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Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)

A clause with ut or ne and the subjunctive can be the subject or object of a verb, or explain a noun: "it happens that …", "take care that …", "you must …".

It completes a verb that needs a "that" clause: verbs of asking, urging, ordering and taking care (rogo, moneo, impero, curo); impersonals such as fit, accidit, futurum est, restat, sequitur "it happens, remains, follows that"; and oportet, necesse est.

It also spells out a noun or a pronoun that points ahead: Cura haec … ut … peragas "this concern, that you carry out …"; in hoc consistit, ut … "consists in this, that …"; finis … hic est, ut … "the end is this, that …".

Translate with "that" or "to": incumbat tibi, ut … peragas "let it press on you to carry out". The negative is ne after verbs of willing and caring, but ut non after fit and the like.

After oportet, necesse est, volo and licet the ut is often left out: advertas oportet "you must notice", agant necesse est "they must fare".

Examples

  • Hodie futurum est, ut rem habeam cum curioso aliquo 2.1Today it will happen that I have to deal with some meddler
  • tandem advertas oportet, cujusnam mundi pars sis 2.4you must at last realise of what world you are a part
  • Cura haec jugiter incumbat tibi, ut quicquid in manibus est, strenue peragas 2.5Let this concern weigh on you constantly: to carry out vigorously whatever is in hand
  • ea autem in hoc consistit, ut genium quis suum interim conservet integrum 2.17and it consists in this: that a man keeps his inner spirit unharmed

In the text 148

  • I.5 Ab educatore, ne in certamine equestri Prasinae, aut Venetae factioni, neve in gladiatorio Thraci aut secutori fautor fierem:
  • I.5 ut labores sustinerem; minimo contentus agerem; operi manus admoverem: negotiis alienis me neutiquam immiscerem; nec delationem facilis ullam admitterem.
  • I.6 A Diogneto, ne rebus inanibus studium impenderem:
  • I.6 ne coturnices ad pugnam alerem, neve rebus istiusmodi animum adjicerem: utque libere dicta aequanimiter sustinerem.
  • I.7 ne togatus intra aedes obambularem, neve ejusmodi alia, quae fastum resiperent, facerem.
  • I.7 adhaec ut placabilis et reconciliatu facilis essem, adversus eos, qui offensionis caussam dederint, aut deliquerint aliquid, simulatque illi in gratiam redire vellent.
  • I.7 porro ut accurate legerem, nec comprehensione summaria contentus essem; nec garrulis quibusvis temere assentirer.
  • I.8 Ab Apollonio, ut liber essem; firmumque ac certum citra fluctuationem omnem consilii ingeniique tenorem retinerem: neque aliud quicquam, vel minimum, praeter rationem solam, intuerer:One ut governs three subjunctives, linked by -que and neque: "that I should be free, and keep …, and not look to …", in English "to be free, to keep …, not to look to …". The subjunctives are imperfect because the understood didici is a past tense.
  • I.8 ut idem semper essem, in doloribus acerrimis, in liberorum amissione, in morbis diuturnis.
  • I.11 A Frontone, ut scirem, quae invidentia, versutia, simulatio tyrannidem consequatur:
  • I.12 Ab Alexandro Platonico, ne crebro, neve nisi necessitate adactus, aut dicto aut scripto significem alicui, non vacare me:
  • I.12 neve hoc modo sub negotiorum distinentium praetextu officia ea, quae vitae hujus necessitudo a nobis exigit, solens deseram.
  • I.13 A Catulo, ne insuper haberem amicorum querimonias, etiamsi ratio earum nulla subesset, sed in statum ipsos pristinum restituere anniterer:
  • I.13 ut praeceptores prompte impenseque praedicarem; quod de Domitio atque Athenodoto refertur; liberosque meos affectu sincero prosequerer.
  • I.16 sed per suam ipsius diligentiam efficeret, ut medicorum pharmacis fomentisve externis quam minime indigeret.efficere ut "to bring it about that" takes a noun clause with the subjunctive; efficeret itself still belongs to the result clause of the sentence before. indigeo "need" takes the ablative (pharmacis fomentisve). quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam minime "as little as possible".
  • I.16 quod, cum secundum majorum instituta omnia exequeretur, ne hoc quidem affectaverat, ut majorum instituta praecise observare videretur.ne … quidem "not even" surrounds the word it stresses, hoc; hoc is then explained by the ut clause: "not even this did he aim at, that he should seem to keep the ancestral institutions to the letter".
  • II.1 Mane praedicere memento tibi, Hodie futurum est, ut rem habeam cum curioso aliquo, ingrato, protervo, doloso, invido, illiberali.futurum est, ut … "it is going to be that …", i.e. "it will happen that …". futurum is the future participle of esse; the ut clause, with its subjunctive habeam, is the subject.
  • II.4 tandem advertas oportet, cujusnam mundi pars sis, et cujusnam mundi rectoris propago.oportet 'it is necessary' often takes a plain subjunctive with ut left out: advertas oportet = oportet ut advertas, 'it is necessary that you take note', i.e. 'you must take note'. It can also take an infinitive, as meminisse in §9.
  • II.5 Cura haec jugiter incumbat tibi, ut quicquid in manibus est, strenue peragas, prout Romanum, virumque decet, cum exquisita, nec accersita tamen, gravitate, humanitate, libertate, justitia:incumbat is a jussive subjunctive, 'let this concern weigh on you'; as a compound of in it takes the dative tibi. haec points forward, and the ut clause says what the concern is: 'that you carry through…'. This ut does not mean 'in order that': its clause is a noun clause explaining Cura haec.
  • II.5 animumque interim ab aliis omnibus cogitationibus abducas.abducas is still governed by the ut of the previous sentence: 'and that you draw your mind away'. The -que on animumque joins it to peragas.
  • II.8 caeterum qui animorum suorum motus non attendunt, hi vero infeliciter agant, necesse est.necesse est 'it is necessary', like oportet in §4, takes a plain subjunctive without ut: agant necesse est = necesse est ut agant, 'they must fare'.
  • II.11 reliquorum siquid malum existeret, et de hoc utique pariter prospexissent, quo in ipso situm foret, in istud quoque ne incideret.This ne clause is the subject of situm foret: what would lie in his power is 'that he should not fall into that too'. The imperfect subjunctives foret and incideret follow the past main verb prospexissent.
  • II.13 nec intelligit interim sufficere sibi, ut cum eo, quem intra se gerit, genio versetur, eumque legitime colat.intelligit introduces an indirect statement whose verb is the infinitive sufficere "(that it) is enough". Its subject is not an accusative but the whole ut-clause with the subjunctives versetur and colat: "that it is enough for him to live with … and to worship …".
  • II.16 cum etiam minutissima quaeque ita sint agenda, ut ad finem ipsum referantur. finis autem animantium rationis participum hic est, ut civitatis ac politiae antiquissimae rationi legibusque obsequantur.The ut clause spells out hic "this": "the end is this, that they obey …". obsequor "obey, comply with" is deponent and takes the dative: rationi legibusque.
  • II.17 ea autem in hoc consistit, ut genium quis suum interim conservet integrum, contumelia ac laesione omni immunem, voluptate ac dolore omni superiorem,consistere in + ablative "to consist in". hoc "this" points forward to the ut clause, which says what it is: "it consists in this, that a person should keep …".
  • II.17 nihil temere aut ficte simulateque agentem, sibi sufficientem, cum ut alii faciant aut ne faciant quid, opus nil habeat:
  • III.4 assuefacere vero te debes, ut ea duntaxat cogites, de quibus siquis subito te requisiverit, quid nunc in animo versas? libere statim respondere queas, istud vel illud.debes "you must" governs the infinitive assuefacere, and assuefacere te "to accustom yourself" takes an ut clause saying what you are to get used to: ut ea duntaxat cogites "to think only those things".
  • III.4 quod hominem utique praestet intaminatum voluptatibus, dolore omni illaesum, contumelia intactum, improbitatis ne sentientem quidem; certaminis praestantissimi, ne ab affectu scilicet ullo subvertatur, athletam;athletam certaminis praestantissimi "an athlete of the noblest contest". The ne clause, with scilicet "that is", says what the contest is: that he "should not be thrown" by any passion, like a wrestler. ab affectu gives the agent of the passive subvertatur.
  • III.4 meminit etiam, cognatum esse rationale omne: et naturae ipsius humanae rationem ab unoquoque hoc exigere, ut hominum quorumvis curam habeat.hoc "this" points forward to the ut clause, which says what is demanded: "that he have care", i.e. that he care for others. hominum quorumvis "of any men whatever" is an objective genitive with curam; exigere ab aliquo "to demand of someone".
  • III.5 faxis vero, ut qui in te residet Deus, praeses sit animantis masculi, aetate provecti, reipublicae studiosi, Romani, principis;
  • III.6 si quid, inquam, praestantius hoc adverteris, eo te vertas, eodemque tanquam bono praestantissimo, quo fruaris, toto animo fac incumbas.fac is the short imperative of facio, like dic and duc. fac incumbas = fac ut incumbas "see that you devote yourself": after fac the ut is often left out. incumbere "to lean on, throw oneself into" takes the dative, bono.
  • III.7 hoc autem unum per vitam totam cavet religiose, ne mens sibi quicquam eorum subterfugiat, quae animantis rationalis et civilis propria sunt munera.cavere ne with the subjunctive is "to take care that … not". hoc unum "this one thing" points forward to the ne clause. religiose "scrupulously, conscientiously" is the adverb of religiosus.
  • III.9 in hoc enim sita sunt omnia, ut menti tuae nulla insit cogitatio quae vel naturae, vel animantis ratione praediti conditioni non sit consentanea.hoc "this" points forward, and the ut clause says what "this" is: "everything lies in this, that …". sita sunt, from sino (perfect participle situs "placed"), means "are placed, rest, depend".
  • III.9 postulat autem ista, ut nihil temere statuamus, ut hominibus benevoli, Deisque obsequentes simus.ista must be feminine singular here, since its verb postulat is singular: "this (faculty) requires", pointing back to facultatem opinatricem. postulare ut "demand that" takes a noun clause with the subjunctive, and here there are two ut clauses side by side.
  • III.11 ut definitio sive descriptio fiat semper rei illius quae sub cogitationem cadit;The ut clause says what istud unum is, so it is a noun clause with the subjunctive: "that a definition or description be made". fiat is the present subjunctive of fio "be made, happen".
  • III.11 utque apud te perpendas, et quodnam sit nomen ejus, quaeque eorum ex quibus constat, et in quae futurum est ut resolvatur denuo, nomina.futurum est ut + subjunctive, "it is going to be that …", stands in for a future passive: "into which it will be dissolved". Latin often uses this round-about form where a future passive (especially an infinitive) is awkward or lacking.
  • III.14 Ne diutius evageris. neque enim futurum est, ut commentarios tuos perlegas, aut Romanorum ac Graecorum priscorum res gestas, aut ex autoribus variis excerpta, quae, quo in senectute usui tibi essent, reposuisti.futurum est, ut … "it is going to be that …", as in 2.1; with neque enim, "for it will not happen that …". The ut clause, with perlegas "you read through", is the subject. Its three objects are joined by aut … aut.
  • III.16 Si caetera ergo eorum, qui jam dicti sunt, communia fuerint, restat, ut viri boni hoc sit peculiare, in eis quae officii sui esse videbuntur, mentis ductum sequi, et fatis volventibus casus vitae intextos lubenter amplexari;
  • IV.6 illud interim omnino memineris, brevi futurum; ut vestrum uterque defungatur: tum paulo post ne nomina quidem utriusque superfutura.futurum (esse) ut … "that it will come about that …" is a common way of making a future infinitive, here in an accusative and infinitive after memineris. brevi is short for brevi tempore "in a short time". vestrum uterque "each of you two" is you and the man who wronged you; vestrum is a partitive genitive, "of you". defungor "be done with (life)" means "die" (compare English "defunct").
  • IV.12 alterum, nihil ut facias, nisi quod partis regere legemque dare natae ratio suggesserit, idque ad generis humani utilitatem.alterum … alterum "the one … the other" brings in the two rules. Each is a noun clause with ut and the subjunctive, saying what the rule is: "the one, that you do nothing …". nihil is put before ut for emphasis.
  • IV.12 alterum, ut in partem diversam transeas, siquis affuerit, qui te corrigat, et sententiam tibi mutet.
  • IV.19 Qui de fama posthuma solicitus est, non cogitat fore, ut unusquisque eorum qui ipsius meminerint, mox fato sit concessurus;fore is the future infinitive of sum, and fore ut + subjunctive is "that it will come about that", a way of making a future statement in reported thought. Here the ut clause also has the future participle, sit concessurus "will yield", so the future is marked twice. fato concedere "to yield to fate" is a polite way of saying "to die".
  • IV.24 siquidem id agendo fiet, ut nec actiones consequantur supervacaneae.id agendo "by doing this" is again the gerund in the ablative with an object. fit ut with the subjunctive means "it happens that"; here it is future, fiet, ut "it will come about that". The ut clause is the subject of fiet; ut does not mean "in order that" here.
  • IV.27 quid enim? fierine potest, ut in te mundus quidam sit et dispositio concinna, in universo vero inconcinnitas mera?
  • IV.32 ita fiet, ne quando fastidio corripiaris, si in rebus minoris aestimationis, non diutius, quam par est, fueris occupatus.fit ut "it happens that" takes a noun clause; here the clause is negative, ne quando "that not … ever": "so it will come about that you are never seized by weariness". After si, ne and num, quando means "ever, at any time". corripiaris is the 2nd person present passive subjunctive of corripio "seize".
  • IV.33 unum hoc, ut mens sit justa, actio socialis, dictio mentiri nescia, affectio quicquid contigerit amplecti prompta, ut necessarium, ut familiare, ut a principio fonteque istiusmodi profluens.unum hoc "this one thing" answers the question, with est left out; the ut clause says what it is: "that the mind be just". sit is said once and understood with each pair that follows: actio (sit) socialis, dictio (sit) mentiri nescia, affectio (sit) … prompta. nescius "not knowing" with an infinitive is "not knowing how to": dictio mentiri nescia "speech that does not know how to lie".
  • IV.48 horum summa huc redit, ut humana omnia semper sic aspicias, tanquam quae diurna et vilia sint:huc redit "comes back to this" points ahead to the ut clause, which says what "this" is: "the sum of these things comes to this, that you …". Such an ut clause is a noun clause, and its verb is subjunctive (aspicias).
  • IV.48 utque temporis ideo punctum hoc insecabile naturae convenienter transigas, ac propitius decedas;utque "and that" adds a second ut clause to huc redit, ut … of the sentence before last: the sum of it all is also that you pass this moment of time in agreement with nature and depart at peace. decedere "to depart" is often used of leaving life.
  • IV.49 quid autem ea velit, non est ut nunc discas.non est ut with the subjunctive is an idiom, "there is no reason why", "it is not the case that you need to": what human nature wants, you do not need to learn now, because you know it already. The indirect question quid … ea velit "what it wants" is the object of discas, put first for emphasis.
  • V.6 est enim societatis legem colentis proprium hoc, ut sentiat se secundum legem illam agere; utque velit etiam, per Jovem, eum quocum sic agit, id persentiscere.The two ut clauses say what hoc is: "this, that he perceives … and that he wants …"; utque is the second ut with -que "and" joined to it. Such noun clauses have their verbs in the subjunctive (sentiat, velit) but are translated with a plain "that".
  • V.8 Cujusmodi illud est, quod dici solet, Aesculapium huic vel illi coordinasse, ut equitet, ut frigida proluatur, ut discalceatus incedat:After a verb of ordering, what is ordered goes into ut with the subjunctive: "that he ride, that he be bathed in cold water, that he walk barefoot". frigida is frigida aqua "cold water" with the noun left out, a regular usage. These were the standard health regimes of the day.
  • V.8 ejusmodi quiddam est, et quod huic vel illi coordinavit universi natura, ut morbo teneatur, corpore mutiletur, liberos amittat, aut aliud tale quippiam.
  • V.8 ita duplici ratione diligas oportet, quicquid evenerit tibi.
  • V.9 verum, ubi excussum aliquando te senseris, regredere, pluribusque pro officii humani ratione gestis contentus sis; atque illud, ad quod regrederis, fac diligas.
  • V.10 altero nimirum, nihil obtingere sibi posse, quod non sit universi naturae consentaneum; altero, in sua esse potestate situm, ut nihil faciat praeter genii Deique sui voluntatem.situm esse in potestate "to lie in (someone's) power". What lies in his power is the ut clause, a noun clause: "that he do nothing". situm is neuter accusative to agree with that clause.
  • V.18 Nihil cuiquam contingit, quin a natura habeat, ut id ferre possit.habere ut "to have it (given) that": the ut clause is what he has from nature, "that he can bear it". In plain English: nothing befalls a man that he is not formed by nature to bear.
  • V.20 ita fit, ut et quod opus meum hoc inhibet, ad opus conducat; et ad viam conferat, quod viae initae obstabat.fit ut "it comes about that" takes a noun clause with the subjunctive; here there are two, joined by et … et "both … and". In each the subject is a quod clause, "what …": in the first it comes before its verb (quod … inhibet … conducat), in the second after it (conferat, quod … obstabat).
  • V.33 istius tempus donec obvenerit, quid suffecerit, nisi ut Deos colas celebresque; hominibus benefacias, sustineas eos eisdemque abstineas; meminerisque ea omnia, quae extra corpusculi animulaeque tuae terminos consistunt, nec tua esse, nec in potestate tua sita?
  • VI.3 Introspice, caveque ne rei cujusquam qualitas dignitasve propria te fugiat.cave ne with the subjunctive is "take care that … not": a ne clause as the object of a verb of caution. fugere with a person as object means "to escape someone's notice": ne … te fugiat "that … does not escape you".
  • VI.6 Optimus injuriam ulciscendi modus est, inferenti ne sis similis.This ne clause states what the best way is: "that you be not like the one who inflicts it". inferenti "the one inflicting" is a present participle used as a noun, in the dative with similis "like"; with it supply injuriam: injuriam inferre "to do someone a wrong". To answer a wrong with a wrong is to become what you resent.
  • VI.7 Hoc uno te oblecta, in eoque acquiesce, ut ab una, quae communitatem juvet, actione, ad alteram transeas, numinis memor.The ut clause tells what "this one thing" is: "that you pass from one action to another". alteram "another" agrees with actionem, understood from actione.
  • VI.10 aut cur aliud quicquam mihi curae sit, quam ut quoquo modo in terram redigar?quam "than" follows aliud "other": "anything other than that I may somehow be brought back to earth". quoquo modo "in whatever way, somehow": quoquo is the ablative of quisquis. redigar is the present passive subjunctive of redigo "bring back, reduce".
  • VI.13 ad eundem modum per vitam totam agendum est, ut res eas etiam, quae comprobatu dignissimae videbuntur, prorsus denudemus, vilitatemque earum intueamur, et tollamus eam, qua evehi solent, narrationis pompam omnem.
  • VI.14 caeterum qui animam rationalem universalem ac civilem veneratur, is reliquis rebus omnibus insuper habitis, in hoc praecipue incumbit, ut animam in eo statu suam conservet, quo rationi ac communioni consentanee se habeat geratque,incumbere in "to lean on" is "to apply oneself to". hoc "this" points ahead to the ut clause, which says what the effort is: "that he keep his soul …". suam "his own" is separated from animam by in eo statu.
  • VI.16 omnis enim ars ad hoc collimat, ut quicquid producit, ad opus illud aptum sit, ad quod productum est.collimare "to aim, take aim" is a later form of collineare "to aim in a straight line" (from linea "line"); it takes ad hoc "at this", and hoc is explained by the ut clause: "that whatever it produces be fit …". The subject of aptum sit is the clause quicquid producit "whatever it produces", so aptum is neuter. aptus ad is "fit for".
  • VI.25 ita fiet, ne miraculo sit, si plura multa, vel cuncta potius quae fiunt, in hoc uno, quem mundum utique vocamus, universo, simul producantur.fit ut "it happens that" takes a noun clause in the subjunctive; for the negative Gataker writes ne where classical Latin would have ut non: ita fiet, ne miraculo sit "so it will come about that it is no wonder". miraculo is a predicative dative: miraculo esse "to serve as a wonder, be a cause of wonder".
  • VI.27 Crudele quiddam est, non permittere hominibus, ut ad ea ferantur, quae ad se pertinere sibique conducere opinantur.permittere "to allow" takes a dative of the person and an ut clause for what is allowed: "to allow men that they be carried". ferri ad (passive of fero) is "to be carried towards", to go after something eagerly, as by an impulse.
  • VI.30 Cave ne in mores Caesareos transeas, ne inficiaris. Solet enim hoc fieri.
  • VI.30 contende, talis ut persistas, qualem facere te philosophia volebat.contende ut with the subjunctive, "strive that you …", means "strive to …". talis belongs inside the ut clause but is put in front of ut for emphasis: "strive to remain such".
  • VI.39 et quibuscum vivere sortitus es, homines eos, idque veraciter fac diligas.fac with the subjunctive, ut left out, is "make (sure) that": fac diligas "see that you love". The object homines eos "those men" stands first, after its relative clause. idque "and that" adds a further point to what has just been said: love them, and love them truly, not in pretence.
  • VI.41 necesse erit, ut ubi istiusmodi vel in malum incideris, vel bono excideris, Deos incuses, oderis homines, qui horum alterutrius tibi vel autores fuerint, vel etiam fore suspicaris.necesse est ut with the subjunctive is "it is inevitable that". This is what follows from counting outside things good or bad: when you suffer or lose them, you must look for someone to blame, and you will blame the gods and hate men. Deos incuses, oderis homines is a chiasmus (object–verb, verb–object). oderis is the perfect subjunctive of odi, a verb with perfect forms and present meaning: "that you hate".
  • VI.44 ut autem male mihi facerent, ecquid eos impelleret?
  • VI.47 unicum ergo istic est, quod sit plurimi faciendum, ut veritatem justitiamque colens ipse, cum mendacibus injustisque benevole degas.The ut clause says what the one thing is: "that you live …", a noun clause with the subjunctive degas. colens "holding to, cherishing" agrees with the subject, you, and ipse "yourself" stresses that you keep truth and justice even while others do not. cum mendacibus injustisque "with liars and unjust men": adjectives used as nouns.
  • VI.49 Sicut enim staturae, sic et temporis, quantum assignatum est tibi, tanto contentus sis oportet.
  • VII.7 hoc est enim tibi propositum, ut quod est muneris tui facias, quomodo militi in dimicatione murali.hoc "this" points ahead to the ut clause, which says what it is: "this is set before you, that you do …". propositum est "it is set before, it is laid down as one's task" takes the dative tibi.
  • VII.16 in ipsius voluntate situm est, ut ne ad motus istiusmodi opinando se commoveat.situm est in "it lies in", as in 7.14. Its subject here is a noun clause, ut ne … se commoveat "that it should not stir itself", where ut ne is a fuller form of ne "that … not". ipsius "its own" refers to the mind: whether the mind is moved lies in its own will.
  • VII.16 corpusculum ne quid patiatur, sibi curae habeat, si possit; et quando patitur quicquam, conqueratur.
  • VII.20 Hoc unum me solicitum habet, nequid ipse faciam, quod hominis conditio vel minus velit, vel secus velit, vel nunc nolit.habere with an object and an adjective is "to keep (someone) in a state": me solicitum habet "keeps me anxious". The ne clause says what the anxiety is about, and after words of fear and worry ne means "that", not "that not": nequid ipse faciam "that I myself may do something". Gataker writes ne quid as one word; after ne and si the indefinite is quis, quid "anyone, anything".
  • VII.27 cave tamen interim, ne, dum istis lubenter acquiescis, eo in pretio habere assuescas te, ut siquando deesse contigerit, turberis.cave ne with the subjunctive is "take care that … not": the ne clause says what to guard against. The clause is long; its verb is assuescas, and dum istis lubenter acquiescis "while you gladly rest content in these things" is set inside it. dum "while" takes the present indicative.
  • VII.34 illud item dispice, sicut arenarum cumuli alii aliis superingesti priora abscondunt; perinde in vita contingere, ut antegressa a succedentibus quam celerrime abscondantur.The ut clause says what happens: "that what went before is hidden by what comes after". Both participles are used as nouns: antegressa, from the deponent antegredior "go before", and succedentibus, from succedo "come after". quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam celerrime "as quickly as can be". So too with fame: each name is soon buried under the next.
  • VII.46 neque enim hoc est, quod, vir vere qui sit, tantopere expetere debeat, ut temporis tantundem vivat; neque vitae oportet avidum esse;
  • VII.46 sed istis Deo dimissis, et mulierculis etiam fide adhibita, fieri non posse ut fatum quisquam quoquo modo effugiat; hoc deinceps ei perpendendum, quomodo tempus hoc, quo victurus sit, quam optime exigat.fieri non potest ut "it cannot happen that" takes an ut clause with the subjunctive; here it is reported, so potest becomes the infinitive posse. quoquo modo "in any way whatever" is the ablative of quisquis with modus.
  • VII.52 at vide ne liberalior, ne modestior, ne ad casus quosvis obsequentior, ne adversus aliorum errata placidior.vide ne with the subjunctive is 'see that … not', like cave ne 'take care that … not'. Here the verb, sit 'he is', is left out, and it is understood with each of the four ne clauses; each comparative takes 'than you' from the last sentence. Gataker prints the word nè, with the accent printers of his day gave to the conjunction nē, which sets it apart from the question particle -ne. The Greek says simply 'a better wrestler, but not more sociable, nor more modest …': let another wrestle better, but let no one outdo you in goodness.
  • VII.61 Ars vivendi est luctatoriae quam saltatoriae similior. cum in hoc sit posita, ut adversus contingentia improvisa in procinctu semper quis ac immotus consistat.cum with the subjunctive gives the reason, "since". in hoc positum esse "to be placed in this" means "to consist in this", and hoc is spelled out by the ut clause: "in this, that one should stand …". posita agrees with ars.
  • VII.67 omnino enim fieri potest, ut divinus homo quis sit, et ignotus tamen cunctis degat.fieri potest ut "it can happen that" takes a noun clause with ut and the subjunctive, which is really its subject. The clause has two verbs, sit and degat, joined by et … tamen "and yet". quis here is not the question word but the indefinite "someone", and divinus homo "a godlike man" is the predicate: "that someone is a godlike man". ignotus cunctis "unknown to all": the dative names those to whom he is unknown.
  • VIII.1 proinde si vere perspexisti, in quo res ipsa sita sit, missa existimatione, in hoc duntaxat incumbe, ut vitae quod superest, quantulumcunque id fuerit, pro naturae tuae ductu ac dictamine transigas.incumbere in "to lean on, throw one's weight into" a task. hoc "this" points ahead to the ut clause, which says what the task is: "to this alone apply yourself: that you pass …".
  • VIII.1 quaenam, inquis, decreta? de bonis malisque, ut nihil nimirum homini bonum censeat, quod non justum, temperantem, fortem, liberalem faciat; nihil malum, quod non istis contrarium.The ut clause spells out what the principles say: "that one should judge nothing good for a human being …". The subject of censeat is the indefinite "one", the quis of the question before. nimirum "of course, that is to say" brings in the explanation.
  • VIII.2 num futurum est, ut ejus poeniteat me?
  • VIII.2 quid ergo expeto ulterius, quam ut illud quod impraesentiarum ago, opus sit animantis rationalis, socialis, eademque cum Deo ipso lege agentis.After the comparative, quam "than" brings in the second term, and here it is a whole clause: ut … sit "that … be", a noun clause like an object of expeto: "what more do I seek than that what I am doing now be the work of …". illud quod impraesentiarum ago "that which I am doing at present" is the subject, opus the predicate; the genitives that follow describe the being whose work it is.
  • VIII.12 Quando somnum gravatim excutis, reminiscere, et conditioni tuae et naturae humanae consentaneum esse, ut actiones ad communitatem conducentes edas, cum dormire etiam brutis animantibus commune sit.The subject of consentaneum esse is the ut clause: "(remember) that it is in keeping … that you perform actions…". conditioni tuae et naturae humanae are datives with consentaneum "in agreement with". edas is from ēdo "put forth, perform", not from edo "eat"; conducentes "conducing to the community" means acts that serve the common good.
  • VIII.29 Imaginationes dele; saepe tecum sic loquendo, In potestate mea nunc situm est, ut nulla in hac anima existat improbitas, nulla cupiditas, nulla omnino perturbatio:Gataker marks the start of the words you say to yourself with a capital. In potestate mea situm est "it lies in my power" (situm is the perfect participle of sino, "placed"). Its subject is the ut clause: "that no wickedness exist in this soul". nulla … nulla … nulla repeats the negative with each noun, and omnino "at all" strengthens the last.
  • VIII.29 sed ut omnibus qualia reapse sint perspectis, pro existimatione sua singulis utar.A second ut clause, still depending on in potestate mea situm est: "(it lies in my power) … but that I deal with each thing as it deserves". It is not enough to keep vice out; things must also be used rightly.
  • VIII.31 dein reputa tecum, quam anxie egerint horum antecessores, ut successorem aliquem sibi superstitem relinquerent: cum necesse tamen fuerit, ut aliquis tandem ultimus existeret.
  • VIII.34 hoc autem nulli alii parti est a Deo concessum, ut revulsa semel et praecisa denuo coalescat.hoc "this" is spelled out by the ut clause: "this has been granted, that it should grow together". After verbs of granting and allowing, ut with the subjunctive makes a noun clause.
  • VIII.34 Verum benignitatem ejus considera, qua hominem cohonestavit: cum et in ipso posuerit, ne primitus ab universo revelleretur, et facultatem tribuerit, ubi fuerit revulsus, redeundi denuoque coalescendi, et partis ordinem, quem tenuerat, recuperandi.
  • VIII.37 annon et istis destinatum est, ut primo senescant, tum moriantur?annon "or not?" (an + non) asks a question expecting "yes", like nonne. destinatum est "it has been fixed, fated" is impersonal, and the ut clause is its subject: "that they should first grow old, then die". istis "for these" are the mourners.
  • VIII.42 Indignum censeo, ut me ipse vexem, qui neminem unquam volens vexarim.censeo "I think, judge" with a predicate: "I judge (it) unworthy", with esse understood, and the ut clause says what is unworthy: "that I should vex myself". Classical Latin would rather write indignum est me vexare. In me ipse the ipse agrees with the subject, not the object: "I myself (should vex) me", a regular Latin way of stressing that one is one's own tormentor.
  • VIII.44 Hoc ipsum, quod jam adest, tempus tibimet fac impertias.fac "make (sure)" with the subjunctive and ut left out is a firm way of giving an order: fac impertias "see that you grant". impertio "share, bestow" takes the thing in the accusative (tempus) and the person in the dative: tibimet is tibi with the emphatic -met, "to yourself".
  • VIII.51 quomodo ergo fieri potest, ut fontem perennem in te, non puteum, habeas?fieri potest ut + subjunctive "it can come about that": the ut clause is the subject of fieri. quomodo asks how.
  • IX.1 a natura siquidem subsidia jam olim acceperat, quibus neglectis factum est, ut falsa a veris nunc dignoscere nequeat.
  • IX.1 necesse est enim, ut is qui sic affectus fuerit, de rerum natura saepe conqueratur, quasi ea bonis malisque praeter meritum utriusque aliquid attribuat;necesse est ut + subjunctive "it is necessary that", in effect "he cannot help (complaining)": the ut clause is the subject of necesse est. Inside it, is qui sic affectus fuerit "the man who is so disposed": affectus fuerit is the perfect passive subjunctive of afficio, "has been (so) affected", that is, is in that state; it is subjunctive because it stands inside the ut clause.
  • IX.2 Gratius equidem foret, ut prius defungeretur quispiam, quam mendacitatem, simulationem, luxum, fastum delibasset.foret is another form of esset, "it would be". Its subject is the ut clause: "that a man should die (would be) more welcome". Gratius is the neuter comparative of gratus "pleasing", neuter because a clause is its subject. defungi "to have done with" is used alone for "to have done with life, to die"; compare English defunct. quispiam "someone, a man".
  • IX.2 secundus autem ab hoc gradus, horum satur saltem ut emori praeoptet, quam improbitati immorari.The ut clause says what the second step is, but ut is held back behind horum satur saltem, which are put first for weight. satur "full, sated" takes the genitive of what one has had one's fill of: horum satur "sated with these things", sick of them. praeoptare "to prefer" (prae "before" + opto "choose") takes quam "rather than", like malle: "that he should prefer to die rather than linger".
  • IX.2 an nondum experientia tibi ipsa suadet, ut e peste ista profugias.suadere "to advise, urge" takes the dative of the person, tibi, and ut with the subjunctive for what he is urged to do: "persuades you to flee". pestis "plague, pestilence" is the vices just named; ista "that" points to them.
  • IX.5 Saepenumero contingit ut injuste agat, tam qui non facit aliquid, quam et qui facit.contingit "it happens" is impersonal; what happens is the ut clause, with its verb in the subjunctive: "it happens that (he) acts unjustly".
  • IX.28 mox futurum est ut tellus nos omnes condat: dein et ipsa in alia mutabitur: et ista in infinitum mutabuntur: et ista rursus in infinitum.futurum est ut with the subjunctive, "it is going to be that …", is a round-about future, as in 3.11: "soon the earth will cover us all". condere here is "to bury, hide away"; in 9.26 the same verb meant "to found, make".
  • IX.31 hoc est; intentio tua actioque omnis hunc solum sibi finem propositum habeat, ut ad societatem humanam quod conducat fecerit, utpote quod naturae tuae consentaneum existat.The ut clause spells out hunc finem. In plain order it runs ut fecerit (id) quod ad societatem humanam conducat: the antecedent id is left out, and ad societatem humanam, which belongs with conducat "is useful for", is placed before the relative quod. The perfect fecerit looks at the deed as done: the aim is to have accomplished what serves human fellowship. conducat is subjunctive because its clause stands inside the ut clause.
  • IX.40 si possunt, cur non hoc potius ab eis prece poscis, nequid horum cupias, nequid de horum ullo anxius sis, quam ut horum quicquam vel eveniat vel non eveniat?Clauses with ne and the subjunctive spell out the request: nequid horum cupias "that you may not desire any of these things". nequid is ne + quid written as one word, and horum is a partitive genitive with it. In the second clause nequid is an adverbial accusative, "in no way": "that you may not be at all anxious about any one of them".
  • IX.40 orat hic, quomodo fiet, ut illius mulierculae concubitum obtineam? tu ora, quomodo fiet, ut illius concubitum ne concupiscam?The man's prayer is quoted as he says it, in the first person. fieri ut "come about that" takes a noun clause with ut and the subjunctive: "how will it come about that I obtain …?", that is, "how am I to get …?". muliercula, the diminutive of mulier, is slighting: "that woman". concubitus is "lying together": he prays to bed her.ut ne is a fuller form of ne, "that … not": "that I may not desire to lie with her". ora is the imperative of oro, and the pronoun tu sets you against hic "this man".
  • IX.42 Quando alterius cujuspiam impudentia offenderis, statim sic percontare te, Fierine ergo potest, ut impudentes in mundo ne sint? non potest.fieri potest ut "it can happen that" takes a noun clause with ut and the subjunctive, and -ne on fieri makes it a question: "can it happen, then, that …?". The clause is negative; classical Latin would say ut … non sint, but Gataker writes ut … ne, a fuller form of ne "that … not". impudentes, an adjective used as a noun, is "shameless people".
  • IX.42 utile est admodum et ut apud te cogites ecquam homini virtutem natura dederit adversus hoc vitium.The ut clause is the subject of utile est: "that you consider … is very useful", in English "it is very useful to consider". et here means "also", and apud te "with yourself" is "in your own mind".
  • IX.42 tu vide, annon te potius incusare debeas, quod non expectaveris fore, ut hoc ille delinqueret;
  • X.3 memineris tamen, natura esse comparatum te, ad quidlibet ferendum, quod in opinione tua situm est, ut tolerabile faciat, vel conducere tibi, vel officii esse, ut illud facias, censendo.situm est "is placed, lies" is used as in in te situm est "it lies with you". The ut clause spells out what lies with your opinion: that it should make the thing tolerabile "tolerable". The subject of faciat is your opinion, and its object, "it", is left unsaid. Taken together: "anything that it lies with your opinion to make bearable".
  • X.6 cum hoc naturae omnes in commune sortiantur: mundi vero natura et hoc amplius obtineat, quod a nulla caussa externa cogi possit, ut sibi ipsi noxium quicquam producat.Verbs of forcing take an ut clause for what one is forced to do: cogi ut … producat "be forced to produce". sibi ipsi "to itself" is the world's nature.
  • X.6 ubi ergo meminerim, partem esse me universi istiusmodi, futurum est, ut quicquid evenerit, gratum mihi acceptumque sit.futurum est ut "it is going to be that" is a roundabout future with an ut clause as its subject: "it will come about that whatever happens will be pleasing and welcome to me". evenerit is future perfect, "shall have happened". gratum acceptumque "pleasing and welcome" is a set pair; acceptus, the participle of accipio, means "gladly received, welcome".
  • X.6 his ita peractis, vita prospera mihi fluat necesse erit.necesse est "it is necessary" can take a subjunctive clause without ut: vita … fluat necesse erit "it will be necessary that life flow", i.e. "my life is bound to flow". prospera agrees with vita but works like an adverb: "flow prosperous", "run smoothly"; mihi "for me" makes it "my life". The Greek says the life will "flow well".
  • X.7 sin, misso quis naturae nomine, ita nata esse dicere voluerit, vide quam ridiculum sit, ut qui dicat universi partes mutare natas, idem hoc ipsum mutare illas, tanquam quod praeter rerum ipsarum naturam contingat, miretur et aegre ferat:The ut clause is the subject of ridiculum sit: "that the man who says … should himself wonder and take it badly". qui dicat "(the man) who says" is taken up by idem "the same man": one and the same person says the parts are born to change and then resents their changing. dicat is subjunctive because it stands inside the ut clause.
  • X.8 Intra nomina igitur ista si te continueris, nec ut alii his te titulis cohonestent concupiveris, alius jam futurus es, quam pridem fueras, aliamque initurus vitae rationem.concupisco "long for" takes an ut clause: "and do not long that others should honour you with these titles". The names must be yours in fact, not a reputation given you by others.
  • X.12 hoc enim assequi, ut juste agas, optimum est: nec nisi ab hoc aberrando excideris.The subject of optimum est is the infinitive assequi "to attain", and its object hoc "this" is explained by the ut clause: "to attain this, namely that you act justly".
  • X.16 Ne ulterius occupere totus, disserendo qualis vir bonus sit, sed enitendo ut ipse sis.
  • X.21 amat et mundus facere quicquid futurum est ut fiat.futurum est ut fiat "it is going to be that it happens" is a roundabout future for fio, which has no future participle of its own; the ut clause is the subject of futurum est. quicquid "whatever" is the subject of fiat, and the whole clause is the object of facere: "to make whatever is going to happen".
  • X.28 considera et fato nos illigatos teneri: et rationali animali soli datum esse, ut eis quae eveniunt, sponte obsequi possit; cum sequi ipsum omnibus sit necessarium.The second accusative and infinitive after considera, whose subject is the ut clause: "that it has been granted to the rational creature alone that it can …". datum esse is the perfect passive infinitive of do; datur ut "it is granted that" is used like contingit ut "it falls to one's lot that".
  • X.33 siquidem cylindro quidem non conceditur, ut motu proprio ubique feratur; sed nec aquae, nec igni, nec alii rei cuiquam, quae a natura mera, vel anima regitur irrationali.conceditur is impersonal with a dative, "it is not granted to a cylinder", and the ut clause is its subject: "that it be carried everywhere by its own motion". feratur is a passive used of moving oneself, "roll on". A cylinder rolls of itself down a slope, but on level ground or against an obstacle it stops; the image goes back to Chrysippus, the early Stoic. siquidem "for in fact" brings in the proof, and quidem sets these things against mind and reason two sentences on.
  • X.35 quae vero dixerit, Liberos mihi salvos velim; et, Omnes quicquid fecero laudent, velim; oculi est instar viridia poscentis, vel dentium tenella postulantium.Gataker marks each quoted wish with a comma and a capital. velim takes a subjunctive clause without ut: "I would like (that) everyone praise …". quicquid fecero "whatever I shall have done" is a future perfect where English uses a present: "whatever I do".
  • XI.1 sed ita fit quodammodo, ut quadraginta annos qui egerit, mentem modo aliquam habuerit, et res gestas animadverterit, ex uniformitatis ratione, et praeterita omnia et futura viderit.ita fit ut "it so comes about that" has a clause with ut and the subjunctive as its subject; quodammodo "in a way" softens the claim. The ut clause runs to the end of the sentence.
  • XI.2 de saltationis motibus gestibusque singulis, de pancratio itidem, si gemina feceris, futurum est ut pari modo adversus haec afficiaris.
  • XI.9 sed ad utrumque horum teneas te, ut et in judicio actioneque constanti persistas, et in mansuetudine erga illos, qui vel impedire te conantur, vel alio modo quopiam molesti tibi sunt.teneas te "you should hold yourself" is a jussive subjunctive, a softened command. utrumque horum "each of these two" is spelled out by the ut clause, which names the two things: steadiness in judgement and action, and gentleness towards opponents. An ut clause that explains a neuter pronoun like this means "namely, that".
  • XI.13 annon amplecteris, quod universi naturae nunc est tempestivum, cum homo sis ad hoc compositus positusque, ut id fieri, quocunque tandem modo, velis, quod in commune conducat?Read it as ut id fieri velis, quod in commune conducat "that you want that to happen which serves the common good", with id … quod "that … which" split round the verb. quocunque tandem modo "in whatever way at all" is set off by commas, tandem strengthening quocunque. in commune conducere is "to serve the common good"; conducat is subjunctive because it belongs to the ut clause.
  • XI.16 indifferenter autem se habebit, si divisim et integre earum unamquamque consideraverit; simulque recordatus fuerit, quod nihil horum cogere nos potest, ut hoc vel illud de ipso opinemur;cogo "compel" takes ut with the subjunctive for what one is compelled to do: "none of these things can force us to think this or that about it". de ipso "about itself": no thing imposes an opinion of itself on us; the opinion is ours.
  • XI.18 atque omnino multa prius edocearis oportet, quam de facto alieno certi quicquam statuere possis.oportet here takes a plain subjunctive, with ut left out: edocearis oportet "you must be taught". edoceo takes two accusatives, the person and the thing taught; in the passive the person becomes the subject and the thing stays accusative: multa edocearis "you be taught many things".
  • XI.18 nisi enim malum id sit duntaxat quod inhonestum est, necesse futurum est, ut et tu multa pecces, et latro, vel quidlibet etiam, fias.necesse est ut with the subjunctive is "it is necessary that", here in the future: "it will have to be that you …". If anything besides wrongdoing were evil, you might do anything, even turn robber, to escape it.
  • XI.18 Veruntamen ex aequo cavendum, sicut ne irascaris eis, ita etiam ne aduleris.caveo ne with the subjunctive is "take care not to". sicut … ita "just as … so" pairs the two dangers. irascor and adulor are deponents; irascor takes the dative, eis "with them".
  • XI.18 tum concedere, ut adversus alios tales sint, sed ne in te peccent postulare, et stolidum est et tyrannicum etiam.
  • XI.26 In scriptis Epicureis praecipitur, ut in mente ac memoria semper habeamus antiquorum aliquem eorum, qui virtutem coluerint.praecipitur "it is laid down" is an impersonal passive, and the ut clause is its subject: "it is enjoined that we keep …". scripta, the neuter plural of the participle of scribo, is "things written, writings". Seneca quotes the rule from Epicurus (Letters 11.8–10): choose some good man and keep him always before your eyes, living as if he were watching. Marcus the Stoic borrows freely from the rival school.
  • XI.34 Filiolum deosculanti praecipiebat Epictetus, intus apud se diceret, Cras forsan moriturus est.praecipere "to instruct" is followed by a subjunctive clause with ut left out: "he instructed (that) he should say". diceret is imperfect subjunctive after the past praecipiebat. intus apud se "inwardly, to himself": the words are not to be said aloud.
  • XII.1 nec hoc metueris, ne vivere desinas aliquando, sed ne secundum naturam vivere tandem occipias;After verbs of fearing, ne means "that", not "that not": metuo ne desinam "I fear that I may stop". nec hoc … sed is "not this … but": fear not that you may some day stop living, but that you may begin to live by nature only tandem "at last", at the very end, too late. The Greek says more sharply "never begin"; tandem is Gataker's own softening, as his edition of 1652 prints it. metueris is future perfect, the second verb of the si clause.
  • XII.4 Saepenumero sum miratus, qui fiat, ut cum sese prae caeteris omnibus diligat unusquisque, suam tamen de se existimationem minoris faciat, quam alienam.
  • XII.4 itaque si vel Deus vel praeceptor prudens quis astans praeceperit cuiquam, ne quid apud se cogitet menteve agitet quod non simul ac conceperit proferat, ne ad dieculam quidem id sustineret.
  • XII.5 Qui fit, ut Dii, qui pulcre ac cum singulari erga genus humanum amore disposuerunt universa, hoc unum neglexerint,
  • XII.5 curare nempe, ne homines, boni cumprimis, quique frequentissima cum ipsis quasi commercia habuerint, atque per opera pia sacraque ministeria quam maxime familiares ipsis extiterint, ubi semel defuncti sunt, non existerent amplius, sed omnino extinguerentur?ne covers the whole of what follows: what the gods failed to prevent is that men non existerent amplius, sed omnino extinguerentur "should no longer exist, but be utterly put out". So ne … non is not a slip: "take care that they should not cease to exist". The imperfect subjunctives follow the past tense neglexerint.
  • XII.11 Quanta est hominis potentia, in cujus situm est arbitrio, ut nihil faciat, nisi quod Deus ipse comprobaturus est, et quicquid Deus illi assignaverit, libens excipiat?in aliquo situm esse "to lie in someone's power"; here the phrase is split, in cujus … arbitrio "in whose choice", round the verb. What lies in his choice is the ut clause: "that he do nothing … and accept gladly …".
  • XII.15 An cum lucernae lumen, usquedum extinguatur, luceat, nec splendorem amittat suum; tu admissurus es, ut in te veritas, justitia, temperantia ante extinctum temet extinguatur?
  • XII.20 Primo vide, nequid temere, aut absque certo aliquo fine.vide ne "see that … not" takes a clause with ne and the subjunctive, but here the verb is left out: supply fiat "be done", as in 12.24 (nequid frustra … fiat). nequid is Gataker's one-word spelling of ne quid "that not anything", i.e. "that nothing": "first, see that nothing (is done) rashly".
  • XII.20 secundo, ne ad ullum alium finem, quam qui societati conducat, referatur.vide is understood again: "second, (see) that (it) is not directed …". The subject of referatur is whatever you do. referre ad "to refer to, bring back to" is to direct an act towards its purpose, to make it serve that purpose.
  • XII.21 Cogita tecum, brevi fore, ut nec ipse ullus usquam futurus sis, nec quicquam eorum quae vides, nec horum quisquam qui nunc vivunt.fore is the future infinitive of sum, and fore ut with the subjunctive, "that it will come about that", reports a future event after cogita. Here the ut clause has a future participle as well, futurus sis "you are going to be", so the future is marked twice. brevi is short for brevi tempore "in a short time".
  • XII.29 In hoc vitae salus sita est, ut unumquodque quid sit in universum discernas; quidque materiae, quid formae habeat.hoc "this" points ahead to the ut clause, which says what "this" is: "the safety of life lies in this, that you discern …". sita est "lies, is placed" is the perfect participle of sino with est. salus is health and safety together: what keeps a life sound.
  • XII.29 atque ex animo toto justa facias, et vera dicas.Though printed as a new sentence, this still depends on ut in the last: "and that you do just things with your whole heart, and say true things". That is why facias and dicas are subjunctive. justa and vera are neuter plural adjectives used as nouns; ex animo "from the heart" means sincerely.
  • XII.32 haec omnia cum cogitaveris, nihil magnum reputa, hoc solo excepto, ut ea facias ad quae natura tua te ducit, ea sustineas quae natura communis infert.