccendireaccendīto be kindled again omninoomnīnōat all nequeat.it cannotWhen someone has grown used to it too often, it is wont to die away; and the grace of the face is so put out by it that it can never be kindled again at all.ubi ei saepius assueverit quis ubi "when" with the future perfect assueverit "shall have grown used" states what happens whenever the habit is formed; English uses a perfect, "when someone has grown used". assuescere takes a dative: ei "to it", the scowl. saepius, the comparative of saepe, is "rather often, too often". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")immori solet immori is the infinitive of the deponent immorior "to die in or upon" (in + morior), with solet "it is wont to", "it usually". Its subject is not stated: most naturally it is what the next clause names, vultus decor "the grace of the face", which first dies away and then is put out for good. The Greek here is damaged, and Gataker follows it word for word. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningita inde extinguitur, ut denuo reaccendi omnino nequeat ita … ut with the subjunctive is a result clause: "so put out … that it cannot be kindled again at all". The image is of a flame: extinguere "to put out", reaccendere "to light again". inde "from that" means "as a result of the habit". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic) exfrom hochōcthis ipsoipsōvery autemand intelligasintelligāsyou may understand licetit is allowed esse(that it) is praeteragainst rationemratiōnem.reasonAnd from this very fact you may understand that it is against reason.intelligas licet esse praeter rationem licet "it is allowed" can take a subjunctive with no ut: intelligas licet "you may understand". What is understood is an accusative and infinitive with its subject left out: (eam) esse praeter rationem "(that the scowl) is against reason". For a Stoic, what is against nature is against reason too. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) SiquidemSīquidemif indeed enimfor itaso vultumhis face quissomeone obfirmaveritobfirmāverit,should have hardened utthat peccatipeccātīof wrongdoing sensussēnsussense omnisall aufugeritaufūgerit,has fled quorsumquōrsumto what end homohomōa man sicsīcso affectusdisposed vitamvītamhis life protrahatprōtrahatshould he drag out amplius?any longerFor if someone should so harden his face that all sense of doing wrong has fled, to what end should a man in that state drag out his life any longer?Siquidem enim ita vultum quis obfirmaverit siquidem here is si quidem "if indeed", and enim "for" ties the sentence to what went before. vultum obfirmare "to make the face firm" is to set it so hard that no shame can show in it (compare obfirmare animum "to steel one's mind"). obfirmaverit could be a perfect subjunctive or a future perfect; with the subjunctive question that follows, it is read as "should have hardened". Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)ut peccati sensus omnis aufugerit ita … ut again marks a result: "so … that all sense of wrongdoing has fled". peccati sensus is "the awareness of doing wrong": an objective genitive, naming what is sensed. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)quorsum homo sic affectus vitam protrahat amplius? A deliberative question in the subjunctive, asking what one should do: quorsum … protrahat "to what end should he drag out (his life)?". sic affectus is "so disposed", in that state. The answer expected is "to none": a man who no longer even notices his faults has lost what life is for. Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questions

Nature, which rules the universe, will soon change everything you see, make other things from its matter, and others again from theirs, so that the world is always renewed.

Quaecunquewhatever things videsvidēs,you see universaūniversaall moxsoon estis mutaturamūtātūragoing to change universiūniversīof the universe rectrixrēctrīxruler naturanātūra,Nature aliaqueand other things exout of eorumeōrumof them materiamāteriāmaterial effecturaeffectūra,going to make etand exout of horumhōrumof these rursusrūrsusagain alia,others utso that mundusthe world perpetimcontinually renoveturrenovētur.may be renewedAll things whatever that you see, Nature, the ruler of the universe, will soon change, and will make other things out of their material, and others again out of that of these, so that the world may be continually renewed.Quaecunque vides, universa mox est mutatura est mutatura is the future participle with esse, "is going to change". The object comes first for weight: quaecunque vides "whatever you see", taken up after the comma by universa "all (of it)", and the subject only after the verb, universi rectrix natura "Nature, ruler of the universe". Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses)aliaque ex eorum materia effectura, et ex horum rursus alia effectura needs est from the first clause, and the last part needs both verb and noun: ex horum (materia) rursus alia (est effectura) "and out of (the material) of these, others again". eorum are the things you see now; horum the new things made from them. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodut mundus perpetim renovetur ut with the subjunctive gives the purpose: "so that the world may be continually renewed". The constant change is not decay but the way the world keeps itself new (the Greek says "ever young"). Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)

When someone wrongs you, ask at once what he thought good or bad in doing it; then you will pity him, not wonder or be angry. Either you yourself hold the same or a like thing good, and should forgive him, or you count such things neither good nor bad, and should bear calmly with one who errs.

Cumwhen adversusagainst tetēyou quicquidany wrong whatever peccaveritpeccāverithas done wrong quis,anyone consideracōnsīderāconsider statim,at once quidwhat bonumgood malumveor bad esseto be ratusthinking idit egeritēgerit.he didWhen anyone has done you any wrong, consider at once what he thought good or bad when he did it.Cum adversus te quicquid peccaverit quis cum with the future perfect looks ahead: "when anyone shall have done wrong", in English "when anyone has wronged you". quicquid peccare is "to commit whatever wrong": the neuter pronoun is the inner object of a verb that has no object of its own. quis is the indefinite "anyone". Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughquid bonum malumve esse ratus id egerit An indirect question built round a participle. Word for word: "thinking what (to be) good or bad he did it". ratus "thinking" (from reor, perfect in form, present in sense) governs the accusative and infinitive quid … bonum malumve esse "what to be good or bad", and the question word quid stands inside it. In English: "what he took to be good or bad when he did it". egerit is subjunctive because the question is indirect. Indirect questions hochōcthis enimfor perspectoperspectō,seen clearly misereberismiserēberisyou will pity illiusillīus,him necand not auteither miraberismīrāberis,will you be surprised autor succensebissuccēnsēbis.will you be angryFor once you have seen this, you will pity him, and you will be neither surprised nor angry.hoc enim perspecto An ablative absolute, "this having been seen through": "once you have seen this". perspicere is "to see right through, see clearly". Ablative absolutemisereberis illius misereor "to pity" is deponent and takes the genitive of the one pitied: illius "him". misereberis and miraberis are futures of deponents, passive in form (-beris, "you will be …") but active in sense: "you will pity", "you will wonder". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningnec aut miraberis, aut succensebis nec aut … aut "and not either … or": "and you will neither be surprised nor angry". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive forsanperhaps enimfor veleither idemthe same illud,that quodas ille,he (does) velor aliudsomething else quidpiamsome (thing) ejusmodiejusmodī,of that kind ipseyou yourself pariterequally, alike cumwith illoillōhim bonumgood esseto be opinarisopīnāris.you thinkFor perhaps you yourself, along with him, think either that same thing as he does, or something else of the kind, to be good.vel idem illud, quod ille, vel aliud quidpiam ejusmodi, ipse pariter cum illo bonum esse opinaris The verb opinaris "you think" (a deponent) comes last, with an accusative and infinitive: you think idem illud … bonum esse "that same thing to be good". idem … quod ille is "the same as he (thinks good)", with the verb understood. ipse "you yourself" is stressed, and pariter cum illo "equally with him" drives it home: if you share his error, you can hardly be angry at it. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) hocthis sisīif fuerit,proves (so) etalso illiillīhim tetēyou ignoscereignōscereforgive oportet.it is rightIf this is so, you ought also to forgive him.hoc si fuerit The subject is set before si for emphasis, as in hoc si conceditur (4.4). fuerit is the future perfect of esse, "if this shall prove to be (so)"; English says simply "if this is so". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")illi te ignoscere oportet oportet "it is right" takes an accusative and infinitive: te ignoscere "that you forgive". ignoscere takes the dative of the one forgiven, illi "him". et here means "also". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) sinsīnbut if ejusmodiejusmodīthings of that kind necneither bonagood necnor malabad censueriscēnsueris,you judge exthrough erroreerrōrean error animianimīof the mind delinquentemdēlinquentemone who goes wrong aequanimitercalmly ferasferās.you should bearBut if you judge things of that kind neither good nor bad, you should bear calmly with one who goes wrong through an error of the mind.sin ejusmodi nec bona nec mala censueris sin "but if" brings in the other case. censere with two accusatives is "to judge (something) to be …": ejusmodi "things of that kind" is the object, and nec bona nec mala "neither good nor bad" the predicate, neuter plural because it describes things. ejusmodi is an indeclinable genitive ("of that sort") used here as a noun. censueris, future perfect, again marks the case as settled before you act. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)ex errore animi delinquentem delinquentem "the one going wrong": a present participle used as a noun, the object of feras. ex errore animi "out of an error of the mind" gives the cause: he does wrong because he is mistaken. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsaequanimiter feras feras is a jussive subjunctive, a milder command than the imperative: "you should bear". aequanimiter "with an even mind" (from aequus animus) is "calmly, without resentment". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")

Think less of what you lack than of what you have, and pick out the most pleasing of these, to reflect how eagerly you would seek them if they were not already yours. But take care not to prize them so highly that you would be upset if you ever lost them.

NonNōnnot tamso much quaethe things which desuntdēsuntare lacking tibi,to you quamas quaethe things which adsunt,are at hand cogitacōgitā.think ofThink not so much of the things that you lack as of the things that you have.Non tam quae desunt tibi, quam quae adsunt, cogita non tam … quam "not so much … as". Each half is a relative clause with no antecedent, standing as an object of cogita: quae desunt tibi "(the things) which are lacking to you", quae adsunt "(the things) which are at hand". desum "be missing" and adsum "be present" are compounds of sum. The Greek says rather "do not think of what is absent as if it were already here"; Gataker's Latin makes it a comparison. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive exfrom hishīsthese autemand seligesēligepick out quae(those) which gratissimagrātissimamost pleasing suntare tibi,to you quoquōso that reputesreputēsyou may reflect tecumtēcumwith yourself quantoquantōhow much cumwith studiostudiōeagerness ea,them ninīif … not jamalready adessent,they were at hand tibifor yourself requireresrequīrerēs.you would seekAnd from these pick out those that are most pleasing to you, so that you may reflect with how much eagerness you would seek them for yourself if they were not already here.quo reputes tecum quo with the subjunctive is "so that", a purpose clause; classical Latin keeps it mostly for clauses with a comparative, but Gataker uses it freely. reputare secum (here tecum) is "to think over with oneself". Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)quanto cum studio ea, ni jam adessent, tibi requireres An unreal condition about the present: ni jam adessent "if they were not already here", requireres "you would seek (them)". Latin uses the imperfect subjunctive in both halves for what is contrary to fact now. ni is a short form of nisi "if not". The whole is an indirect question after reputes, opened by quanto cum studio "with how much eagerness"; an adjective often stands before cum, as in magna cum cura. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis) cavecavētake care tamenyet interim,meanwhile nenē,that … not dumwhile istisistīsin these things lubentergladly acquiescisacquiēscis,you rest content eoeōsuch a inat pretiopretiōvalue haberehabēreto hold assuescasassuēscāsyou accustom tetē,yourself utthat siquandosīquandōif ever deessedēesseto be missing contigerit,it should happen turberisturbēris.you would be upsetYet meanwhile take care that, while you gladly rest content in these things, you do not accustom yourself to hold them at such a value that you would be upset if ever it happened that they were missing.cave tamen interim, ne cave ne with the subjunctive is "take care that … not": the ne clause says what to guard against. The clause is long; its verb is assuescas, and dum istis lubenter acquiescis "while you gladly rest content in these things" is set inside it. dum "while" takes the present indicative. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)eo in pretio habere assuescas te in pretio habere is "to hold at a value, to prize"; its object, "them", is understood. eo "at such (a value)" agrees with pretio and looks forward to ut: "at such a price that …". assuescere with an accusative is "to accustom (someone)": assuescas te … habere "you accustom yourself to hold", with te kept to the end.ut siquando deesse contigerit, turberis The result clause: "that, if ever it should happen (that they are) missing, you would be upset". contingit with an infinitive is "it happens (to be …)"; contigerit is subjunctive because it stands inside a subjunctive clause. turberis is passive, "you are thrown into confusion". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)

Gather yourself into yourself: the rational mind is so made by nature that it is sufficient for itself when it acts justly, and by that very fact has peace.

Ininto temettēmetyourself convolutusconvolūtusrolled up estoestō.beBe wrapped up within yourself.convolutus esto esto is the future imperative of esse, "be, and stay so". The future imperative (esto, memento) is used for standing rules and lasting states rather than one act now. With the perfect participle it means "be (and remain) wrapped up". Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctiveIn temet convolutus convolvere is "to roll up, roll together", as a scroll is rolled or a hedgehog curls. in temet "into yourself" (te + the emphatic -met): draw in from outside things and gather yourself into your own mind. The next sentence gives the reason. mensmēnsthe mind etenimfor rationalisratiōnālisrational itaso estis naturanātūrāby nature comparatacomparāta,made utthat sibifor itself sufficiatit is sufficient ipsaitself justejūstējustly agensagēns,acting etand hochōcthis ipsoipsōvery nactahaving gained sibifor itself tranquillitatemtranquillitātem.tranquillityFor the rational mind is so made by nature that it is sufficient for itself when it acts justly, and by this very fact has gained tranquillity for itself.ita est natura comparata, ut sibi sufficiat ita comparatus is "so made, so constituted", with natura "by nature". ita … ut with the subjunctive is a result clause: "so made that it is sufficient for itself". This is the Stoic self-sufficiency of the mind: it needs nothing outside itself to be at peace. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)ipsa juste agens, et hoc ipso nacta sibi tranquillitatem Two participles describe the mind (ipsa "itself"): juste agens "acting justly", and nacta "having gained", the perfect participle of the deponent nanciscor. hoc ipso "by this very thing", acting justly, is how it wins its calm; nacta presents the calm as already won. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns

Wipe away impressions; check the passions; mark off the present; see clearly what happens to you or to anyone; divide each thing into form and matter; think of your last hour; leave another's wrong where it arose.

ImaginationesImāginātiōnēsimpressions abstergeabstergē:wipe awayWipe away impressions:Imaginationes absterge Section 29 is a string of short commands, each an imperative at the end of its clause: absterge, compesce, circumscribe, dignosce, divide et partire, cogita, relinque. imaginatio is the Stoic "impression" (Greek "phantasia"), the picture a thing makes in the mind before we judge it; wipe it off, and the false judgment goes with it. Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctive affectuumof the passions motusmōtūsthe movements compesce:checkcheck the movements of the passions:affectuum motus Both nouns are 4th declension: motus is accusative plural (mōtūs), and affectuum the genitive plural of affectus: "the movements of the passions". The Greek has "stop the pulling of the strings", Marcus's image of impulses that jerk us like puppets; Gataker gives the plain sense. tempustime praesenspraesēnspresent circumscribecircumscrībe:mark offmark off the present time:tempus praesens circumscribe circumscribere is "to draw a line round": mark off the present moment from past and future, and deal only with that. dignoscedīgnōsce,discern quicquidwhatever veleither tibi,to you velor aliialiīelse cuiquamto anyone contingit.happensrecognise whatever happens either to you or to anyone else.dignosce, quicquid … contingit dignoscere (dis- "apart" + (g)noscere "get to know") is "to tell apart, discern": see each event for what it is. Its object is the whole clause quicquid … contingit "whatever happens". In alii cuiquam "to anyone else", cuiquam is the dative of quisquam and alii, the dative of alius, agrees with it. remthing subjectamset before you quamqueeach dividedīvidedivide etand partirepartīreseparate ininto formamfōrmamform etand materiammāteriam.matterDivide and separate each thing that is set before you into form and matter.divide et partire partire looks like an infinitive but is the imperative of the deponent partior "to divide, share out". A deponent's imperative has the passive ending -re (partīre, like intuere "look"), with an active sense: "separate". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningin formam et materiam The Stoic analysis of any thing: its forma, the cause that makes it what it is (the Greek says "the causal"), and its materia, the stuff it is made of. The matter goes back to the common stock, as in §23. rem subjectam quamque is "each thing put before you", each thing you have to consider. horamhōramhour novissimamlast cogitacōgitā.think ofThink of your last hour.horam novissimam novissimus, the superlative of novus "new", means "newest" and so "last, final": hora novissima is the hour of death. quodwhat alterialterīby another peccatumpeccātumdone amiss est,has been ibithere ubiwhere extitit,it arose relinque.leaveWhat wrong has been done by another, leave there where it arose.quod alteri peccatum est peccatum est is the perfect passive of pecco, "what has been done amiss", and the dative alteri names the doer, "by another": a dative of agent, rare in prose with this tense, which follows the Greek. One may also take peccatum as the noun, "what is a fault in another"; the sense is the same.ibi ubi extitit, relinque ibi … ubi "there … where": leave the wrong with the man who did it, where it began, and do not take it into your own mind. extitit is the perfect of existo (also spelt exsisto) "to come forth, arise".

Keep your mind on what is being said, step by step as it is said; and go down with your mind below the surface of what happens and of what makes it happen.

EisEīsto those things quaewhich dicunturdīcuntur,are said animumyour mind simulat the same time intende:turn, direct ininto eathe things quaewhich fiuntfīunthappen, are done faciuntve,or act mentewith your mind altiusdeeper descendedēscende.go downTo what is said, turn your mind at the same time: into the things that happen or that act, go down deeper with your mind.Eis quae dicuntur, animum simul intende intende and descende are imperatives. animum intendere with a dative is "to turn one's mind to, attend to": eis quae dicuntur "to the things that are said". simul "at the same time" asks you to keep pace with the words as they are spoken, not to drift while someone talks. Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctivefiunt faciuntve fiunt "happen, are done" and faciunt "do, act" make a pair: the things that come about and the things that bring them about, events and their causes. -ve "or" is an enclitic, joined to the end of the second word. Enclitics: -que, -ve, -nemente altius descende altius is the comparative of the adverb alte "deep": "go down deeper". mente is an ablative of means, "with your mind": the mind is to go in below the surface of things.

Adorn yourself with simplicity, modesty and indifference to what is neither good nor bad; love mankind; obey God. Someone says that all things run by fixed law; and if it should be only the elements, it is still enough to remember that most things, or all but a very few, are carried along by law.

ExornaExōrnāadorn tetēyourself simplicitatesimplicitāte,with simplicity modestiamodestiā,with modesty affectuaffectūwith an attitude adversustowards resrēsthe things mediasmediāsin between indifferentiindifferentī.indifferentAdorn yourself with simplicity, with modesty, and with an attitude of indifference towards the things in between.affectu adversus res medias indifferenti The three ablatives say what to adorn yourself with. In the third, the adjective waits till the end: affectu … indifferenti "with an indifferent attitude", with adversus res medias "towards the things in between" set inside. res mediae are the Stoics' "middle things", between virtue and vice: health, wealth, fame and the like, neither good nor bad in themselves. Ablative of means, cause and manner genusrace humanumhūmānumhuman diligedīlige.loveLove the human race. DeoDeōGod obsequere.obeyObey God.Deo obsequere obsequere is the imperative of the deponent obsequor "comply with, obey": it looks like an active infinitive, but it is a command. Like other verbs of obeying, it takes the dative, Deo. Marcus's Greek says "follow God". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning certacertā,fixed inquitsays ille,that man decurruntdēcurruntrun their course omniaall things legelēge.by law"All things," says that man, "run their course by fixed law."certa, inquit ille, decurrunt omnia lege A quoted line with the ring of Latin verse, which Gataker prints in italic after a dash, as a piece of a longer line: certa … lege "by fixed law" frames it, adjective first and noun last, as poets like to do (compare Manilius's certa stant omnia lege, "all things stand by fixed law"). inquit "says" is always set inside the words quoted. ille "that man" leaves the speaker unnamed; modern editors think of Democritus, the atomist.decurrunt decurrere is "to run down, run a course to its end", as in a race: all things run the course laid down for them. The Greek here is uncertain; Gataker's Latin makes the saying a claim that the world is ruled by law. quidwhat verovērōbut sisīif elementathe elements solasōla?alone, onlyBut what if it is only the elements that do?quid vero si elementa sola? quid si …? "what if …?" is a short way of raising an objection, and the verbs are left out. Supply them from the quoted line: quid vero (dicendum est), si elementa sola (certa lege decurrunt)? "but what (is to be said) if only the elements run by fixed law?", and not all things. The next sentence answers: even so, enough of the world runs by law. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood meminisseto remember suffeceritsuffēcerit,it would be enough legelēgeby law certacertāfixed pleraqueplēraquemost things ferriferrī,are carried along autor paucispaucīsa few things saltemat least duntaxatonly exceptisexceptīs.being exceptedIt would be enough to remember that most things are carried along by fixed law, or at least with only a few exceptions.meminisse suffecerit suffecerit is a perfect subjunctive used as a potential: "it would be enough", a modest way of putting a conclusion. (The same form is also the future perfect, "it will be enough"; the sense is much the same.) Its subject is the infinitive meminisse "to remember", from memini, a verb with perfect forms and present meaning. Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questionslege certa pleraque ferri What is to be remembered is an accusative and infinitive: pleraque ferri "that most things are carried along", lege certa "by fixed law". pleraque is neuter plural, "most things". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)paucis saltem duntaxat exceptis An ablative absolute: paucis exceptis "a few (things) being excepted", i.e. "with a few exceptions". saltem "at least" and duntaxat "only" both soften the claim: if not all things, then all but a very few. Ablative absolute

Whatever death is in physical terms, a scattering, a dissolving into atoms or an emptying out, for us it is either an extinction or a removal elsewhere.

Mortemdeath quodas for what attinet,concerns sivesīvewhether fueritit be dissipatiodissipātiō,a scattering sivesīveor ininto atomosatomōsatoms redactioredāctiō,a reduction sivesīveor exinanitioexinānītiō;an emptying out veleither estit is extinctioextīnctiō,an extinction velor translatiotrānslātiō.a removalAs for death: whether it be a scattering, or a reduction into atoms, or an emptying out, it is either an extinction or a removal elsewhere.Mortem quod attinet quod ad mortem attinet "as for what concerns death" is the usual way to bring in a new topic. Gataker leaves out ad and puts the accusative Mortem first for weight, taken straight by attinet "concerns": "as for death". quod is the relative pronoun, subject of attinet. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)sive fuerit dissipatio, sive in atomos redactio, sive exinanitio sive … sive … sive "whether … or … or" sets out three accounts of what happens at death, and the one verb fuerit "it be" (perfect subjunctive, used like a present) serves all three. in atomos redactio "a reduction into atoms" keeps the in with the accusative of its verb, redigere in "reduce into": this is the Epicurean view. exinanitio is "an emptying out", from inanis "empty". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivevel est extinctio, vel translatio Whatever the physics, there are two outcomes: vel … vel "either … or", the self is put out like a flame, or it moves elsewhere (the Greek says "a change of home"). Gataker's list of three sive clauses departs from the Greek, which reads roughly "a scattering, if there are atoms; but if we are a unity, either extinction or a change of home". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

Pain that cannot be borne kills; pain that lasts can be borne. Meanwhile the mind keeps its calm by its own judgement, and the ruling part is none the worse; let the suffering limbs speak for themselves, if they can.

DeDēabout doloredolōrepain sicsīcin this way habeashabeās.you should holdAbout pain, take this view.sic habeas habeas is a jussive subjunctive, a gentle command: "you should hold". sic habere is "to hold this view, regard it so"; the view follows. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") sisīif ferriferrīto be borne nonnōnnot potest,it can interimit:it kills sisīif diutiusdiūtiusfor some time duraveritdūrāverit,it lasts ferriferrīto be borne potest.it canIf it cannot be borne, it kills; if it lasts for some time, it can be borne.si ferri non potest, interimit: si diutius duraverit, ferri potest Two short conditions balance each other: pain that cannot be borne soon ends in death, and pain that goes on shows by that very fact that it can be borne. The thought is Epicurus's; Cicero gives it as si gravis, brevis; si longus, levis "if severe, short; if long, light" (compare 7.64). Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)diutius duraverit duraverit is future perfect, "shall have lasted": Latin is exact about time where English says "if it lasts". diutius is the comparative of diu "long", here "rather long, for some time". ferri is the passive infinitive of fero "bear": "to be borne". The future perfect ("if you will have done…") mensmēnsthe mind interimmeanwhile opinionisopīniōnisof judgement opeby the help tranquillitatemtranquillitātemcalm servatkeeps suam;its own necand not deteriordēteriorworse quicquamin any way indefrom it fitbecomes parsthe part animianimīof the soul princepsprīnceps.rulingMeanwhile the mind keeps its own calm by the help of its judgement, and the ruling part of the soul becomes no worse for it.opinionis ope ope is the ablative of ops "help": opinionis ope "by the help of opinion", i.e. by the mind's own judgement about the pain. Pain does not reach the mind unless the mind judges it an evil. Ablative of means, cause and mannernec deterior quicquam inde fit pars animi princeps pars animi princeps "the ruling part of the soul" is the Stoic hegemonikon, reason in command; the subject comes last. quicquam is an adverbial accusative, "in any respect": "nor does it become any the worse from it (inde)". corporisof the body verovērōbut, as for membra,the limbs quaewhich doloredolōreby pain suntare afflictaafflīcta,afflicted ipsathemselves sisīif quidanything possunt,they can dedēabout eoeōit statuant.let them judgeAs for the limbs of the body that are afflicted by the pain, let them pass judgement on it themselves, if they can.membra … ipsa … de eo statuant statuant is a jussive subjunctive, "let them decide". The limbs themselves (ipsa, agreeing with membra) may pass judgement on the pain; the mind need not join in. eo is masculine because it stands for dolor. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")si quid possunt After si, quid is indefinite, "anything": "if they can do anything", i.e. if they are able at all. There is a touch of irony: limbs have no power to judge. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque

Look at the minds of those who seek glory: what they are like, what they shun and what they chase. And see that, as heaps of sand piled one on another bury the earlier ones, so in life what came before is very soon buried by what comes after.

Quodas for adto gloriamglōriam,glory animosanimōsthe minds eorumeōrum,of those aāby quibuswhom eait expetitur,is sought consideracōnsīderā,consider qualesquālēsof what sort existant,they are etand qualiaquāliawhat sort of things tumboth fugiant,they shun tumand etalso sectentur.they pursueAs for glory, consider the minds of those by whom it is sought, what sort they are, and what sort of things they both shun and pursue.Quod ad gloriam Short for quod ad gloriam attinet "as for glory": the verb is often left out of this phrase. Compare Mortem quod attinet in 7.32, where Gataker leaves out ad instead. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodeorum, a quibus ea expetitur a quibus gives the agent of the passive expetitur: "by whom it is sought"; ea is glory. Agent with the passive: a, ab with the ablativequales existant, et qualia tum fugiant, tum et sectentur Indirect questions after considera, so the verbs are subjunctive: quales existant "what sort they (the minds) are", and qualia … sectentur "what sort of things they shun and pursue". existere here is little more than "to be". tum … tum "both … and" links the two, and et "also" adds weight to the second. sectentur is from the deponent sector "chase after". Judge the glory by the judges: what do these people run from and run after? Indirect questions illudthis itemlikewise, as well dispice,look into sicutsīcutjust as arenarumarēnārumof sand cumulicumulīheaps aliialiīsome aliisaliīsupon others superingestisuperingestīheaped upon priorapriōrathe earlier ones abscondunt;hide perindein the same way inin vitavītālife contingere,happens utthat antegressathe things gone before aāby succedentibussuccēdentibusthe things coming after quamas … as possible celerrimecelerrimēquickly abscondantur.are hiddenLook into this as well: that just as heaps of sand, piled one upon another, hide the earlier ones, so in life it happens that what went before is hidden with all speed by what comes after.illud item dispice … perinde in vita contingere illud "this" points ahead to what you are to see: perinde in vita contingere "that it happens in the same way in life", an accusative and infinitive. The comparison (sicut …) is set in first, and perinde "just so" answers sicut "just as". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)arenarum cumuli alii aliis superingesti arenarum cumuli "heaps of sand" are dunes, built up by the wind. alii aliis superingesti "some heaped upon others" is Latin's way of saying "one upon another": alius is repeated in two cases. priora "the earlier (ones)" are what each new heap buries. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsut antegressa a succedentibus quam celerrime abscondantur The ut clause says what happens: "that what went before is hidden by what comes after". Both participles are used as nouns: antegressa, from the deponent antegredior "go before", and succedentibus, from succedo "come after". quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam celerrime "as quickly as can be". So too with fame: each name is soon buried under the next. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)

A saying of Plato: to a mind that surveys all time and all being, human life cannot seem anything great, and so such a man will not think death a thing to dread.

PlatonisPlatōnisof Plato dictum.a sayingA saying of Plato.Platonis dictum A heading: "(this is) a saying of Plato". The words come from the Republic (Book VI, 486a), where Socrates is talking with Glaucon; Marcus copies the exchange, question and answers. Cuito whom igiturthen animusa mind sublimissublīmislofty fuerit,is, has quiquequīqueand who etboth tempustime omne,all etand substantiambeing omnemall contempleturcontemplētur;contemplates nunquidsurely … not? huicto him magnumgreat quiddamsomething putasputāsdo you think possecan viderividērīseem hominisof man vitamvītam?the life"Then the man who has a lofty mind, and who contemplates both all time and all being: do you think that human life can seem anything great to him?"Cui igitur animus sublimis fuerit cui … animus … fuerit "to whom a mind is" is the dative of possession: "who has a lofty mind". The relative clauses come first and are picked up by huic "to him" in the question. Their verbs, fuerit and contempletur, are subjunctive because they describe a kind of man: "one such as has … and contemplates …". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)tempus omne, et substantiam omnem substantia here is "being, all that exists" (Greek ousia). To survey all time and all being at once is to see how small one human life is.nunquid huic magnum quiddam putas posse videri hominis vitam nunquid opens a question that expects the answer "no": "surely you do not think …?" After putas comes an accusative and infinitive, hominis vitam posse videri "that the life of man can seem", with magnum quiddam "something great" as its predicate, also accusative, and huic "to him" the dative with videri. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) FieriFierī,to be, to happen inquit,he says nonnōnnot potest.it can"It cannot be," he says.Fieri, inquit, non potest fieri non potest "it cannot happen" is the stock Latin for "impossible" (Greek adynaton). inquit "he says" marks the other speaker's reply, Glaucon's, and is set inside his words as usual. Gataker marks each turn of the dialogue with a capital: Cui, Fieri, Neque, Minime. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) Nequenot … either mortemdeath igiturthen gravegrievous quidanything reputabitreputābit.he will reckon"Then he will not think death anything grievous either."Neque mortem igitur grave quid reputabit Socrates draws the conclusion. reputare with two accusatives is "to reckon (something) as (something)": mortem grave quid "death (as) anything grievous". After neque the indefinite quid means "anything". Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque MinimeMinimēleast of all verovērō.indeed"Not at all."Minime vero minime "least of all" is the superlative of parum; as an answer it is a firm "no", and vero "indeed" strengthens it: "by no means". Latin has no single word for "no" and answers with an adverb like this.

A saying of Antisthenes: to be spoken ill of when you do good is kingly.

Antisthenisof Antisthenes illud.that (saying)That saying of Antisthenes.Antisthenis illud A heading: "that (well-known saying) of Antisthenes"; ille often points to something famous. Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates and a forerunner of the Cynics. Diogenes Laertius records the saying as his, and Plutarch gives it to Alexander the Great. Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idem Maleill audireaudīre,to be spoken of cumwhen benefaciasbenefaciās,you do good regiumrēgiumkingly est.isTo be spoken ill of when you do good is kingly.Male audire male audire "to hear ill" is an idiom: "to be spoken ill of, have a bad name" (bene audire is "to be well spoken of"). audire works here almost as a passive, "to be talked of". The infinitive is the subject of est, so the predicate regium "kingly" is neuter. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)cum benefacias cum "when" with the subjunctive; the second person is the general "you", "when one does good". The pairing is the point: a king does good, is abused for it, and bears it. Clauses with cum: when, since, although