Book XIMeditations · Liber XI

The rational soul sees, shapes and makes itself, and gathers its own fruit; unlike a dance or a play, its life is complete wherever death cuts it off. It surveys the whole world and its periodic renewal, and knows that a man of forty who has kept his eyes open has seen all that ever was or will be. Its marks are love of neighbour, truthfulness, modesty and putting nothing above itself, so that right reason and justice are one.

Haethese suntare animaeof the soul rationeratiōnewith reason praeditaeendowed proprietatesproprietātēs.the propertiesThese are the properties of the soul endowed with reason.animae ratione praeditae praeditus "endowed with, possessed of" takes the ablative: ratione praeditae "endowed with reason". It agrees with animae, which is genitive singular here ("of the soul"), not plural. The properties themselves follow in the next sentences. sesēitself cernit,it sees fingit,shapes artatque,and fits together utas lubet,it pleases (it) qualemquequālemqueand of whatever kind vultit wants ipsa,itself facit:it makes (itself) fructumfrūctum,the fruit quemwhich profertprōfert,it bears ipsaitself carpit.picksIt sees itself, shapes and fits itself together as it pleases, and makes itself whatever kind it wants: the fruit it bears, it picks itself,se cernit, fingit, artatque The subject, the rational soul, carries over from the first sentence, and all its acts fall on itself: a single se "itself" is the object of all three verbs: written once, with cernit, it is understood with fingit and artat. fingo is to shape, as a potter shapes clay; arto (also spelled arcto) is to draw tight, fit closely together. Gataker uses the pair for the Greek "it articulates itself": the soul gives itself its own form and order. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusut lubet, qualemque vult ipsa, facit lubet is Gataker's spelling of libet "it pleases", used impersonally: ut lubet "as it pleases (it)". In qualemque vult ipsa, facit the object se is understood again, and qualem "of the kind which" stands for talem qualem: "it makes itself such as it itself wants". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivefructum, quem profert, ipsa carpit The object comes first for weight: "the fruit which it bears, it picks itself". ipsa "itself" stresses that the soul reaps its own harvest; the next clause sets this against trees and animals, whose fruit others pick. carpo "pluck, pick" is the verb of carpe diem. cumwhereas arborumof trees fructusfrūctūs,the fruits quodqueand what istisistīsthose inin animalibusanimālibusanimals respondet,corresponds aliialiīothers carpant.pickwhereas the fruit of trees, and what answers to it in animals, others pick.cum … carpant This clause finishes the sentence before it, after Gataker's full stop. cum with the subjunctive here sets up a contrast, "whereas": the soul enjoys its own fruit, while the fruit of trees, and its counterpart in animals (their milk, wool or young), is enjoyed by others. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughquodque istis in animalibus respondet quod has no antecedent: "(that) which", i.e. whatever corresponds to fruit in animals. The preposition stands between the adjective and its noun, a common order: istis in animalibus = in istis animalibus. finemfīnemend, goal semperalways suumits own assequitur,it reaches ubicunquewherever constiteritcōnstiteritcomes to a stop vitaevītaeof life terminus.the limitIt always reaches its own end, wherever the limit of its life comes to a stop.finem semper suum assequitur finis is both "end" and "goal" (the Greek has telos, "goal"): the soul always reaches its goal, however early its life is cut off. suum "its own" is parted from finem by semper; assequor "reach, attain" is deponent.ubicunque constiterit vitae terminus ubicunque "wherever" (Gataker's spelling of ubicumque) makes the clause general. constiterit, from consisto "come to a halt, take one's stand", is future perfect: Latin looks to the moment when the limit will already have been reached, where English says "wherever it stops". The subject, vitae terminus "the boundary of life", comes after its verb. The future perfect ("if you will have done…") nequenot enimfor sicsīcso sesēitself habet,it is quoquōin which modomodōway inin saltandosaltandōdancing autor inin fabulamfābulama play agendoagendōacting aliisquealiīsqueand other things ejusmodiejusmodī,of that kind inin quibuswhich siquidsīquidif anything inciderisincīderīs,you cut short actioāctiōthe performance totatōtawhole fitbecomes mutila;maimedFor it is not with the soul as it is in dancing or in acting a play and other things of that kind, in which, if you cut anything short, the whole performance becomes maimed;neque enim sic se habet, quo modo se habere with an adverb means "to be in a certain state": sic se habet "it is so". sic … quo modo "so … in the way that" compares the soul's life with the arts named next: it is not with the soul as it is with them. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivein fabulam agendo in governs the gerund agendo "acting" (ablative), and fabulam is the gerund's own object: "in acting a play". Classical Latin would usually turn this into the gerundive, in fabula agenda; Gataker sets the object between the preposition and the gerund. saltando "dancing" is a plain gerund after in. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)siquid incideris, actio tota fit mutila incideris is from incīdo "cut into, cut short" (from caedo "cut"), not incĭdo "fall into". It is perfect subjunctive with the general "you": "if you (anyone) cut anything short"; siquid is si + quid "anything". Then the whole performance (actio, the acting of a part) "becomes maimed": a dance or a play is complete only if it runs to its end. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis) sedbut inat quacunquequācunquewhatever parte,point etand ubicunquewherever deprehensadēprehēnsaovertaken fuerit,it has been quodwhat praecessithas gone before plenumplēnumfull prorsusprōrsusentirely etand perfectumcomplete sibifor itself facit:it makes utso that diceredīcereto say liceat,it may EgoI quaewhich meamine sunt,are omniaall habeohabeō.I havebut at whatever point, and wherever it is overtaken, it makes what has gone before entirely full and complete for itself, so that it may say: I have everything that is mine.ubicunque deprehensa fuerit deprehensa fuerit is a future perfect passive, with fuerit where classical Latin has erit, as often in Gataker: "wherever it shall have been overtaken", that is, wherever death catches the soul. deprehensa is feminine because its subject is still the soul. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")quod praecessit plenum prorsus et perfectum sibi facit quod praecessit "what has gone before" is the object of facit, and plenum … et perfectum are predicates: "it makes what went before full and complete". Whatever part of life has been lived is already whole, and the soul needs nothing more sibi "for itself".Ego quae mea sunt, omnia habeo The soul's own words. The relative clause comes before its antecedent: Ego omnia, quae mea sunt, habeo "I have everything that is mine". The Greek is the word written on a receipt, "I have received my own in full": nothing is owing. ut … liceat is a result clause, "so that it may say". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod adhaecbesides mundumthe world totumtōtumwhole pervagaturpervagātur,it ranges over et,and quodwhich ambitsurrounds hunc,it vacuum,the void figuramquefigūramqueand the shape ejusdemof the same contemplaturcontemplātur,it contemplates etand ininto aeviaevīof time immensitatemimmēnsitātemthe immensity sesēitself porrigit,stretches out etand universiūniversīof the universe perat intervallaintervals certafixed renovationemrenovātiōnemthe renewal comprehenditit grasps etand consideratcōnsīderat;considersBesides, it ranges over the whole world and the void that surrounds it, and contemplates its shape, and stretches itself out into the immensity of time, and grasps and considers the renewal of the universe at fixed intervals;et, quod ambit hunc, vacuum vacuum "the void" is the neuter of vacuus "empty" used as a noun, a second object of pervagatur beside mundum. Its relative clause comes first: quod ambit hunc "which surrounds it", hunc being the world. The Stoics held that the world is a finite sphere with empty space all round it.universi per intervalla certa renovationem The Stoics taught that the universe is consumed by fire and then born again, the same as before, at fixed intervals of time. renovationem "renewal" is the object of both verbs; universi "of the universe" depends on it, and per intervalla certa "at fixed intervals" stands between them. videtqueand it sees simul,at the same time quodthat nihilnothing novinovīnew visurivīsūrīgoing to see sintare posteriposterīthose after nostrinostrī,our sicutsīcutjust as necnot … either ampliusmore quicquamanything videruntvīdēruntsaw antecessoresantecessōrēsforebears nostrinostrī,ourand at the same time it sees that those who come after us will see nothing new, just as those who went before us saw nothing more either:quod nihil novi visuri sint posteri nostri Gataker often reports what is seen or said with quod and the subjunctive where classical Latin would use the accusative and infinitive: "that our descendants will see nothing new". visuri sint is the future participle with sint, the usual way to give a future in the subjunctive. nihil novi "nothing of new" is a partitive genitive: "nothing new". Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtsicut nec amplius quicquam viderunt antecessores nostri nec … quicquam "not … anything" with amplius "more": "just as our forebears did not see anything more either". posteri "those who come after" and antecessores "those who went before" frame the thought: one age is like every other. sedrather itaso fitit comes about quodammodoquōdammodo,in a way utthat quadragintaquadrāgintāforty annosannōsyears quiquīhe who egeritēgerit,has spent mentema mind modoprovided only aliquamsome habuerit,he has had etand resrēsthe things gestasgestāsdone animadverterit,he has noticed exby uniformitatisūniformitātisof uniformity rationeratiōne,reason etboth praeteritathe past omniaall etand futurafutūrathings to come videritvīderit.has seenrather, it comes about in a way that whoever has lived forty years, provided only he has some mind and has paid attention to what has happened, has, because all things are of one kind, seen both everything past and everything to come.ita fit quodammodo, ut ita fit ut "it so comes about that" has a clause with ut and the subjunctive as its subject; quodammodo "in a way" softens the claim. The ut clause runs to the end of the sentence. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)ut quadraginta annos qui egerit … viderit The verb of the ut clause is its last word, viderit "has seen". Its subject is a relative clause with no antecedent, qui egerit "he who has spent", whose object quadraginta annos "forty years" is set in front of qui: "whoever has lived forty years … has seen". ago with a span of time means "spend, pass"; both verbs are perfect subjunctive inside the ut clause. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodmentem modo aliquam habuerit, et res gestas animadverterit modo with the subjunctive means "provided only, if only" (like dummodo): "provided he has some mind". It also governs et res gestas animadverterit "and has paid attention to what has happened", which Gataker adds to the Greek. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)ex uniformitatis ratione, et praeterita omnia et futura ex … ratione "by reason of" gives the cause: because everything that happens is of one kind, forty years of watching show in effect all the past and all the future. et … et is "both … and"; praeterita "things gone by" (from praetereo) and futura "things to be" (from sum) are participles used as nouns, and omnia goes with both. propriaproper suntare animaeof the soul rationalisratiōnālisrational etalso ista;these things proximosproximōsneighbours diligeredīligere,to love veracemvērācem,truthful verecundamverēcundammodest esse,to be nihilnothing sibito itself praeferre,to prefer quodwhich etalso legislēgisof law estis proprium.the propertyThese too are properties of the rational soul: to love one's neighbours, to be truthful and modest, to prefer nothing to itself, which is also the property of law.propria sunt animae rationalis et ista proprius "one's own, peculiar to" takes a genitive: propria animae rationalis "proper to the rational soul". ista "these things" is the subject, and the infinitives after the semicolon say what they are. Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"veracem, verecundam esse The infinitive esse has an unexpressed subject, the soul, so its predicate adjectives are accusative and feminine: "(for it) to be truthful, modest". The two adjectives stand side by side with no "and", like the items of the whole list. verecundus "modest, respectful" renders the Greek aidōs, a sense of shame and reverence.nihil sibi praeferre, quod et legis est proprium praeferre "put before, prefer" takes the accusative of what is preferred and the dative of what it is preferred to: "to prefer nothing to itself", to rank nothing above its own reason. quod picks up this last item: law too ranks nothing above itself. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi) itathus interbetween rectamrēctamright rationemratiōnemreason etand justitiaejūstitiaeof justice rationemratiōnemthe reason, principle nihilnothing interest.lies betweenThus there is no difference between right reason and the reason of justice.ita inter rectam rationem et justitiae rationem nihil interest intersum "be between" gives the idiom inter A et B interest "there is a difference between A and B"; with nihil as subject, "there is no difference". ratio comes twice, as the Greek logos does: recta ratio "right reason" is the Stoic name for reason working as it should, justitiae ratio the reason or principle of justice. If reason's own marks are love of others and ranking nothing above itself, as law does, then right reason and justice are one.

A pleasant song, a dance or a bout of the pancratium loses its hold once you take it note by note or move by move and ask whether each part has mastered you. Except for virtue and its acts, break everything into its parts and so come to despise it; do the same with life as a whole.

CantilenamCantilēnama song jucundamjūcundam,pleasant saltationemsaltātiōnem,dancing pancratiumthe pancratium contemnescontemnēs,you will despise sisīif vocevōcethe melody concinnaconcinnāharmonious ininto sonossonōssounds, notes singulossingulōssingle divisadīvīsā,divided dedēabout hishīsthese sigillatimsigillātimone by one tetēyourself percontatuspercontātusasked fueris,you have Numsurely … not? istudthis memēme victumbeaten habet?has erubescesērubēscēsyou will blush enimfor idit faterifatērī.to admitYou will think nothing of a pleasant song, of dancing, of the pancratium, if, once the melody is divided into its single notes, you ask yourself about each of them in turn: Surely this one has not got me beaten? For you will blush to admit it.Cantilenam jucundam, saltationem, pancratium contemnes The three objects come first, the verb after them: "a pleasant song, dancing, the pancratium, you will despise". The pancratium was an all-in contest of boxing and wrestling, a favourite show at the Greek games. contemnes is future, the outcome of the condition that follows.voce concinna in sonos singulos divisa An ablative absolute: "the harmonious voice having been divided into its single sounds", that is, when you take the tune apart note by note. de his sigillatim "about these one at a time" refers to the notes. Ablative absolutesi … te percontatus fueris percontor "question" is deponent; percontatus fueris is its future perfect (Gataker writes fueris for eris), which Latin often uses in an "if" clause before a future: "if you (shall) have asked yourself". te "yourself" is the person questioned. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")Num istud me victum habet? The question you put to yourself. num expects the answer "no". habere with a perfect participle means to keep someone in that state: me victum habet "holds me beaten". No single note can be said to conquer anyone, and so erubesces enim id fateri "you will blush to admit it". dedēabout saltationissaltātiōnisof the dance motibusmōtibusthe movements gestibusqueand gestures singulissingulīs,each dedēabout pancratiopancratiōthe pancratium itidem,likewise sisīif geminathe like fecerisfēceris,you do futurumfutūrumgoing to be estit is utthat pariparīthe same modomodōway adversustowards haecthese things afficiarisafficiāris.you are affectedIf you do the like with each movement and gesture of the dance, and likewise with the pancratium, you will find yourself affected in the same way towards these.de saltationis motibus gestibusque singulis, de pancratio itidem The two de phrases, "about each movement and gesture of the dance, and likewise about the pancratium", come before the si clause they belong to. singulis "each" goes with both nouns.si gemina feceris geminus is "twin"; the neuter plural gemina means "twin things, the like": "if you do the same", i.e. take the dance and the fight apart as you took the song apart. feceris is future perfect, like percontatus fueris before it.futurum est ut pari modo adversus haec afficiaris futurum est ut "it will be that" with the subjunctive is a roundabout future: "you will be affected in the same way towards these". afficio in the passive with an adverb means "to be disposed, to feel": you will feel the same contempt. Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses) itaqueand so virtutevirtūtevirtue solasōlāalone exceptaexceptāexcepted etand virtutisvirtūtisof virtue actionibusāctiōnibus,the acts inin reliquisreliquīsthe other omnibusall (things) adto particulasparticulāsthe small parts seorsimsēorsimseparately consideratascōnsīderātāsconsidered recurrereto go back mementomementō,remember utso that abfrom harumhārumof these disjunctionedisjūnctiōnethe separating resrēsthe things ipsasipsāsthemselves contemptumto despise easeās.you may goAnd so, with virtue alone excepted, and the acts of virtue, in all other things remember to go back to their small parts, each considered on its own, so that from taking them apart you may go on to despise the things themselves.itaque virtute sola excepta et virtutis actionibus An ablative absolute, "virtue alone being excepted"; et virtutis actionibus "and the acts of virtue" is a second ablative with the same excepta. itaque "and so" draws the general rule from the song, the dance and the fight. Ablative absolutead particulas seorsim consideratas recurrere memento memento "remember" takes the infinitive recurrere "to run back, have recourse": "remember to go back to the small parts, each considered on its own". Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctiveut ab harum disjunctione res ipsas contemptum eas contemptum here is not the noun "contempt" but the supine of contemno: the supine in -um after a verb of motion gives the purpose, "go to despise". So contemptum eas "you may go on to despise", with res ipsas "the things themselves" as its object. ab harum disjunctione "from the separating of these (parts)" is the starting point. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo) hocthis autemand ipsumvery etalso adto vitamvītamlife totamtōtamwhole transferastrānsferās.you should carry overAnd this very method you should carry over to the whole of life too.hoc autem ipsum et ad vitam totam transferas transferas is a jussive subjunctive, a mild command: "you should carry over". hoc ipsum "this very thing" is the method of taking things apart, and et means "also": apply it to life as a whole, which, seen piece by piece, loses its false grandeur. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")

Admirable is the soul that is ready at any moment to leave the body, whether it is then put out, scattered or lives on. But the readiness must come from its own judgement, not from mere obstinacy like the Christians': meet death thoughtfully, calmly and without fuss, so that you persuade others too.

QualisQuāliswhat kind of, what a estis animathe soul ea,that quaewhich parataparātaready estis jamnow statim,at once sisīif oportuerit,it is necessary eēout of corporethe body emigrareēmigrāre,to move out etand veleither extinguiextinguī,to be put out velor dispergidispergī,to be scattered velor permanerepermanēre?to remainWhat a soul is that which is ready, here and now, if need be, to move out of the body, and either be put out, or be scattered, or remain!Qualis est anima ea, quae parata est qualis "of what kind" asks a question that is really an exclamation of praise (the Greek is an exclamation): what a soul that is! ea "that" points forward to quae parata est "which is ready"; paratus "ready" takes an infinitive, here emigrare and the three after it.si oportuerit oportuerit is the future perfect of the impersonal oportet "it is necessary": "if it shall have become necessary", that is, "if need be". jam statim "now, at once" means at any moment. emigrare is to move out of one's house: the body is the soul's lodging. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")vel extingui, vel dispergi, vel permanere vel … vel … vel "either … or … or". These are the fates of the soul after death that the philosophers argued over: to be put out like a flame, to be scattered into atoms, or to remain in being for a time. The ready soul does not need to know which. extingui is Gataker's spelling of exstingui, from exstinguo "put out". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive itain this sense paratamparātamready dicodīcō,I mean, I call utthat aāfrom judiciojūdiciōjudgement peculiaripecūliārīits own promptitudopromptitūdōreadiness haecthis profluatprōfluat,should flow nonnōnnot abfrom obstinationeobstinātiōneobstinacy meramerā,mere proprōafter ChristianorumChrīstiānōrumof the Christians moremōre:the mannerI call it ready in this sense: that this readiness should flow from its own judgement, not from mere obstinacy, as is the way of the Christians;ita paratam dico, ut ita … ut "in this sense … that": Marcus defines what he means by "ready". paratam is feminine: it agrees with the soul, anima, understood as the object of dico: "I call it ready in this way". The ut clause has the subjunctive profluat "should flow".a judicio peculiari promptitudo haec profluat peculiaris is "one's own, personal": the readiness must spring from the soul's own judgement, reached by thinking. promptitudo "readiness" is a late Latin word; haec "this" agrees with it.pro Christianorum more pro with the ablative means "in accordance with": "as is the way of the Christians". This is the only place where Marcus names the Christians, whose readiness to die for their faith Romans took for stubbornness (Pliny, writing to Trajan about 112, calls it "inflexible obstinacy"). Some scholars think the three Greek words behind the phrase are a reader's note that slipped into the text. utthat mortemdeath obeasobeāsyou meet consideratecōnsīderātē,thoughtfully compositecompositē,with composure citracitrāwithout tumultum,fuss quoquōso that etalso aliisaliīsothers idemthe same suaderesuādēreto persuade possispossīs.you canthat you should meet death thoughtfully, with composure, without fuss, so that you may persuade others of the same as well.ut mortem obeas considerate, composite, citra tumultum The definition goes on in a second ut clause, now in the second person: true readiness means "that you meet death" (mortem obire, "to go to meet death, to die") thoughtfully, with composure, and citra tumultum "without commotion" (citra is Gataker's "without"). The Greek behind citra tumultum means "without tragic display", the opposite of a defiant public death.quo et aliis idem suadere possis quo introduces a purpose clause, like ut. suadeo "urge, persuade" takes the dative of the person and the accusative of the thing: aliis idem "(urge) the same on others". A calm death is itself an argument that can convince others. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)

If I have done something for the common good, I have been benefited by that very act. Keep this always in mind, and never stop.

Nunquidanything? fecifēcī,have I done quodwhich infor communecommūnethe common good conducatcondūcat?serves beneficiuma benefit hochōcthis ipsoipsōvery accepiaccēpī.I have receivedHave I done anything that serves the common good? Then I have received a benefit by that very fact.Nunquid feci, quod in commune conducat? nunquid is num + quid. Usually it asks a question expecting "no"; here it asks a plain one, and its quid "anything" is the object of feci and the antecedent of quod: "have I done anything that serves the common good?" The subjunctive conducat describes the kind of deed, "anything such as to serve". in commune "for the common (good)" is in with the accusative of purpose. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)beneficium hoc ipso accepi The answer: "I have received a benefit by that very fact". hoc ipso "by this very thing" is an ablative of means: the good done to the community is itself the doer's gain, so he needs no thanks or return. Ablative of means, cause and manner hocthis tibito you semperalways succurrat:let it occur necand … not desinasdēsināsyou should stop unquam.everLet this always come to your mind; and never stop.hoc tibi semper succurrat: nec desinas unquam Both verbs are jussive subjunctives: "let this always come to your mind" (succurro with the dative, "occur to"), "and may you never stop". nec … unquam is "and … never"; what you are not to stop is doing what serves the common good. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")

Your craft is living well, and it is best learned from principles about the nature of the universe and about the proper make-up of man.

Quamwhat artemart profiterisprofitēris?do you profess benewell vivendivīvendī.of livingWhat art do you profess? That of living well.Quam artem profiteris? quam here is not the adverb "how, than" but the interrogative adjective, accusative feminine with artem: "what art?" profiteor "declare publicly" is the word for professing an art or calling, as a doctor or teacher does; it is deponent.bene vivendi The answer leaves out artem: "(the art) of living well", with the genitive of the gerund vivendi. The Greek answer is "to be good"; Gataker gives the usual Latin name for what philosophy teaches. The gerund (agendo, laedendi) hocthis quoquōwhat modomodōway meliusbetter fit,is it done quamthan documentorumdocumentōrumof principles ope,with the help quorumquōrumof which aliasome sintare dedēabout universiūniversīof the universe naturanātūrā,the nature aliaothers dedēabout hominisof man conditioneconditiōneconstitution propriapropriā.proper, ownAnd how is this better achieved than with the help of principles, some of them about the nature of the universe, others about the proper constitution of man?hoc quo modo melius fit, quam documentorum ope Though printed with a full stop, this is a question: "how is this better done than with the help of principles?" The expected answer is "in no better way". quo modo is "in what way, how"; ope "with the help" (from ops) takes the genitive documentorum. documentum here means a doctrine or principle, the "theorems" of the Greek.quorum alia sint de universi natura, alia de hominis conditione propria alia … alia "some … others": quorum alia "of which some". The subjunctive sint describes the kind of principles meant. conditio here is "make-up, constitution": the two great subjects of Stoic study are the nature of the whole and the nature of man. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

Tragedy was brought in to remind people that misfortunes are bound to happen, so that what moved them in the theatre they would bear on the greater stage of life; and the tragic poets said useful things. Then came the Old Comedy, which humbled pride with blunt speech, then the Middle and the New, which slid by degrees into the mere craft of mimes. Consider what the whole institution of poetry and drama aims at.

PrimoPrīmōfirst tragoediaetragedies invectaebrought in sunt,were quaewhich casuumcāsuumof the chances etand eventuumēventuumof the events homineshominēspeople commonefacerent,to remind quoquōso that etalso istathese things sicsīcso fierifierīto happen natanātaborn monerenturmonērentur;they might be warned necand … not quibusby which inon scenascēnāthe stage oblectarenturoblectārentur,they were delighted eathose things inon scenascēnāstage majorimājōrī,the greater gravatimgravātimwith a heavy heart sustinerentsustinērent:they should bearFirst, tragedies were brought in to remind people of the chances and events of life, so that they might be warned that these things are by nature bound to happen so, and that what delighted them on the stage they should not bear with a heavy heart on the greater stage,tragoediae invectae sunt, quae … commonefacerent A relative clause with the subjunctive can express purpose: quae … commonefacerent "to remind", literally "which were to remind". commonefacio "remind" takes the accusative of the person (homines) and the genitive of the thing (casuum et eventuum, "of the chances and outcomes of life"). Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)quo et ista sic fieri nata monerentur quo introduces a purpose clause, like ut. Inside it is an accusative and infinitive with esse left out: ista … nata (esse) "that these things are born", with sic fieri "to happen so": the misfortunes shown on stage are by nature bound to happen. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)nec quibus in scena oblectarentur, ea in scena majori, gravatim sustinerent nec "and not" continues the purpose clause. The relative clause comes before its antecedent: quibus … oblectarentur, ea "the things by which they were delighted on the stage, those things". The "greater stage" (scena major) is the world: what pleased them as a play they should not take hard when it happens in life. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod cumsince viderintvīderintthey have seen nonnōnnot possecan haecthese things aliterotherwise transigitrānsigī,to be played out etand quodthat perferantthey bear eathem etiameven illiillīthose quiquīwho exclamantexclāmant,cry out EheuĒheu,alas CithaeronCithaerōn.Cithaeronsince they have seen that these things cannot be played out otherwise, and that even those who cry out "Alas, Cithaeron!" bear them.cum viderint non posse haec aliter transigi, et quod perferant cum with the subjunctive gives the reason: "since they have seen". viderint has two objects joined by et: first an accusative and infinitive, non posse haec aliter transigi "that these things cannot be played out otherwise", then a quod clause with the subjunctive, "that even they bear them". transigo "carry through to the end" suits both a play and a life. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)Eheu, Cithaeron A cry from Sophocles' Oedipus the King: Oedipus, having blinded himself, calls on Mount Cithaeron, where he had been left to die as a baby, and asks why it took him in. Even the great sufferers of tragedy endure their lot, and the audience is meant to learn from them. Cithaeron is vocative: the mountain is addressed. The vocative etand reverarēvērāindeed dicunturdīcunturare said aāby dramaticisdrāmaticīsdramatic poetispoētīsthe poets utiliterūtiliterusefully nonnullanōnnūlla.some thingsAnd indeed some things are said usefully by the dramatic poets,dicuntur a dramaticis poetis utiliter nonnulla The subject comes last: nonnulla "not a few, some things" (neuter plural) "are usefully said" a dramaticis poetis "by the dramatic poets", a naming the agent of the passive. Three examples follow. Agent with the passive: a, ab with the ablative qualequālesuch as illudthat (saying) estis imprimisimprīmīs;above all SiSīif memēme meosquemeōsqueand my liberoslīberōschildren DiiDiīthe gods negligunt,neglect Hujusof this etiamtoo constatcōnstatholds good ratioratiō.the reason, the accountsuch as this one above all: If the gods neglect me and my children, there is a reason for this too.quale illud est imprimis quale "of which kind" introduces an example: "such as that (saying) above all". The three lines that follow are verse from Euripides that Marcus also quotes in Book VII: this one at 7.41, the next at 7.38, the third at 7.40, where the notes explain them more fully.Si me meosque liberos Dii negligunt, Hujus etiam constat ratio From Euripides' lost Antiope. Here Gataker prints the indicative negligunt "if the gods neglect", taking the case as fact; in 7.41 he has the subjunctive negligant "should neglect". ratio constat "the account balances" is a bookkeeper's phrase: there is a sound reason for this too. negligo is Gataker's spelling of neglego. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis) Etand rursusrūrsus,again Namfor neutiquamnot at all hominema man rebusrēbuswith things irasciīrāscīto be angry decet.it is fittingAnd again: For it is not at all fitting for a man to be angry with things.Nam neutiquam hominem rebus irasci decet From Euripides' lost Bellerophon, as in 7.38, where the next line gives the reason: things care nothing for our anger. decet "it is fitting" takes the person in the accusative (hominem) and an infinitive (irasci); the deponent irascor "be angry" takes the dative, rebus "with things". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) Et,and SpicasSpīcāsears of grain velutas frugiferasfrūgiferās,fruitful sicsīcso vitamvītamlife metimetī.is reapedAnd: Life is reaped as fruitful ears of grain are.Spicas velut frugiferas, sic vitam meti From Euripides' lost Hypsipyle, as in 7.40. meti is the present passive infinitive of meto "reap", with vitam as its subject in the accusative: "(it must be) that life is reaped", the governing verb standing in lines Marcus leaves out. velut … sic "as … so": as ripe ears are reaped, so is life; one man lives on, another is cut down. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) etand caeterathe other things quaewhich suntare ejusmodiejusmodī.of that kindand the rest that are of that kind.et caetera quae sunt ejusmodi "and the rest that are of that sort": the list of useful sayings is cut short. caetera is Gataker's spelling of cetera, as in English "et cetera"; ejusmodi "of that kind" never changes its ending. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood Tragoediaetragedy successitcame after vetusOld comoediacōmoedia,Comedy quaewhich libertatelībertātefreedom of speech magistralimagistrālīa schoolmaster's instructaīnstrūcta,equipped necnot obliquaoblīquāroundabout sedbut disertadisertāplain, outspoken orationeōrātiōnespeech usaūsa,using fastumpride dejiceredējicereto throw down nonnōnnot inepteineptēunfittingly satagebatsatagēbat:busied itself quoquōwhich finefīnepurpose ettoo DiogenesDiogenēsDiogenes exfrom hishīsthese (poets) quaedamsome things adhibuit.made use ofTragedy was followed by the Old Comedy, which, armed with a schoolmaster's freedom of speech, and using language not roundabout but plain, busied itself, not unfittingly, with bringing down pride; and to this end Diogenes too borrowed some things from these poets.Tragoediae successit vetus comoedia succedo "come after, follow" takes the dative, so Tragoediae is "tragedy", not a plural. The Old Comedy is the comedy of fifth-century Athens, of Aristophanes and his rivals, who mocked living men by name, Socrates and the politician Cleon among them. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)libertate magistrali instructa, nec obliqua sed diserta oratione usa Two participle phrases describe the Old Comedy: instructa "equipped with" a teacher's freedom of speech, and usa "using" (utor takes the ablative) speech nec obliqua sed diserta "not roundabout but explicit". disertus usually means "eloquent"; here it is "plainly spoken": the poets named their targets outright.fastum dejicere non inepte satagebat satago "busy oneself" takes an infinitive: "busied itself with throwing down pride". non inepte "not unfittingly" is an understatement for "to good purpose".quo fine et Diogenes ex his quaedam adhibuit quo fine "for which purpose": the relative joins this to what precedes, where English says "to this end". Diogenes, the Cynic famous for his own blunt speech, borrowed from the comic poets for the same purpose, to humble pride. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod consideracōnsīderāconsider etalso quaewhat deincepsnext fueritwas mediaMiddle comoediacōmoedia,Comedy etand quorsumquōrsumto what end tandemfinally introductaintrōductabrought in sitwas nova,the New quaewhich ininto mimicummīmicumof mimes, mimic artificiuma craft paulatimpaulātimlittle by little defluxitdēflūxit.slid downConsider also what the Middle Comedy that came next was, and to what end the New was finally brought in, which little by little slid down into the craft of mimes.considera et quae deinceps fuerit media comoedia considera "consider" governs two indirect questions with the subjunctive: quae … fuerit media comoedia "what the Middle Comedy was" and quorsum … introducta sit nova "to what end the New was brought in". The Middle Comedy (about 400 to 320 BC) stood between Aristophanes and Menander; the New Comedy of Menander turned to private life and stock characters. Indirect questionsquae in mimicum artificium paulatim defluxit "which little by little slid down into the craft of mimes". mimicum artificium is the art of the mime, farce that imitates life for laughter: the New Comedy turned to skill for its own sake and lost the moral purpose the section has been praising. Gataker's edition of 1652 misprints the word as inimicum "hostile", and later reprints copy it; but the Greek has mimikēn and Gataker's own commentary speaks of mimicum artificium. defluo is "flow down"; the indicative states a fact rather than part of the question. (namfor ettoo abby istisistīsthese utiliaūtiliauseful dicidīcīare said nonnullanōnnūlla,some things nemonēmōno one estthere is quiquīwho nesciat.)does not know(for there is no one who does not know that some useful things are said by these too.)nemo est qui nesciat nemo est qui with the subjunctive, "there is no one who does not know", is a relative clause of characteristic; the two negatives make a strong positive: everyone knows. What they know is the accusative and infinitive ab istis utilia dici nonnulla "that some useful things are said by these men too". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) sedbut etalso quoquōto what end spectetaims totumtōtumwhole hocthis poesiospoēsiosof poetry hujusmodihujusmodīof this kind etand fabularumfābulārumplays agendiagendīof acting institutumīnstitūtum.practiceBut consider also what this whole practice of such poetry and of the acting of plays aims at.sed et quo spectet totum hoc considera is understood again: "(consider) also to what end it looks". quo "whither" with specto "look towards" asks what the whole thing aims at. Its subject, totum hoc … institutum "this whole institution", encloses the genitives between its two halves. Indirect questionspoesios hujusmodi et fabularum agendi poesios is a Greek-style genitive of poesis "poetry", copying the Greek ending. fabularum agendi "of acting plays" is a gerund with its object in the genitive, an occasional turn in Latin; the usual form would be the gerundive, fabularum agendarum. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)

Marcus reminds himself how plainly he knows that no other condition of life is better suited to practising philosophy than the one he is living now. The life he already has, with all its business, is the place to be a philosopher.

Quamhow liquidoliquidōclearly compertumfound out habeshabēs,you have nullumnūllumno aliudother vitaevītaeof life institutumīnstitūtumway, pursuit adfor philosophandumphilosophising magismore esseis idoneumidōneum,suited quamthan hocthis (one) inin quoquōwhich jamnow versarisversāris?you are engagedHow clearly you know for certain that no other way of life is better suited to doing philosophy than this one in which you are now engaged!Quam liquido compertum habes Quam with an adverb is exclamatory: quam liquido "how clearly!". Gataker ends the sentence with a question mark, but it is a rhetorical question with the force of an exclamation. compertum habes is the perfect participle of comperio "find out" with habeo: "you have it found out", i.e. "you know for certain". The participle is neuter because what is known is the whole statement that follows. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsnullum aliud vitae institutum ad philosophandum magis esse idoneum compertum habes introduces an accusative and infinitive: institutum "way of life" is the subject of esse, and idoneum "suited" agrees with it. ad philosophandum, ad with the gerund of the deponent philosophor, says what it is suited for: "for philosophising". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)magis … quam hoc in quo jam versaris magis … quam "more … than". After quam the second thing compared takes the same case as the first: hoc is accusative like institutum, "than this (way of life)". The life Marcus is "now engaged in", versaris, is most naturally his life as emperor: its business is no obstacle to philosophy but the very place for it. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam

A branch cut from its neighbouring branch is cut from the whole tree; so a man who cuts himself off from one person by hating him cuts himself off from the whole community. Jupiter lets us grow back, but frequent separation makes the rejoining harder, and a grafted shoot never becomes quite one with the plant again.

RamusRāmusa branch aāfrom ramorāmōthe branch cuito which proximeproximēmost closely adhaesitit clung abscissus,cut off nonnōnnot potestit can nonnōnnot aāfrom stirpethe tree totatōtāwhole abscindiabscindī.to be cut offA branch cut off from the branch to which it was most closely joined cannot but be cut off from the whole tree.non potest non Two negatives cancel out: non potest non abscindi "it cannot not be cut off", i.e. "it must be cut off, it cannot help being cut off". Latin uses non possum non for what follows of necessity.Ramus a ramo … abscissus abscissus "cut off" is the perfect participle of abscindo, agreeing with Ramus; the clause cui proxime adhaesit "to which it clung most closely" sits inside the participle phrase, with no commas to set it off. a ramo is the neighbouring branch, a stirpe tota the whole tree, trunk and all. proxime is the superlative of prope "near". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns adafter, in eundemthe same modumway ergoergōthen etalso homohomōa man abfrom hominehuman being quovisquōvīsany … at all rescissus,cut off communitatecommūnitātethe community totatōtāwhole excidit.falls out ofIn the same way, then, a man too, cut off from any one human being, falls out of the whole community.ad eundem modum … et homo ad eundem modum "after the same manner" is "in the same way". et here means "also, too": a man, like the branch. quovis "any you please" (from quivis) makes the point sharper: cut off from any single person, however ordinary.communitate tota excidit excidit is from excido (ex + cado) "fall out of", with a short i, not excīdo "cut out". It is present here, a general truth, though the perfect is spelled the same. The plain ablative communitate tota says what he falls from: "he drops out of the whole community". Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus) porroporrōnow, further ramumrāmumthe branch aliusanother abscindit;cuts off homohomōa man verovērōbut sesēhimself ipsehimself, by his own act aāfrom proximoproximōneighbour suosuōhis separatsēparat,separates dumwhen, while eumhim oditōdithe hates etand aversaturāversātur:turns away fromNow, another cuts the branch off; but a man separates himself from his neighbour by his own act, when he hates him and turns away from him;homo vero se ipse a proximo suo separat se ipse "he himself … himself": se is the object, and ipse, nominative, agrees with the subject homo. The man cuts himself off with his own hand, whereas a branch is cut by alius "another". proximo suo "his neighbour" is the adjective proximus "nearest" used as a noun. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusdum eum odit et aversatur dum with the present indicative is "while, when": the separation happens in the very act of hating. odit is perfect in form but present in meaning, since odi has no present stem: "he hates". aversatur is from the deponent aversor "turn away from, shun". Temporal clauses: dum, ubi, quando, quoties, quamdiu necand … not advertithe notices interim,meanwhile quodthat unaūnāat the same time semetsēmethimself aāfrom societatesocietātesociety civilicīvīlīcivic totatōtāwhole absciderit.he has cut offand meanwhile he does not notice that at the same stroke he has cut himself off from the whole civic society.nec advertit interim, quod una semet … absciderit After a verb of noticing, classical Latin uses the accusative and infinitive; Gataker, like later Latin, often uses quod "that" with a clause instead. The subjunctive absciderit "he has cut off" (perfect, from abscindo) presents it as the thing he fails to see. una is the adverb "at the same time, together", and semet is an emphatic se "himself". Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought veruntamenvēruntamenbut yet hocthis aāby societatissocietātisof society hujuscethis conditoreconditōrethe founder JoveJupiter indultumgranted sibito him habet,he has quodthat eieīfor him liceathe may denuodēnuōagain coalescerecoalēscere,to grow together cui(with the one) to whom priusbefore adhaeserat,he had clung etand adtowards universiūniversīof the whole complementumcomplēmentumthe completing locumplace recuperarerecuperāreto recover suum.his ownYet he has this granted to him by Jupiter, the founder of this society: that he may grow together again with the one he had clung to before, and recover his own place in making up the whole.hoc a societatis hujusce conditore Jove indultum sibi habet indultum sibi habet "he has this granted to him": habeo with a perfect participle stresses a lasting possession, as compertum habes in §7. indultum is from indulgeo "grant as a favour". a … conditore Jove gives the agent, "by Jupiter, the founder of this society", with Jove (ablative of Jupiter) in apposition to conditore. hujusce is hujus "of this" with the strengthening suffix -ce. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounshoc … quod ei liceat hoc "this" points ahead to the quod clause, which says what was granted: "this, namely that he may …". licet "it is allowed" takes the person in the dative (ei "for him") and has the infinitives coalescere and recuperare as its subject. The subjunctive liceat sets out the terms of the grant. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)coalescere, cui prius adhaeserat The antecedent of cui is left out: "to grow together again (with the one) to whom he had clung before", i.e. the neighbour he cut himself off from. One may also take ei as that antecedent, "with him to whom …"; the sense is the same. adhaeserat is pluperfect: he had clung before the break. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodad universi complementum locum recuperare suum universi is the neuter of universus used as a noun, "the whole, the universe". A complementum is "what fills something up": each man is a piece needed to make the whole complete, and ad gives the purpose. suum is put after the verb for stress: "his own place". quanquamand yet hocthis frequentiustoo often sisīif fiatfīat,it happens dissociatiodissociātiōseparation istiusmodiistīusmodīof this kind etboth difficiliuswith more difficulty resarciturresarcītur,is mended etand restitutiorestitūtiōthe restoring aegreaegrēwith difficulty procedereprōcēdereto go forward consuevitcōnsuēvit.usually (does)And yet, if this happens too often, a separation of this kind is both harder to mend, and the restoring usually goes forward with difficulty.quanquam hoc frequentius si fiat quanquam (Gataker's spelling of quamquam) at the head of a sentence is "and yet", qualifying what was just said. hoc is put before si for emphasis. The comparative adverb frequentius "more often" has the sense "rather often, too often", as a comparative often does when nothing is compared. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)et difficilius resarcitur, et restitutio aegre procedere consuevit et … et "both … and". resarcitur "is patched, mended" is a tailor's word; difficilius is the comparative of the adverb difficulter "with difficulty". consuevit, perfect of consuesco "grow used to", means "is accustomed" in the present: procedere consuevit "usually goes forward". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive omninoomnīnōat all deniquedēniquein short nonnōnnot pariteralike sesēthemselves habentthey are, fare surculisurculīshoots duo,two quorumquōrumof which alterthe one aāfrom primaprīmāfirst germinationegerminātiōnebudding cohaesit,has held fast etand cumwith stirpethe plant reliquareliquāthe rest of constantercōnstantersteadily quasias it were conspiravitcōnspīrāvit;has breathed together alterthe other postafter abscissionemabscissiōnema cutting off insertusīnsertusgrafted in est:has beenIn short, two shoots are not at all in the same state, of which the one has held fast from its first budding and has, as it were, breathed in steady accord with the rest of the plant; the other has been grafted in after being cut off:non pariter se habent se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be in a certain state". With non pariter "not alike" and omnino "at all": "are not at all in the same condition". denique here is "in short", summing up the comparison. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusquorum alter … alter alter … alter "the one … the other" of two. quorum "of which" is a partitive genitive with the first alter: "of which (shoots) the one …". The second alter begins its clause with no joining word, a sharp contrast. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…siveconstanter quasi conspiravit conspiro is literally "breathe together", hence "be in harmony"; quasi "as it were" marks the metaphor: the shoot that grew with the plant shares its life and breath. post abscissionem "after the cutting-off" means "after it had been cut off". quemwhich (shoot) plantarumplantārumof plants cultorescultōrēsgrowers diceredīcereto say solent,are used to, usually confruticaricōnfruticārīgrows on one bush quidem,indeed sedbut nonnōnnot configuraricōnfigūrārī.to be shaped alikeOf this one the growers of plants usually say that it shares the bush, indeed, but does not take on the same shape.quem plantarum cultores dicere solent, confruticari quem is a relative that opens a new sentence, "and this one": it is the accusative subject of the infinitives that dicere introduces. "Which (shoot) the growers of plants usually say grows together …" is, in English, "of which gardeners usually say that it grows together …". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)confruticari quidem, sed non configurari Gataker renders a Greek pair with two matching verbs in con- "together": confruticari, from frutex "bush", "to grow on one bush (with the plant)", and configurari, from figura "shape", "to take the same shape". The first seems to be his own coinage. The Greek says the graft "shares the bush but not the mind": it lives on the plant without ever becoming wholly one with it. quidem … sed "indeed … but" grants the first and denies the second.

Those who obstruct you on the way of reason cannot make you stop acting rightly; do not let them make you stop wishing them well either. Hold to both, steadiness and gentleness: anger at them is as weak as giving up, and each is a desertion of one's post.

QuiQuīthose who adby, according to rationisratiōnisof reason rectaerēctaeright normamthe rule progredientiprōgredientīas you go forward obsistuntstand in the way of tibi,you sicutsīcutjust as aāfrom recterēctērightly agendoagendōacting avertereāvertereto turn aside tetēyou nequeunt,they cannot itaso necnot benevolumkindly ergaergātowards illosillōsthem affectumfeeling excutiantlet them shake out tibi.from youThose who stand in your way as you go forward by the rule of right reason: just as they cannot turn you aside from acting rightly, so let them not knock your kindly feeling towards them out of you.Qui ad rationis rectae normam progredienti obsistunt tibi The relative clause comes first and has no antecedent: Qui … obsistunt "(those) who stand in your way" is the subject of the whole sentence. obsisto takes the dative tibi, and progredienti, the present participle of the deponent progredior, agrees with it: "you, as you go forward". ad … normam "by the rule": a norma is a carpenter's square. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodsicut a recte agendo avertere te nequeunt, ita nec benevolum erga illos affectum excutiant tibi sicut … ita "just as … so" sets a fact beside a command. The fact is in the indicative: nequeunt (from nequeo "be unable") "they cannot turn you aside from acting rightly", with a and the ablative of the gerund agendo. The command is a jussive subjunctive, excutiant "let them (not) shake out"; Latin usually says ne, but Gataker continues with nec "and not". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivebenevolum erga illos affectum excutiant tibi With verbs of taking away, the person who loses something stands in the dative: excutiant tibi "shake out of you". What they must not shake out is benevolum erga illos affectum "your kindly feeling towards them", with erga illos placed between the adjective and its noun. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi) sedbut adto utrumqueboth horumhōrumof these teneasteneāsyou should hold tetē,yourself ut(namely) that etboth inin judiciojūdiciōjudgement actionequeāctiōnequeand action constanticōnstantīsteady persistaspersistās,you persist etand inin mansuetudinemānsuētūdinegentleness ergaergātowards illosillōs,those quiquīwho veleither impedireimpedīreto hinder tetēyou conanturcōnantur,try velor alioaliōother modomodōway quopiamquōpiamsome molestimolestītroublesome tibito you sunt.areBut hold yourself to both of these: that you persist both in steady judgement and action, and in gentleness towards those who either try to hinder you or are troublesome to you in some other way.ad utrumque horum teneas te, ut teneas te "you should hold yourself" is a jussive subjunctive, a softened command. utrumque horum "each of these two" is spelled out by the ut clause, which names the two things: steadiness in judgement and action, and gentleness towards opponents. An ut clause that explains a neuter pronoun like this means "namely, that". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)et in judicio actioneque constanti persistas, et in mansuetudine et … et "both … and". persistas serves both halves: supply it again with in mansuetudine. constanti agrees with the nearer noun, actione, but describes judicio as well: "steady judgement and action". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivevel impedire te conantur, vel alio modo quopiam molesti tibi sunt vel … vel "either … or". alio modo quopiam "in some other way" is an ablative of manner; quopiam is from the indefinite quispiam "some, any". etenimfor indeed tamas much hocthis imbecillisimbēcillisweak estis (the mark) animianimī,of a mind succenseresuccēnsēreto be angry with istisistīs,them quamas abfrom actioneāctiōnethe action desisteredēsistere,to give up etand consternatumcōnsternātumdismayed succumbere.to give inFor this, being angry with them, is as much the mark of a weak mind as giving up the action and collapsing in dismay.tam hoc imbecillis est animi … quam imbecillis animi est "it is of a weak mind", i.e. "it is the mark of a weak mind": a genitive with esse says whose character a thing shows. imbecillis is the genitive of imbecillis, -e, a by-form of imbecillus. tam … quam "as much … as" sets the two failings side by side. Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"hoc … succensere istis hoc "this" points ahead to the infinitive succensere istis "to be angry with them", which is the real subject; succenseo takes the dative. On the other side of quam stand two more infinitives: desistere "to give up" and succumbere "to give in". The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)consternatum succumbere consternatum "struck with dismay" (from consterno, -are) is accusative because an infinitive used as a noun has an unexpressed accusative subject, "one", and the participle agrees with it: "for one to give in, dismayed". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns uterqueeach of the two enimfor exon aequoaequōequal (terms) stationisstatiōnisof a post desertaedēsertaedeserted reusguilty est,is etboth quiquī(the one) who metumetūby fear perculsus,struck down etand quiquī(the one) who naturanātūrāby nature cognatumcognātumkinsman sibito him atqueand amicumamīcumfriend fuerithas aversatusāversātus.turned away fromFor each is equally guilty of deserting his post: both the one who is struck down by fear, and the one who has turned away from his natural kinsman and friend.stationis desertae reus est reus is "the accused, the one answerable", and the charge stands in the genitive: reus stationis desertae "accused of a post deserted". Latin often puts a noun with a perfect participle where English uses a verbal noun: "the post deserted" is "the deserting of the post". The picture is military, a soldier who leaves the post he was set to hold. ex aequo is "on equal terms, equally". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounset qui metu perculsus, et qui … fuerit aversatus et … et "both … and" names the two deserters, and each qui has its antecedent left out: "both (he) who …, and (he) who …". With perculsus "struck down" supply the verb from the second clause: qui metu perculsus (fuerit). fuerit aversatus is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent aversor, with fuerit in place of sit. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodnatura cognatum sibi atque amicum cognatum and amicum are adjectives used as nouns, "his kinsman and friend", and the dative sibi "to him" goes with both; natura is ablative, "by nature". The man you turn from in anger is your kin by nature.

Art imitates nature, so the most perfect nature, which contains all others, cannot fall short of a craftsman's skill; as the arts make the lesser for the sake of the better, so does the nature of the whole. From this comes justice, and from justice the other virtues; but justice is lost if we chase indifferent things or are rash and easily deceived.

NullaNūllano naturanātūranature artethan art inferiorīnferiorinferior, lower est.isNo nature is inferior to art.Nulla natura arte inferior est arte is an ablative of comparison: after a comparative such as inferior "lower, worse", the thing compared with can stand in the ablative instead of following quam. So arte inferior = inferior quam ars "inferior to art". ars is any craft or skill that makes things. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam naturamnātūramnature enimfor imitanturimitate artesartēs.the artsFor the arts imitate nature.naturam enim imitantur artes The object comes first and the subject last: it is the arts (artes, nominative plural) that imitate nature (naturam, accusative). imitantur is from the deponent imitor, passive in form and active in meaning. The argument: what is imitated cannot be worse than its copy. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning hocthis sisīif datur,is granted sequetursequētur,it will follow naturamnātūramnature eamthat quaewhich estis consummatissimacōnsummātissima,most perfect caeterasquecaeterāsqueand the other (natures) omnesomnēsall inwithin sesēitself complectitur,embraces artificisof a craftsman solertiaesōlertiaeskill neutiquamin no way concedereconcēdere.to fall short ofIf this is granted, it will follow that the nature which is the most perfect, and embraces all the others within itself, in no way falls short of a craftsman's skill.sequetur, naturam … concedere sequetur "it will follow" is used impersonally and introduces an accusative and infinitive: naturam … concedere "that nature yields". concedo with the dative is "give way to, come second to": artificis solertiae neutiquam concedere "is in no way second to a craftsman's skill". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)naturam eam quae est consummatissima, caeterasque omnes in se complectitur eam … quae "that (nature) which". The relative clause has two verbs: est consummatissima "is most perfect" (superlative of consummatus "complete") and complectitur "embraces". This is the nature of the whole, which holds all particular natures within it, caeteras omnes (supply naturas). Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod atquiatquīnow inin artibusthe arts omnibusall deterioradēteriōrathe lesser things quaequeevery one praestantiorumpraestantiōrumof the better things gratiagrātiāfor the sake of fiuntfīunt?are made aāby communicommūnīcommon ergoergōtherefore naturanātūrānature hocthis idemsame fit.is doneNow in all the arts are not the lesser things, every one of them, made for the sake of the better? This same thing, therefore, is done by the common nature.deteriora quaeque praestantiorum gratia fiunt deteriora and praestantiorum are neuter comparatives used as nouns: "worse things" and "better things". quaeque, neuter plural of quisque, with an adjective means "every … one": "the lesser things, each of them". gratia with a genitive before it means "for the sake of": praestantiorum gratia "for the sake of the better". The Stoics held that in the world, too, the lower exists for the higher. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)fiunt? a communi ergo natura Gataker makes the first half a question with no question word, one that expects the answer yes: "in all the arts, are not the lesser things made for the sake of the better?" ergo "therefore" then draws the conclusion from the agreed answer.a communi ergo natura hoc idem fit a communi natura "by the common nature" is the agent of the passive fit "is done", with a because nature acts like a person here. The common nature is the nature of the whole, the craftsman of the world. Agent with the passive: a, ab with the ablative atqueand hincfrom this sanesānēindeed justitiajūstitiajustice oritur:arises abfrom hachācthis (justice) verovērōand in turn reliquaethe other nascunturnāscunturare born virtutesvirtūtēs.virtuesAnd from this, indeed, justice arises; and from justice the other virtues are born.hinc sane justitia oritur: ab hac vero reliquae nascuntur virtutes hinc "from here" means "from this": justice springs from the order in which the lower serves the higher, since justice gives each thing its due rank. hac "this one" is justice. oritur "arises" and nascuntur "are born" are both deponents; the subject virtutes waits until the end. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning nequenot enimfor quodwhat estis justumjūstumjust aequumqueand fair servabiturservābitur,will be kept sisīif veleither adtowards resrēsthings mediasmediāsindifferent anxieanxiēanxiously feramurferāmur,we are carried velor deceptudēceptūto deceive facilesfacilēseasy etand temerariitemerāriīrash etand inconstantesincōnstantēsfickle fuerimusfuerīmus.we have been, we areFor what is just and fair will not be kept if we are either anxiously carried towards indifferent things, or are easily deceived, rash and fickle.quod est justum aequumque servabitur quod est justum aequumque "what is just and fair" is a relative clause with no antecedent, and the whole clause is the subject of servabitur "will be preserved". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodsi vel ad res medias anxie feramur res medias "middle things" are the Stoic indifferents, neither good nor bad: wealth, health, fame. feramur is the passive of fero with a middle sense, "we let ourselves be carried, we rush": whoever chases such things anxiously will wrong others to get them. The si clause has subjunctives though the main verb servabitur is a future indicative; Gataker mixes the forms, and the sense is simply "if ever we …". The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…")deceptu faciles deceptu is the supine in -u of decipio "deceive", used with adjectives such as facilis to say in what respect: deceptu faciles "easy to deceive", i.e. "easily deceived". fuerimus is the perfect subjunctive of sum, "if we have shown ourselves", which English says as "if we are".

The things you pursue or avoid do not come to you: in a way you go out to them, while they stay where they are. Let your judgement about them rest, and the pursuing and the fleeing will stop.

SiSī,if quarumquārumof which persecutiopersecūtiōpursuit etand fugaavoidance perturbatdisturbs tetē,you resrēsthings eaethose adto tetēyou nonnōnnot acceduntaccēdunt,come sedbut adto illasillāsthem ipseyourself quodammodoquōdammodoin a way accedisaccēdis,you go cumwhile ipsaethey themselves interimmeanwhile immotaeimmōtaeunmoved maneant;stayIf the things whose pursuit and avoidance disturb you do not come to you, but in a way you go to them yourself, while they meanwhile stay unmoved;quarum persecutio et fuga perturbat te, res eae The relative clause is put before its antecedent: quarum … te "whose pursuit and avoidance disturb you" comes first, and res eae "those things" follows to pick it up. quarum is an objective genitive: the pursuing of the things and the fleeing from them. persecutio and fuga are the two movements of the mind, desire and aversion; the verb perturbat is singular because they make one pair. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodres eae ad te non accedunt, sed ad illas ipse quodammodo accedis The point turns on one verb used twice. The things do not come to you, ad te non accedunt; you yourself, ipse, go to them, ad illas … accedis. quodammodo "in a way" softens it: you go to them in your judgement, by thinking them good or bad, while they stay where they are. illas and ipsae are feminine because they stand for res.cum ipsae interim immotae maneant cum with the subjunctive here is "while, whereas": "while they themselves meanwhile remain unmoved". Clauses with cum: when, since, although judiciumjūdiciumjudgement proindethen, accordingly tuumyour dedēabout eiseīsthem quiescatquiēscat,let it rest easqueeāsqueand them necneither prosequerisprōsequērisyou will pursue amplius,any longer necnor fugiesfugiēs.you will fleethen let your judgement about them be still, and you will no longer pursue them, nor flee them.judicium proinde tuum de eis quiescat This is the main clause of the si sentence, marked by proinde "accordingly, then". quiescat is a jussive subjunctive, "let (your judgement) be at rest". Once you stop judging the things good or bad, you stop moving towards them or away from them. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")nec prosequeris amplius, nec fugies prosequeris is the future of the deponent prosequor "pursue", spelled like the present but with a long ē; the parallel fugies "you will flee" shows that it is future. nec … nec "neither … nor"; amplius "any longer" goes with both. The futures state what will follow once the judgement rests. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning

The soul keeps its true round shape when it neither reaches out to external things, nor shrinks inwards, nor sinks and is pressed down, but is lit by the light by which it sees the truth of all things and the truth within itself.

UniformisŪniformisuniform prorsusprōrsusperfectly, wholly estis animaeof the soul sphaera,sphere cumwhen necneither adtowards exteriusoutside quicquamanything sesēitself extendit,stretches out necnor cumwith eodemeōdemthe same (thing) ulloūllōany intusinwards concurrit,runs together necnor considitcōnsīditsinks down etand comprimitur;is pressed togetherThe sphere of the soul is perfectly uniform when it neither stretches itself out towards anything outside, nor runs together inwards with any such thing, nor sinks down and is pressed together,Uniformis prorsus est animae sphaera Marcus pictures the soul as a sphere, for the Stoics the perfect, self-contained shape. uniformis "of one form throughout" is put first: the sphere keeps its true round shape when nothing pulls it out of true. animae is genitive, "the sphere of the soul", i.e. the soul as a sphere.cum nec … se extendit, nec … concurrit, nec considit et comprimitur cum with the indicative is "when, whenever": it states the condition, not a cause. Three ways of losing shape follow, each with nec: reaching out towards external things, shrinking inwards, and sinking under pressure. The last pair, considit et comprimitur "settles and is pressed together", is one picture of collapse. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughcum eodem ullo intus concurrit Here cum is the preposition "with", not the conjunction that opened the clause. cum eodem ullo "with any of the same" means with any such external thing as was just named; the Greek has only "nor runs together inwards". The soul must not shrink back into itself before a thing, any more than reach out after it. sedbut luminelūmineby light illoillōthat illustraturillūstrātur,is lit up quoquōby which veritatemvēritātem,the truth tumboth rerumrērumof things omniumall caeterarumcaeterārum,other tumand etalso inin ipsaipsāitself sitam,lying, placed cernit.it seesbut is lit by that light by which it sees the truth, both of all other things and the truth that lies within itself.lumine illo illustratur, quo veritatem … cernit lumine illo … quo "by that light … by which": both are ablatives of means. The soul is lit, and by the same light it sees; the light is reason. illustratur is passive, "is lit up". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodtum rerum omnium caeterarum, tum et in ipsa sitam tum … tum "both … and" divides veritatem into two: the truth "of all other things" (genitive rerum) and the truth "placed in itself" (sitam, from sino "place", agreeing with veritatem). ipsa is the soul, and et adds "also". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

If someone despises or hates me, that is his affair; mine is to do and say nothing that deserves contempt, and to stay gentle and kind, ready to show him his mistake without insult or a show of patience. If I do what suits my own nature, no harm can come to me, and I should welcome whatever the nature of the whole now brings.

Contemnitdespises memēme quisquam?anyone ipsehe himself videritvīderit.let him see to itDoes anyone despise me? That is his affair.Contemnit me quisquam? ipse viderit A question with no question word, marked only by the verb put first: "Does anyone despise me?" quisquam "anyone" is the usual pronoun in such a question. ipse viderit "let him see to it himself" is the brusque formula met in 5.25: viderit is a perfect subjunctive used as a command, not a past tense. It means "that is his business, not mine". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") egoI mihifor myself cavebocavēbō,I shall take care nequidnēquidthat … not anything contemptucontemptūof contempt dignumworthy veleither egisseēgisseto have done velor dixissedīxisseto have said deprehendardēprehendar.I be caughtI shall look out for myself, so as not to be caught having done or said anything that deserves contempt.ego mihi cavebo, nequid … deprehendar mihi cavere "to look out for oneself": the dative names the person protected. nequid is ne "that … not" joined to quid "anything", as Gataker often writes it: "that I be not caught in anything". The ne clause says what he guards against, with the subjunctive deprehendar. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo)contemptu dignum vel egisse vel dixisse deprehendar dignus "worthy" takes the ablative of what is deserved: contemptu dignum "worthy of contempt". deprehendar "I be caught, found out" is passive and takes perfect infinitives: "be caught having done or said". vel … vel "either … or". oditōdithates memēme quisquam?anyone ipsehe himself videritvīderit.let him see to itDoes anyone hate me? That is his affair.odit me quisquam? ipse viderit The same pattern again. odit is perfect in form but present in meaning, since odi "I hate" has no present stem. Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere) atbut egoI mitismītisgentle esseto be acand benevoluskind cuiqueto everyone pergam;I shall go on etand huicto this (man) etiameven, too ipsiipsī,very erroremerrōremhis mistake ostendereto show promptusprōmptus;readyBut I shall go on being gentle and kind to everyone, and to this very man too, ready to show him his mistake;at ego mitis esse ac benevolus cuique pergam pergam is the future of pergo "go on", with an infinitive: "I shall go on being". Since esse has the same subject as pergam, the adjectives mitis and benevolus stay in the nominative, agreeing with ego. cuique "to each one" is the dative of quisque. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)et huic etiam ipsi, errorem ostendere promptus huic … ipsi "to this very man", the one who hates me, is the dative with ostendere "show (to him)". promptus "ready" agrees with ego and takes an infinitive: "ready to show (him) his mistake". nequeand not idthat contumeliosecontumēliōsē,insultingly nequenor utas quiquīone who patientiampatience ostentareostentāreto show off cupiam,I want sedbut ingenueingenuē,frankly benignebenignē,kindly quoquōin which modomodōway PhocionPhōciōnPhocion ille,that famous nisiunless sisī(if) simulatesimulātēwith pretence agebatagēbat.he was actingAnd that not insultingly, nor as one who wants to show off his patience, but frankly and kindly, as the famous Phocion did, unless he was only pretending.neque id contumeliose neque id "and that not …": id sums up what was just said, the showing of the error, and the adverb says how it is not to be done. Latin uses et id "and that too" and neque id "and that not" in this way.neque ut qui patientiam ostentare cupiam ut qui "as one who" takes the subjunctive: ut qui … cupiam "as one who wants (to show off)". cupiam is first person because the "one" is the speaker himself. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)quo modo Phocion ille, nisi si simulate agebat quo modo "in the way in which", i.e. "as"; the verb is supplied from what follows: "as that Phocion (acted)". ille after a name means "that famous": Phocion was the Athenian general and statesman of the fourth century BC, known for his honesty, who when condemned to death told his son to bear the Athenians no grudge. nisi si "unless perhaps" adds a doubt, with a plain imperfect indicative: "unless he was acting a part". interiuswithin, inwardly enimfor itaso affectumdisposed esseto be oportet,one must utthat ipsiipsīthemselves DiiDiīthe gods videant,may see hominema man esseare tetē,you quiquīwho nihilnothing quicquamwhatever indigneindignēwith indignation aegreveaegrēveor with resentment ferat.takes, bearsFor one must be so disposed within that the gods themselves may see that you are a man who takes nothing whatever with indignation or resentment.interius enim ita affectum esse oportet oportet "it is right, one must" has the infinitive esse as its subject. The person who must be so is left unexpressed, and affectum "disposed" (from afficio) agrees with that unspoken accusative: "one must be so disposed". interius "within" is the comparative adverb of intra: what matters is the inner state, not the outward show of the last sentence. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)ita … ut ipsi Dii videant, hominem esse te ita … ut "so … that" gives the result, with the subjunctive videant; videant introduces an accusative and infinitive: hominem esse te "that you are a man (who …)". Dii is a nominative plural of deus. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)qui nihil quicquam indigne aegreve ferat qui … ferat is a relative clause of characteristic: "a man such as to take nothing …". nihil quicquam "nothing whatever" doubles the pronoun for force. indigne ferre and aegre ferre both mean "take something ill, resent it"; aegreve is aegre with -ve "or". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) quidwhat enimfor tibito you malimalīharm contigerit,could have befallen modoprovided that quodwhat naturaenātūraenature tuaeyour conveniat,suits idthat ipseyourself faciasfaciās?you doFor what harm could have come to you, provided that you yourself do what suits your own nature?quid enim tibi mali contigerit quid … mali "what of evil" is quid with a partitive genitive, the usual Latin for "what harm". contigerit (from contingo "befall", with the dative tibi) is a perfect subjunctive used, like repererit in 9.9, for what could be: "what harm could have befallen you?" The question expects the answer "none". Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questionsmodo quod naturae tuae conveniat, id ipse facias modo with the subjunctive is "provided that, if only": modo … facias "provided you do". Inside it the relative clause comes first and id "that" picks it up: quod naturae tuae conveniat, id "what suits your nature, that". convenio "fit, suit" takes the dative. annonannōndo … not? amplecteris,you welcome quodwhat universiūniversīof the whole naturaenātūraefor the nature nuncnow estis tempestivumtempestīvum,timely cumsince homohomōa human being sissīsyou are adfor hocthis compositusmade, put together positusque,and placed utthat idthat fierifierī,to happen quocunquequōcunquewhatever tandemat all modomodō,way velisvelīs,you want quodwhich intowards, for communecommūnethe common (good) conducatcondūcat?servesDo you not welcome what is now timely for the nature of the whole, since you are a human being made and placed for this: to want that to happen, in whatever way it may, which serves the common good?annon amplecteris, quod universi naturae nunc est tempestivum annon "or not?" opens a question that expects "yes": "do you not welcome …?" The object of amplecteris (from the deponent amplector "embrace") is a relative clause without an antecedent, quod … est tempestivum "what is timely". universi naturae "for the nature of the whole" is a dative with tempestivum.cum homo sis ad hoc compositus positusque, ut cum with the subjunctive sis is "since". compositus positusque "put together and put in place" plays on pono: you were made for this and set here for this. ad hoc … ut "for this, namely that": hoc points ahead to the ut clause, which says what you were made for. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughut id fieri, quocunque tandem modo, velis, quod in commune conducat Read it as ut id fieri velis, quod in commune conducat "that you want that to happen which serves the common good", with id … quod "that … which" split round the verb. quocunque tandem modo "in whatever way at all" is set off by commas, tandem strengthening quocunque. in commune conducere is "to serve the common good"; conducat is subjunctive because it belongs to the ut clause. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)

People who despise one another also flatter one another, and those who want to rise above one another bow down to one another.

QuiQuīthose who sesēone another invicemin turn contemnunt,despise iidemiīdemthe very same people etalso sibito one another invicemin turn assentantur:they fawn on quiquequīqueand those who sesēone another invicemin turn transcenderetrānscendereto climb above cupiunt,want sibito one another invicemin turn sesēthemselves submittunt.they lowerThose who despise one another are the very ones who also fawn on one another: and those who want to rise above one another lower themselves before one another.Qui se invicem contemnunt, iidem et sibi invicem assentantur The relative clause comes first and has no antecedent: Qui … contemnunt "(those) who despise". iidem "the very same (people)" then picks it up as the subject of the main verb and points the paradox: the people who scorn one another are the ones who flatter one another. et here means "also". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodse invicem … sibi invicem assentantur se or sibi with invicem "in turn" means "one another", and the case is set by the verb. contemno "despise" takes an accusative, se invicem; the deponent assentor "agree with everything, flatter" takes a dative, sibi invicem. assentor is not assentior "assent": it is the flatterer's yes to everything. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusquique se invicem transcendere cupiunt, sibi invicem se submittunt The second half runs the same way: quique "and those who" (qui with -que) again has no antecedent, and its people are the subject of submittunt. transcendere is "to climb over", so "to rise above". In sibi invicem se submittunt the two pronouns do different jobs: se is the plain reflexive object, "they lower themselves", and sibi invicem is the reciprocal dative, "to one another". Each wants to stand above the rest, and so each stoops to the rest. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suus

The man who announces that he means to deal straightforwardly with you is rotten and false: sincerity should show at once in the face and eyes, as a lover's feelings show in his glance, and be as impossible to miss as a strong smell. Put-on simplicity is crooked, and nothing is fouler than a wolf's friendship; the good, simple, kindly man carries his character in his eyes.

Quamhow putiduspūtidusrotten etand insincerusīnsincērusinsincere est,is quiquī(the man) who dicitdīcit,says EgoI simpliciterstraightforwardly tecumtēcumwith you agereto deal statuistatuī.I have decidedHow rotten and insincere is the man who says, I have decided to deal straightforwardly with you.Quam putidus et insincerus est, qui dicit Quam with an adjective makes an exclamation: "how rotten …!". The subject is the clause qui dicit "(the man) who says", whose antecedent is left out. putidus is literally "rotten, stinking", and of manner "affected, offensive"; the smell comes back later in the section.Ego simpliciter tecum agere statui The man's own words are quoted directly, marked only by the capital of Ego. statuo with an infinitive is "decide to", and the perfect statui "I have decided" states a settled purpose: "I have made up my mind". agere cum aliquo is "to deal with someone", and simpliciter "simply, plainly" means without disguise. The fault is not the purpose but the announcing of it: real straightforwardness needs no notice. quidwhat facis,are you doing mimīmy homohomō?man quidwhat (need) praedicerepraedīcereto say beforehand opusneed est?is resrēsthe thing ipsaitself appareatappāreat,let it appearWhat are you doing, my good man? What need is there to announce it beforehand? Let the thing itself appear;quid facis, mi homo? mi homo "my man" is a vocative, mi being the vocative of meus: the same half-friendly, half-ironic address as in 7.44. Marcus turns from describing the man to speaking to him. The vocativequid praedicere opus est? opus est "there is need" can take an infinitive as its subject: praedicere opus est "there is need to say it beforehand". quid "what" is an adverbial accusative, "in what respect, why": "what need is there to announce it?" praedicere is "to say beforehand", from praedico, praedicere, not praedicare "to proclaim".res ipsa appareat appareat is a jussive subjunctive, "let it appear". res ipsa "the thing itself" is the straightforwardness: let the fact show itself instead of being announced. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") frontifrontīon the forehead inscriptamīnscrīptamwritten statimat once oportuitit ought to have vocemvōcemsaying hanc,this inin oculisoculīsthe eyes ipsisipsīsvery relucererelūcēreto shine out statim,at once quomodoquōmodohow animusthe mind sesēitself habeat:holds sicutsīcutjust as inin amantisof the one who loves oculooculōthe eye cunctacūnctaeverything statimat once dignoscitdīgnōscitmakes out amasiusamāsius.the loved onethis saying ought to have been written on the forehead at once; how the mind stands ought to have shone out at once in the very eyes: just as the loved one at once makes out everything in the eye of the one who loves him.fronti inscriptam statim oportuit vocem hanc oportuit is the perfect of the impersonal oportet "it is proper, one ought". Latin puts the past into the verb of duty where English puts it into the infinitive: oportuit with an infinitive is "ought to have …". The infinitive here is passive, inscriptam (esse), with esse left out, as often in this phrase, and its subject is vocem hanc: "this saying ought to have been written". vox is not the voice but the utterance just quoted, "I have decided to deal straightforwardly with you". Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)fronti inscriptam inscribo "write on" takes the dative of the surface: fronti "on the forehead", from frons, frontis "forehead", not frons, frondis "leaf". What a man is should be legible on his face, with no need to read it out. Modern translations take the Greek differently, with the voice ringing it out at once; Gataker makes the saying itself the thing written on the forehead. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)in oculis ipsis relucere statim, quomodo animus se habeat oportuit also governs relucere "to shine out", so "ought to have shone out". The subject of relucere is the indirect question quomodo animus se habeat "how the mind is disposed", with its verb in the subjunctive. se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be in some state". Indirect questionssicut in amantis oculo cuncta statim dignoscit amasius amantis, the present participle of amo, is used as a noun: "of one who loves, of the lover". amasius in Plautus is a lover or sweetheart; set against amantis, Gataker uses it for the one who is loved, Marcus's eromenos. The loved one reads at once in the lover's glance all that he feels: so plainly should a man's mind show in his eyes. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns talemtālemsuch planeplānējust, quite virumthe man simplicemsimple bonumqueand good oportetit is right esse,to be qualisquālisas isthe man quiquīwho hircumof the goat olet;smells utso that quiquīwhoever astiterit,has stood near simulacas soon as accesserit,he has come close velit,whether he wants nolitnōlitor not ipse,he himself protinusprōtinusat once persentiscatpersentīscat.perceives (it)The simple and good man ought to be just such as is the man who smells of the goat; so that whoever has stood near him, as soon as he has come close, whether he likes it or not, perceives it at once.talem plane virum simplicem bonumque oportet esse, qualis is qui hircum olet oportet takes an accusative and infinitive: virum simplicem bonumque … esse "that the simple and good man be". talis … qualis "such … as" makes the comparison, with est understood after qualis: "just such as is the man who smells of the goat". plane "quite, altogether" strengthens talem. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivehircum olet oleo "give off a smell" puts what one smells of in the accusative: hircum olere "to smell of the he-goat", the old phrase for rank armpits, as in 5.28. The comparison is coarse on purpose: goodness should be as impossible to miss as a strong smell.ut qui astiterit, simulac accesserit … persentiscat ut with the subjunctive gives the result of being such a man: "so that … perceives it at once". Its subject is the clause qui astiterit "whoever has stood near", which has no antecedent. astiterit and accesserit are perfect subjunctives because they stand inside the ut clause: "has stood by", "has come close". simulac is simul ac "as soon as". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)velit, nolit ipse velit, nolit "let him want it, let him not want it" is a fixed phrase, two subjunctives set side by side with no "or" (Gataker puts a comma between them): "whether he likes it or not", English "willy-nilly". It renders Marcus's Greek word for word (thelei ou thelei). ipse "he himself" is the bystander: he cannot help noticing. simplicitatissimplicitātisof simplicity verovērōbut affectatioaffectātiōthe affecting tortuosatortuōsacrooked est.isBut the affecting of simplicity is crooked.simplicitatis vero affectatio tortuosa est affectatio is "a striving after", and so "a put-on show"; simplicitatis is its object: "the affecting of simplicity". tortuosus "full of twists" is "crooked": a straightness that has to be acted is itself bent. Marcus's Greek word here is obscure, and Gataker renders it "crooked". Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) amicitiaamīcitiāthan friendship lupinalupīnāa wolf's nihilnothing estis foedius.foulerNothing is fouler than a wolf's friendship.amicitia lupina nihil est foedius amicitia lupina looks like a nominative, but it is ablative (amicitiā lupinā), the ablative of comparison after the comparative foedius: "nothing is fouler than a wolfish friendship". Marcus has one word, lykophilia "wolf-friendship": the friendship of an enemy biding his time, like that of the wolves in Aesop who made peace with the sheep to get the dogs sent away. foedius comes from the adjective foedus "foul", not the noun foedus "treaty". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam hocthis omniumof all things maximemāximēmost fugiasfugiās.you should shunThis, above all things, you should shun.hoc omnium maxime fugias fugias is a jussive subjunctive, a gentler command than the imperative fuge: "you should shun". omnium maxime "most of all (things)" is "above all". Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") virthe man bonus,good simplex,simple benevoluskindly itaso inin oculisoculīshis eyes geritcarries haec,these things utthat neutiquamin no way lateat.he is hiddenThe good, simple, kindly man so carries these things in his eyes that he is in no way hidden.ita in oculis gerit haec, ut neutiquam lateat ita … ut with the subjunctive is a clause of result: "so … that". haec "these things" are the qualities just named, goodness, simplicity and kindness, carried in oculis "in his eyes" like the lover's feelings above. lateo is "lie hidden, go unnoticed": the good man cannot hide what he is. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)

The power to live the best life lies in the soul, if a man is indifferent to the things that are indifferent. Things do not come at us or force opinions on us: we write our judgements on ourselves, and can leave them unwritten or wipe them out, and the effort is needed only for a short life. What accords with nature, enjoy; if a thing goes against nature, seek what suits your own nature, even without glory, for anyone may be pardoned for pursuing his own good.

OptimeOptimēbest vivendivīvendīof living facultasfacultāspower haecthis estis inin animaanimāthe soul sita,seated sisīif adversustowards resrēsthings indifferentesindifferentēsindifferent indifferenterindifferently sesēhimself habeat.he holdsThis power of living in the best way is seated in the soul, if a man holds himself indifferently towards things that are indifferent.Optime vivendi facultas haec vivendi is a gerund in the genitive, "of living", depending on facultas "power, capacity"; being a verb, it can still take an adverb, optime "best", the superlative of bene: "this power of living best". haec "this" agrees with facultas. est … sita "is placed, lies" uses the participle of sino in its sense "situated". The gerund (agendo, laedendi)si adversus res indifferentes indifferenter se habeat The Stoics called "indifferent" (Greek adiaphora) everything that is neither good nor bad in itself: health, wealth, fame, pain, death. The condition is to treat them as what they are: indifferenter se habere "to hold oneself indifferently", not counting them good or evil. Gataker keeps Marcus's play on the word, indifferentes indifferenter. habeat is subjunctive because the condition is put as a supposition, "if he should …". Its subject is not stated; the masculine recordatus in the next sentence shows that Gataker means a man, not the feminine anima. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis) indifferenterindifferently autemand sesēhimself habebithabēbit,he will hold sisīif divisimdīvīsimpart by part etand integreintegrēas a whole earumeārumof them unamquamqueūnamquamqueeach one consideraveritcōnsīderāverit;he considers simulqueand at the same time recordatusrecordātusremembered fuerit,(shall) have quodthat nihilnothing horumhōrumof these things cogerecōgereto compel nosnōsus potest,can utto hocthis velor illudthat dedēabout ipsoipsōitself opinemuropīnēmur;we thinkAnd he will hold himself indifferently if he considers each one of them both part by part and as a whole, and at the same time remembers that none of these things can compel us to think this or that about it;si divisim et integre earum unamquamque consideraverit The future habebit is matched in the si clause by the future perfect consideraverit "(if) he shall have considered", which English gives as a present: "if he considers". divisim "separately" and integre "wholly" render Marcus's "analytically and as a whole": take each thing apart into what it is made of, and also see it entire. earum "of them" refers to the res indifferentes. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")simulque recordatus fuerit, quod recordatus fuerit is the future perfect of the deponent recordor "remember", with fuerit for erit. recordatus is masculine: the one who considers and remembers is the man himself. After it Gataker uses quod "that" with the indicative (potest) instead of an accusative and infinitive, as later Latin often does. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")nihil horum cogere nos potest, ut hoc vel illud de ipso opinemur cogo "compel" takes ut with the subjunctive for what one is compelled to do: "none of these things can force us to think this or that about it". de ipso "about itself": no thing imposes an opinion of itself on us; the opinion is ours. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…) necnor acceditaccēditdoes it come adto nosnōs,us sedbut quiescitquiēscit;it stays at rest nosnōswe autembut sumus,are (the ones) quiquīwho judiciajūdiciajudgements dedēabout hishīsthese things proferimusprōferimusbring forth atqueand nobisnōbīson us ipsisipsīsourselves inscribimusīnscrībimus,write (them) on cumthough necnot inscribereīnscrībereto write (them) inin nobisnōbīsus situmplaced sit,is etand sisīif clanculumunnoticed irrepserintirrēpserint,they have crept in statimat once obliterareobliterāre:to wipe outnor does it come to us, but stays at rest; it is we who bring forth judgements about these things and write them on ourselves, though it lies with us both not to write them, and, if they have crept in unnoticed, to wipe them out at once:nec accedit ad nos, sed quiescit This is still part of what he is to remember. The subject is each of the things, horum: a thing does not come at us to press itself on us; it stays quietly where it is.nos autem sumus, qui judicia de his proferimus atque nobis ipsis inscribimus nos … sumus qui … "we are the ones who …" sets us against the things: they stay still, we act. A relative takes the person of its antecedent, so its verbs are first person, proferimus "we bring forth" and inscribimus "we write on". nobis ipsis "on ourselves" is the dative with inscribo, as fronti was in 11.15: a judgement is writing that we put on our own minds. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodcum nec inscribere in nobis situm sit, et … statim obliterare cum with the subjunctive here sets up a contrast: "though, when in fact". in nobis situm est "it is placed in us" means "it lies in our power". Its subjects are the two infinitives, nec inscribere "not to write" and statim obliterare "to wipe out at once", joined by nec … et "both not … and". So it is up to us both not to write such judgements at all and, if one has slipped in, to erase it at once. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughsi clanculum irrepserint irrepo "creep in" (in + repo) has the judgements as its subject: "if they have crept in unnoticed". clanculum "on the quiet" is a diminutive of clam "secretly". The perfect is subjunctive because the clause stands inside the cum clause. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought quodqueand that adfor breveshort admodumvery tempusa time opusneed futurumfutūrumgoing to be estis cautelacautēlāof watchfulness hachāc;this tumthen vitavītalife terminabiturterminābitur.will be endedand that there will be need of this watchfulness for a very short time; then life will come to its end.quodque ad breve admodum tempus opus futurum est cautela hac quodque "and that" adds a second thing to remember after recordatus fuerit. opus est "there is need" puts the thing needed in the ablative, cautela hac "of this watchfulness"; here it is future, opus futurum est "there is going to be need", the future participle of sum with est. ad breve tempus is "for a short time". cautela is a late word for "caution, care". Future participle with sum (moriturus sis, victurus esses)tum vita terminabitur terminabitur "will be brought to an end" is the future passive of termino, from terminus "a boundary". The care will not be needed for long, because life itself will soon reach its limit. ecquidanything estis (there) autembut inin hishīsthese things difficile?difficultBut is there anything difficult in these things?ecquid est autem in his difficile? ecquid "anything at all?" asks a question that expects the answer no. difficile agrees with it: "is there anything difficult in this?" siquidemsīquidemif indeed enimfor naturaenātūraewith nature congruain keeping sunt,they are eiseīsin them oblectaoblectādelight tetē,yourself etand faciliaeasy futurafutūragoing to be sunt.areFor if indeed they are in keeping with nature, take delight in them, and they will be easy.siquidem enim naturae congrua sunt siquidem often means "since", but here it is si quidem "if indeed", the first of two cases; the second comes with sin "but if" in the next sentence. The subject of congrua sunt is "these things", the indifferent things; congruus "in keeping with" takes the dative, naturae. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)eis oblecta te, et facilia futura sunt oblecta te "delight yourself", the imperative of oblecto with a reflexive object, takes the ablative of what delights: eis "in them". facilia futura sunt "they are going to be easy": the future participle of sum with sunt is a future, "they will be easy". Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctive sinsīnbut if praetercontrary to naturamnātūram,nature investigainvestīgā,search out quidwhat sitis naturaenātūraewith nature tuaeyour (own) congruum,in keeping etand adfor hocthat tetēyourself accinge,gird etiamsietiamsīeven if minusless gloriosumglōriōsumglorious sit.it isBut if they are against nature, search out what is in keeping with your own nature, and gird yourself for that, even if it is less glorious.sin praeter naturam sin "but if" brings in the other case, with sunt understood: "but if (they are) contrary to nature". praeter is "beyond", and so "contrary to". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodinvestiga, quid sit naturae tuae congruum An imperative with an indirect question: investiga "track down" (from vestigium "a footprint") "what is in keeping with your nature", with the subjunctive sit. When outward things go against nature, look for what your own nature, a rational one, asks of you in the case. Indirect questionsad hoc te accinge, etiamsi minus gloriosum sit se accingere ad "to gird oneself for" is "to get ready for, set about", from belting up one's tunic before work. etiamsi "even if" takes the subjunctive here because it puts a supposition. minus gloriosum "less glorious" is a mild way of saying "bringing no glory". Concessive clauses: etiamsi, quamvis, cum veniapardon enimfor cuiqueto everyone habendato be granted est,is quiquīwho bonumgood suumhis own sectatursectātur.pursuesFor pardon is to be granted to everyone who pursues his own good.venia enim cuique habenda est, qui bonum suum sectatur habenda est is the gerundive of obligation, "is to be held", agreeing with venia "pardon, indulgence": "pardon must be shown". The dative cuique "to each one" is not the agent here, as it often is with a gerundive, but the person who receives the pardon, and the relative clause qui bonum suum sectatur "who pursues his own good" says which person. No one is to be blamed for seeking his own true good, even at the cost of glory. Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)

Consider of each thing where it came from, what it is made of, what it changes into, and what sort of thing it will be once changed; and remember that in changing it suffers no harm.

CogitaCōgitāthink over tecumtēcum,with yourself undewhere from prodieritprōdieritit has come forth unumquodqueūnumquodque,each thing etand exout of quibuswhat things consistatcōnsistat,it is made up etand ininto quidwhat mutetmūtet,it changes etand ubiwhen mutaveritmūtāverit,it has changed qualequālewhat sort of thing futurumfutūrumgoing to be sit,is etand quodthat mutandomūtandōin changing malimalīof evil nilnīlnothing patitur.it suffersThink over with yourself where each thing has come from, and what it is made up of, and into what it changes, and, when it has changed, what sort of thing it will be, and that in changing it suffers nothing bad.Cogita tecum, unde prodierit unumquodque Cogita tecum "think with yourself" is "consider in your own mind". What follows is a chain of indirect questions, each with its verb in the subjunctive: unde prodierit "where it has come from" (prodierit is the perfect subjunctive of prodeo "come forth"), ex quibus consistat "of what things it is made up", in quid mutet "into what it changes", where mutare stands without an object, "to change". The subject of them all is unumquodque "each single thing". Indirect questionsubi mutaverit, quale futurum sit ubi mutaverit "when it has changed" is a time clause inside the question; its perfect subjunctive stands for the future perfect of direct speech, "when it shall have changed". futurum sit, the future participle of sum with sit, is the regular way to put a future into an indirect question: "what sort of thing it will be". Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtquale futurum sit quale "of what kind" is neuter, agreeing with unumquodque, and is the predicate of futurum sit: "what sort of thing it will be" once it has changed, as in Marcus's Greek. This is Gataker's word (1652).et quod mutando mali nil patitur The last item is not a question but a fact to keep in mind, so it has quod "that" with the indicative patitur, Gataker's usual substitute for an accusative and infinitive. mutando, the gerund in the ablative, is "in changing, by changing". mali nil "nothing of evil" is a partitive genitive: "nothing bad". Change is no harm to what changes, as 10.7 argued. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…)

When someone wrongs you, think of nine things: your bond with others and your charge over them; how such people live and what drives them; that they err unwillingly; that you err too; that you cannot be sure they erred; that life is short; that only your own opinion troubles you; that anger hurts more than the offence; and that genuine gentleness cannot be overcome. Keep these like gifts of the Muses, and take a tenth from their leader: to expect the wicked not to do wrong is madness, and to allow it towards others but not towards yourself is tyranny.

DeDēabout eiseīsthose quiquīwho adversusagainst tetēyou delinquuntdēlinquuntdo wrong cogitacōgitā:think PrimoPrīmō,first quamwhat relationemrelātiōnemrelation adto illosillōsthem habeashabeās.you have quodqueand that alterialterīeach alteriusalterīusof the other caussacaussāfor the sake natinātīborn sumus:we wereAbout those who do you wrong, think: First, what relation you have to them. And that we were born for one another's sake:Primo Primo "firstly" opens the first of nine headings, each marked by an adverb made from an ordinal number: Primo, Secundo, Tertio, Quarto, Quinto, Sexto, Septimo, Octavo, Nono. All of them hang on cogita "think (of)": some are indirect questions, some are quod clauses "(think) that …", some are accusative and infinitive. A tenth heading comes at the very end, as a "tenth gift".quam relationem ad illos habeas An indirect question after cogita, so its verb habeas is subjunctive. quam is the question word used as an adjective with relationem: "what relation". relatio is a word of the schools for how one thing stands to another: here, the bond between you and those who wrong you. Indirect questionsquodque alteri alterius caussa nati sumus quod "that" adds a second thing to think of, this time a fact; -que joins it to the question, though Gataker sets a full stop between them. alteri alterius caussa is the reciprocal idiom "one for the sake of the other", i.e. "for one another": alteri, plural here, stands beside "we", and alterius depends on caussa "for the sake of". nati sumus is the perfect of the deponent nascor: "we were born". tutūyou autemand specialispeciālīspecial quadamquādama certain rationeratiōneway etiamalso illisillīsover them praefectus,set over utas gregigregīover the flock ariesariēs,the ram armentoarmentōover the herd taurus.the bulland you, in a special way, have also been set over them, as the ram over the flock, the bull over the herd.tu autem speciali quadam ratione etiam illis praefectus Supply es: illis praefectus (es) "you have been set over them". praeficio "set over, put in charge" takes the dative of what one is put in charge of, here illis. Marcus is thinking of his place as emperor; speciali quadam ratione "in a certain special way" is an ablative of manner. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodut gregi aries, armento taurus A comparison with its verb left out: "as the ram (is set over) the flock, the bull (over) the herd". gregi and armento are datives like illis, the ones led; aries and taurus are nominatives, the leaders. The two halves stand side by side with no "and". Words left out: esse, sum and others understood quinquīnwhat is more etalso altiusfurther back remthe matter repete:trace back veleither atomosatomōsatoms obtinereobtinēre,hold sway velor naturamnātūramnature universaūniversaall things disponeredispōnere.ordersWhat is more, trace the matter further back: either atoms hold sway, or nature orders all things.altius rem repete repetere "go back to, trace back" with altius "from higher up" is the idiom for taking an argument back to its first principles.vel atomos obtinere, vel naturam universa disponere Two accusatives and infinitives state the first principle, as if after a verb of thinking: "(remember that) either atoms hold sway, or nature orders all things". These are Marcus's usual two alternatives: the world is either a chance swirl of atoms, as Epicurus taught, or it is governed by a providential nature, as the Stoics hold. obtinere without an object means "hold the field, prevail"; universa "all things" is the neuter plural object of disponere. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) hocthis sisīif est,is (so) deterioradēteriōrathe inferior things constatcōnstatit is agreed praestantiorumpraestantiōrumof the superior things causacausāfor the sake esseto have been condita,made praestantiorapraestantiōrathe superior things suisuīof one another invicem.mutuallyIf this is so, it is agreed that the inferior things were made for the sake of the superior, and the superior for the sake of one another.hoc si est hoc "this" is the second alternative, that nature orders all things; it is put before si for emphasis. Only on that view does what follows hold. Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)deteriora constat praestantiorum causa esse condita constat "it is agreed, it is evident" is impersonal and takes an accusative and infinitive: deteriora … esse condita "that the inferior things were made". praestantiorum causa "for the sake of the superior (things)": causa after a genitive means "for the sake of". Gataker spells it causa here and caussa elsewhere in this section; both spellings are his. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)praestantiora sui invicem Supply causa esse condita: "the superior (were made) for the sake of one another". sui invicem "of one another" is the reflexive genitive strengthened by invicem. Rational beings are the higher things, and they exist for each other: so you exist for those who wrong you too. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood SecundoSecundōsecondly cogitacōgitā,think qualesquālēswhat sort of people sintthey are adat mensammēnsam,table inin lectulolectulōbed alibialibī.elsewhereSecondly, think what sort of people they are at table, in bed, elsewhere.Secundo cogita, quales sint The second heading repeats cogita, this time with an indirect question, hence the subjunctive sint. quales "of what sort" asks about their character. Indirect questionsad mensam, in lectulo alibi At table, in bed, everywhere else: their private life and habits. lectulo is a diminutive of lectus "bed, couch". praesertimespecially verovērō,and quasquāswhat aāfrom decretisdēcrētīsthe doctrines intuswithin sitissitīsset necessitatesnecessitātēscompulsions perpetiantur:they suffer quantaquequantāqueand with how great cumwith prudentiaeprūdentiaeof wisdom opinioneopīniōnea belief haecthese ipsa,very inin quibuswhich delinquuntdēlinquunt,they go wrong agant.they doAnd especially what compulsions they suffer from the doctrines set within them, and with how great a belief in their own wisdom they do the very things in which they go wrong.quas a decretis intus sitis necessitates perpetiantur Still an indirect question after cogita. quas goes with necessitates, which is held back to the end: "what compulsions they suffer". The compulsion comes a decretis intus sitis "from the doctrines set within (them)": their own beliefs (Greek dogmata) drive them to act as they do. Indirect questionsquantaque cum prudentiae opinione quanta … cum … opinione "with how great an opinion": the preposition stands between the adjective and its noun, a common order (as in magna cum cura). prudentiae is an objective genitive, "an opinion of (their own) wisdom": they think themselves wise in the very acts in which they go wrong. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) TertioTertiō,thirdly quod,that sisīif haecthese things recterēctērightly faciunt,they are doing aegreaegrēill ferreto take nonnōnnot oportet:one ought sinsīnbut if minus,not nolentesnōlentēsunwilling utiqueutīquecertainly etand nescientesnescientēsnot knowing agunt.they actThirdly, that if they are doing these things rightly, one ought not to take it ill; but if not, they certainly act unwillingly and unknowingly.Tertio, quod The third heading. Here and in the fourth and fifth, quod "that" gives a fact to think of, with cogita understood: "(think) that …".aegre ferre non oportet aegre ferre "take ill, resent". oportet is impersonal, and the infinitive is its subject: "one ought not to take it ill", since right action gives no cause for complaint. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)sin minus, nolentes utique et nescientes agunt sin minus is a fixed phrase, "but if not". The present participles of nolo and nescio agree with the subject of agunt and do the work of adverbs: "they act unwillingly and unknowingly". The Stoics held, after Socrates, that no one does wrong willingly. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns omnisevery etenimfor anima,soul proutprōutjust as veritatevēritāteof truth privaturprīvāturit is deprived invitainvīta,against its will sicsīcso etiamtoo ergaergātowards quemqueeach person proprōaccording to dignitatedignitātethe worth cujusqueof each gerendigerendīof conducting sesēitself peritiaperītiā.of the skillFor every soul, just as it is deprived of truth against its will, so too is it deprived of the skill of conducting itself towards each person according to each one's worth.omnis etenim anima, prout veritate privatur invita Plato's saying, which Marcus has quoted before: no soul is robbed of the truth willingly. privo "deprive" puts the thing taken away in the ablative, veritate; since the verb is passive, the one robbed is the subject. invita "unwilling" agrees with anima: English says "against its will". prout … sic "just as … so" sets two such losses side by side. Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)sic etiam … peritia Supply privatur again: "so (it is deprived) also of the skill". peritia is ablative like veritate and comes last, after the words that depend on it: gerendi se "of conducting itself", erga quemque "towards each person", pro dignitate cujusque "according to the worth of each". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodgerendi se gerendi is a gerund in the genitive, depending on peritia; like a verb it takes an object, se. se gerere is "to conduct oneself, behave". The gerund (agendo, laedendi) itaqueand so injustosinjūstōs,unjust ingratosingrātōs,ungrateful avarosavārōs,greedy vicinisvīcīnīsto their neighbours injuriosinjūriōsharmful dicidīcīto be called sesēthemselves nonnōnnot sustinent.they bearAnd so they cannot bear to be called unjust, ungrateful, greedy, harmful to their neighbours.injustos, ingratos, avaros, vicinis injurios dici se non sustinent sustineo "bear, endure" takes an accusative and infinitive: se dici "that they be called". The names they are called are accusative to agree with se. That they are ashamed of these names shows that they do not choose to be what they are. vicinis is the dative with injurios: "harmful to their neighbours". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) QuartoQuārtō,fourthly quodthat etboth ipseyou yourself multain many things peccaspeccās,you do wrong etand aliasaliāsin other respects ejusmodiejusmodīof that kind esyou are planeplānē,plainly qualesquālēssuch as illiillīthey sunt.areFourthly, that you yourself also do wrong in many things, and in other respects are plainly of the same kind as they are.et ipse multa peccas, et alias ejusmodi es plane et … et "both … and". In multa peccas "you do wrong in many things", the neuter multa is the inner object of pecco. ipse "you yourself" stresses that the fault is yours as well. alias is the adverb "at other times, in other respects" (Gataker marks it with an accent, aliàs): over and above the wrongs you do, you are in other ways of the same stamp as they are. Marcus's Greek says "you are another such". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…siveejusmodi … quales illi sunt ejusmodi "of that kind" is answered by quales "such as": "of the same kind as they are". atqueand etiamsietiamsīeven if peccatispeccātīsfrom wrongs quibusdamcertain abstineasabstineās,you keep from habeshabēsyou have tamenstill intraintrāwithin tetēyou habituma disposition taliatāliasuch things perpetrareperpetrāreto commit proclivemprōclīvem,prone licetalthough veleither ignaviaeignāviae,of cowardice velor famaefāmae,of reputation velor aliusalīusother alicujusof something rationeratiōnefor reasons aāfrom peccatispeccātīswrongs paribuslike tetēyourself cohibeascohibeās.you hold backAnd even if you keep from certain wrongs, you still have within you a disposition prone to commit such things, although you hold yourself back from like wrongs for reasons of cowardice, or of reputation, or of something else.etiamsi peccatis quibusdam abstineas etiamsi "even if" with the subjunctive puts a supposition. abstineo "keep away from" takes an ablative of separation, peccatis quibusdam "(from) certain wrongs". Concessive clauses: etiamsi, quamvis, cumhabitum talia perpetrare proclivem proclivem "prone, inclined" agrees with habitum "disposition" and takes an infinitive: "a disposition prone to commit such things". Latin sets the infinitive and its object between the noun and its adjective.licet … te cohibeas licet with the subjunctive works as a conjunction, "although": "although you hold yourself back". The point is that what restrains you is not virtue but cowardice or concern for your name. Concessive clauses: etiamsi, quamvis, cumvel ignaviae, vel famae, vel alius alicujus ratione ratione with a genitive means "on account of, for reasons of", and it governs all three genitives. alius here is a rare genitive singular of alius (the usual one is alterius): alius alicujus "of some other (thing)". The Greek has "cowardice, or concern for reputation, or some such evil". QuintoQuīntō,fifthly quodthat necnot anwhether peccaveritpeccāverithe has done wrong etiam,even nostinōstīyou know satis.well enough multamany things enimfor perby way of dispensationemdispēnsātiōnemmanagement geruntur.are doneFifthly, that you do not even know well enough whether he has done wrong. For many things are done as a matter of management.nec an peccaverit etiam, nosti satis nec … etiam "not even". an "whether" opens an indirect question, so peccaverit is perfect subjunctive: "whether he has done wrong". The verb is singular, as Gataker prints it: its subject is the offender, whoever he is, though the headings round it speak of "them" and Marcus's Greek has the plural. nosti is the short form of novisti, the perfect of nosco "get to know": "you have learned", that is, "you know". Indirect questionsper dispensationem geruntur per with the accusative gives the way a thing is done: "by way of management". dispensatio, properly the running of a household or estate, is Gataker's word for the Greek oikonomia, a step taken with an end in view, as a doctor or a general may do what looks wrong for a good purpose. So what you take for an offence may be a deliberate measure whose reason you cannot see. atqueand omninoomnīnōin general multamany things priusbefore edocearisēdoceārisyou be taught oportet,it is necessary quambefore dedēabout factofactōact alienoaliēnōanother's certicertīcertain quicquamanything statuereto decide possispossīs.you canAnd in general you must be taught many things before you can decide anything certain about another's act.multa prius edocearis oportet oportet here takes a plain subjunctive, with ut left out: edocearis oportet "you must be taught". edoceo takes two accusatives, the person and the thing taught; in the passive the person becomes the subject and the thing stays accusative: multa edocearis "you be taught many things". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)prius … quam … possis prius … quam "before" is split in two. The subjunctive possis marks a point not yet reached: "before you can".certi quicquam certi is a partitive genitive with quicquam: "anything (of) certain", i.e. "anything certain". Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…) SextoSextō,sixthly quandoquandōwhen quamas … as can be maximemāximēmost indignarisindignāris,you are indignant velor aegreaegrēhard fers,you take meminerismeminerīsremember momentaneammōmentāneambut a moment esseis vitamvītamlife humanamhūmānam,human omnesqueomnēsqueand all nosnōswe brevibrevīin a little while componendoscompōnendōsto be laid out fore.will beSixthly, when you are most indignant or take something hard, remember that human life lasts but a moment, and that in a little while we shall all be laid out for burial.Sexto, quando quam maxime indignaris In the sixth heading memineris "remember" takes the place of cogita. quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam maxime indignaris "when you are as indignant as can be". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quammemineris momentaneam esse vitam humanam memineris is a perfect subjunctive used as a polite command; memini has perfect forms and a present meaning. It takes two accusatives and infinitives: vitam … esse and nos … fore. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)omnesque nos brevi componendos fore componendos fore is the gerundive with fore, the future infinitive of esse: "that we are to be laid out", that is, "we shall be laid out". componere is the word for laying out a body, or laying ashes in the tomb. brevi "in a short (time)" is "soon". Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt) SeptimoSeptimō,seventhly nonnōnnot esseit is actionesāctiōnēsthe actions aliorumaliōrum,of others quaethat nosnōsus conturbant;trouble suntare enimfor haethese inin mentibusthe minds ipsorumipsōrumof themselves sitae:placed sedbut opinionesopīniōnēsopinions tantumonly nostrasnostrās.our ownSeventhly, that it is not the actions of others that trouble us (for those lie in their own minds), but only our own opinions.Septimo, non esse actiones aliorum, quae nos conturbant The seventh heading is an accusative and infinitive with cogita understood: "(think) that it is not the actions of others that trouble us". The relative clause quae nos conturbant makes it a cleft sentence, like English "it is not … that …". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)sunt enim hae in mentibus ipsorum sitae A parenthesis giving the reason: other people's actions are in their minds, not in ours, so they cannot reach us. sitae sunt "are placed, lie"; ipsorum "of themselves" refers to the others: "in their own minds".sed opiniones tantum nostras The sentence takes up again after the parenthesis: "but (it is) only our own opinions (that trouble us)". opiniones is accusative, like actiones. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood istasistāsthose igiturso tolle,take away missoquemissōqueand dismissed dedēabout rerēthe thing ipsaipsā,itself tanquamas if gravegrievous quiddamsomething sit,it were judiciojūdiciō,judgement iraīraanger protinusprōtinusat once evanescetēvānēscet.will vanishSo take those away; and once your judgement about the thing itself, as if it were something grievous, is dismissed, your anger will vanish at once.missoque … judicio An ablative absolute spread across the clause: misso … judicio "the judgement being let go". Between its two words stand de re ipsa "about the thing itself" and tanquam grave quiddam sit "as if it were something grievous", which say what that judgement is. tanquam "as if" takes the subjunctive. Ablative absolute sedbut quomodoquōmodohow tollam?am I to take away reputandoreputandōby reflecting nihilnothing tibito you inhonestumshameful contigisse.has happenedBut how am I to take them away? By reflecting that nothing shameful has happened to you.quomodo tollam tollam could be future, "how shall I take them away?", or present subjunctive; read as a deliberative question, "how am I to take them away?". Marcus puts the question to himself and answers it at once. Potential and deliberative subjunctive in questionsreputando nihil tibi inhonestum contigisse reputando is the ablative of the gerund, "by reflecting"; it takes an accusative and infinitive, nihil … contigisse "that nothing … has happened". contingo with the dative is "happen to, befall". The gerund (agendo, laedendi) nisiunless enimfor malumevil idthat sitis duntaxatalone quodwhich inhonestumshameful est,is necessenecessary futurumfutūrumgoing to be est,is utthat etboth tutūyou multamany wrongs peccespeccēs,you do wrong etand latrolatrō,a robber velor quidlibetanything at all etiam,even fiasfīās.you becomeFor unless that alone is evil which is shameful, it will have to be that you too do many wrongs, and become a robber, or even anything at all.nisi enim malum id sit duntaxat quod inhonestum est The Stoic doctrine that only the shameful is evil. id … quod "that which"; duntaxat "only, alone" goes with id. The subjunctive sit puts the condition as a supposition: "unless that alone be evil which is shameful". Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)necesse futurum est, ut necesse est ut with the subjunctive is "it is necessary that", here in the future: "it will have to be that you …". If anything besides wrongdoing were evil, you might do anything, even turn robber, to escape it. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)et latro, vel quidlibet etiam, fias fio "become" takes a nominative complement: latro "a robber", quidlibet "anything at all". OctavoOctāvō,eighthly cogitacōgitāthink quantoquantōby how much gravioragraviōraheavier things patiamurpatiāmurwe suffer exfrom iracundiaīrācundiāthe anger acand moestitiamoestitiā,grief quamthat dedēabout istisistīsthese things concipimus,we conceive quamthan exfrom eiseīsthose ipsisipsīs,very quorumquōrumof which caussacaussāon account succensemussuccēnsēmuswe are angry etand angimur.we are distressedEighthly, think how much heavier are the things we suffer from the anger and grief that we conceive about these things than from the very things on account of which we are angry and distressed.quanto graviora patiamur ex iracundia ac moestitia The eighth heading repeats cogita. quanto "by how much" is an ablative of the degree of difference with the comparative graviora "heavier (things)". The clause is an indirect question after cogita, so patiamur is subjunctive. The comparison is finished by the second quam, "than": heavier from our anger "than from" the acts themselves. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamquam de istis concipimus This first quam is the relative pronoun, feminine to agree with moestitia (and iracundia): "which we conceive about these things". Do not confuse it with the second quam, "than". moestitia is Gataker's spelling of maestitia. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodquorum caussa succensemus et angimur quorum caussa "on account of which". succenseo is "be angry"; angimur is the passive of ango "squeeze, choke" with a middle sense: "we are distressed". The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…") NonoNōnō,ninthly mansuetudinemmānsuētūdinemgentleness insuperabilemīnsuperābileminvincible esse,is sisīif genuinagenuīnagenuine fuerit,it is nonnōnnot personatapersōnātamasked etand fucatafūcāta.paintedNinthly, that gentleness is invincible, if it is genuine, not masked and painted.Nono, mansuetudinem insuperabilem esse The ninth heading is again an accusative and infinitive with cogita understood: "(think) that gentleness is invincible". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)si genuina fuerit Within reported thought the verb of a si clause goes into the subjunctive: fuerit is perfect subjunctive standing for the future perfect of direct speech, "if it is (and proves to be)". Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtnon personata et fucata personata "masked", from persona "an actor's mask"; fucata "painted", from fucus "rouge, dye". Gentleness put on like a mask or face-paint is not the kind that cannot be overcome. quidwhat enimfor feceritfēceritwill he do tibi,to you quiquīhe who veleven maximemāximēmost contumeliosuscontumēliōsusinsolent est,isFor what will the most insolent man of all do to you,quid enim fecerit tibi fecerit is future perfect, matching the future perfects of the si clauses that follow: "what will he do to you?". The question runs on into the next sentence. The future perfect ("if you will have done…")qui vel maxime contumeliosus est qui has no antecedent: "he who", and the whole clause is the subject of fecerit. vel with a superlative means "even": vel maxime contumeliosus "even the most insolent". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod sisīif mansuetemānsuētēgently adversustowards illumhim tetēyourself gerereto conduct perrexerisperrēxeris,you go on etand sisīif occasiooccāsiōthe occasion tulerit,allows placideplacidēcalmly illumhim admonueris,you admonish etand eodemeōdemthe same ipsoipsō,very quoquōat which tetēyou laedereto hurt moliturmōlītur,he is trying temporetime quietusquiētusquietly ipseyourself hominemthe man meliorameliōrabetter things docueris;you teachif you go on conducting yourself gently towards him, and, if the occasion allows, calmly admonish him, and at the very time when he is trying to hurt you, quietly teach the man better things yourself?si mansuete adversus illum te gerere perrexeris The conditions are in the future perfect, perrexeris, admonueris, docueris, where English uses the present: "if you go on …, admonish …, teach …". pergo with an infinitive is "go on (doing)"; te gerere "to conduct yourself". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")si occasio tulerit fero here means "allow, permit": "if the occasion allows". This short si clause sits inside the longer one.eodem ipso, quo te laedere molitur, tempore eodem ipso … tempore "at the very same time" wraps round the relative clause quo te laedere molitur "at which he is trying to hurt you". molior is deponent: "he is trying". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodquietus ipse hominem meliora docueris doceo takes two accusatives, the person and the thing taught: hominem meliora "(teach) the man better things". quietus ipse "calm yourself" agrees with the subject, "you". This ends the question begun in the sentence before with quid enim fecerit tibi, but Gataker closes it with a semicolon, not a question mark, and runs straight on into the words you are to say. NoliNōlīdo not sicsīcso agereact mimīmy filifīlī;son adfor aliudsomething else natinātīborn sumus.we wereDo not act so, my son; we were born for something else.Noli sic agere These are the words you are to say to the offender; Marcus gives them with no verb of saying. noli with an infinitive is the usual polite prohibition: "do not act so". Commands: imperative, memento, ne with the perfect subjunctivemi fili Both words are vocative: mi is the vocative of meus, and fili of filius, since nouns in -ius have the vocative in -i. The Greek says "child": you speak to him as a father would. The vocativead aliud nati sumus "We were born for something else": for working together, not for harming one another. nati sumus as in the first heading. mihito me quidemfor my part nocerinocērīto be harmed nequit.it cannot sedbut ipseyou yourself laederis,you are harmed mimīmy filifīlī.sonI, for my part, cannot be harmed; but you yourself are harmed, my son.mihi quidem noceri nequit noceo "harm" takes the dative and has no personal passive, so Latin says "it cannot be harmed to me": mihi noceri nequit "I cannot be harmed". nequit "cannot" is impersonal here, with noceri depending on it. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur)sed ipse laederis quidem … sed "for my part … but" sets the speaker against the offender: he is the one hurt, by his own wrongdoing. monstraverismōnstrāverīsyou should show etiamalso scitescītē,deftly etand generatimgenerātimin general terms ostenderisostenderīs,show necneither apesapēsbees italike this sesēthemselves gerere,behave necnor eorumeōrumof those ullumūllum,any quaethat gregatimgregātimin herds agereto live natanātaborn sunt,are animantium.of the living creaturesYou should also show him deftly, and in general terms, that neither bees behave like this, nor any of the living creatures that are born to live in herds.monstraveris … ostenderis Perfect subjunctives used as a polite command, "you should show", as Gataker uses videris and memineris. They could also be read as further future perfects carrying on the si clauses of the question above. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")nec apes ita se gerere An accusative and infinitive after ostenderis: "that neither bees behave like this". apes is accusative plural; se gerere "behave". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)nec eorum ullum, quae gregatim agere nata sunt, animantium ullum "any" is a second subject of gerere, understood again. eorum … animantium "of those living creatures" is a partitive genitive whose noun is held back to the end, after the relative clause quae gregatim agere nata sunt "that are born to live in herds". The pronouns are neuter because animans is used here as a neuter noun. Partitive genitive (aliquid boni, nihil…) quinquīnand indeed nequeneither irrisorieirrīsōriēmockingly faciendummust be done hoc,this nequenor contumeliosecontumēliōsē,insultingly sedbut cumwith genuinogenuīnōgenuine amorisamōrisof love affectuaffectū;feelingAnd indeed this must be done neither mockingly nor insultingly, but with a genuine feeling of love;quin neque irrisorie faciendum hoc faciendum (est) hoc "this must be done" is a gerundive of obligation with est left out. quin at the start of a sentence adds a further point, "and indeed". neque … neque … sed "neither … nor … but". Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)cum genuino amoris affectu "With a genuine feeling of love": genuino as with gentleness above, not put on. nequenot animoanimōwith a mind quasias it were attactoattāctōstung etand exulceratoexulcerātō,sore nequenor tanquamas inin scholascholā,a school nequenor utso that astantiastantīstanding by alicuito someone sissīsyou may be admirationiadmīrātiōnī,an object of admiration sedbut itain such a way semper,always utthat cumwith solosōlōhim alone agasagās,you deal etiamsietiamsīeven if aliialiīothers forsanperhaps circumstiterintare standing round nonnullinōnnūllī.somenot with a mind as it were stung and sore, nor as in a school, nor so that you may be an object of admiration to someone standing by; but always in such a way that you deal with him alone, even if perhaps some others are standing round.animo quasi attacto et exulcerato An ablative of manner without cum, as is usual when the noun has adjectives: "with a mind as it were stung and sore". attacto is the participle of attingo "touch": touched, hurt; exulcerato "made sore, festering". Ablative of means, cause and mannertanquam in schola "As in a school": not lecturing him like a schoolmaster, or like a philosopher before his pupils.ut astanti alicui sis admirationi A purpose clause with a double dative: admirationi "for admiration" is a dative of purpose, and alicui "to someone" names the person concerned: "that you may be an object of admiration to someone standing by", that is, to show off. astanti is the present participle of asto. Dative of reference, possession and advantageita semper, ut cum solo agas ita … ut "in such a way that" with the subjunctive. cum aliquo agere is "deal with someone"; solo "(him) alone". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)etiamsi alii forsan circumstiterint nonnulli alii … nonnulli "some others" frame the clause. circumstiterint is perfect, "have taken their stand around", so "are standing round"; it is subjunctive because it belongs to the ut clause. Concessive clauses: etiamsi, quamvis, cum Capitaheads novemnine istathese inin menteyour mind repositastored up habeashabeās,keep tanquamlike donadōnagifts quaedamas it were aāfrom MusisMūsīsthe Muses accepta;received atqueand incipiasincipiāsbegin tandemat last homohomōa man esse,to be dumwhile vivisvīvis.you liveKeep these nine heads stored in your mind, like gifts received from the Muses; and begin at last to be a man while you live.Capita novem ista in mente reposita habeas habeas is a jussive subjunctive, "keep". habere with a perfect participle means "have (something) in a certain state": reposita habeas "keep (them) stored up". capita are the "heads" or headings of an argument. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")tanquam dona quaedam a Musis accepta The nine headings are likened to gifts from the nine Muses, the goddesses of poetry and learning. accepta is the perfect passive participle agreeing with dona: "received from the Muses"; quaedam softens the image, "gifts, as it were". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsincipias tandem homo esse, dum vivis incipias is another jussive subjunctive: "begin". homo is nominative after esse because it describes the subject of incipias. dum "while" takes the present indicative. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…") VeruntamenVēruntamenbut exon aequoaequōan equal footing cavendum,one must take care sicutsīcutjust as nenēnot to irascarisīrāscārisbe angry eiseīs,with them itaso etiamalso nenēnot to adulerisadūlēris.flatterBut you must take equal care, just as not to be angry with them, so also not to flatter them.ex aequo cavendum cavendum (est) is an impersonal gerundive: "one must take care". ex aequo "on equal terms" means "equally". Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)sicut ne irascaris eis, ita etiam ne aduleris caveo ne with the subjunctive is "take care not to". sicut … ita "just as … so" pairs the two dangers. irascor and adulor are deponents; irascor takes the dative, eis "with them". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…) utrumqueeach of the two enimfor societatissocietātisof fellowship jusjūsthe law violat,violates etand adto damnumharm tendit.leadsFor each of the two violates the law of fellowship, and leads to harm.utrumque utrumque "each of the two" is neuter because it refers to two actions, being angry and flattering. adversusagainst iramīramanger verovērōand praestopraestōat hand sitlet (this) be illud;this irasciīrāscīto be angry haudnot virilevirīlemanly esse;is sedbut mansuetummānsuētumgentle placidumqueand calm animianimīof mind affectum,disposition utas humaniushūmāniusmore humane quiddam,something itaso etalso masculummanly magis.moreAnd against anger let this be at hand: that to be angry is not manly; but that a gentle and calm disposition of mind, as it is something more humane, so is it also more manly.praesto sit illud praesto sit "let it be at hand" is a jussive subjunctive with the adverb praesto "ready, at hand". illud "this" points ahead to two statements, both accusative and infinitive. Jussive and hortatory subjunctive ("let him…", "you should…")irasci haud virile esse The infinitive irasci is the subject of esse: "that to be angry is not manly". virile is neuter to agree with it, since an infinitive counts as a neuter noun. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)mansuetum placidumque animi affectum, ut humanius quiddam, ita et masculum magis Supply esse: "(that) a gentle and calm disposition of mind (is) more manly". ut … ita "as … so": "as it is something more humane, so it is also more manly". humanius is the comparative of humanus, neuter to agree with quiddam; masculum magis is a comparative formed with magis. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood atqueand isthe man certecertē,surely quiquīwho itaso affectusdisposed est,is roburrōburstrength animianimīof mind nervosquenervōsqueand sinews etand fortitudinemfortitūdinemcourage penesin the keeping of sesēhimself habet,has nonnōnnot autembut isthe man quiquīwho indignaturindignāturis indignant etand offenditur.takes offenceAnd it is surely the man who is so disposed that has strength of mind, and sinews, and courage in his own keeping, not the man who is indignant and takes offence.is certe, qui ita affectus est "The man who is so disposed", that is, gentle and calm. is is answered at the end by non autem is qui … "not the man who …", with habet understood. Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idemrobur animi nervosque et fortitudinem penes se habet penes se "in his own keeping": he holds strength of mind, sinews and courage as his own possession. nervi "sinews" is a common figure for strength.indignatur et offenditur indignor is deponent, "be indignant"; offenditur is a passive with a middle sense, "takes offence". The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…") quoquōby how much enimfor propiusnearer hocthis adto immunitatemimmūnitātemfreedom abfrom affectibusthe passions omnemcomplete prorsusprōrsus,utterly eoeōby so much etiamalso adto potentiamstrength propiusnearer acceditaccēdit.it comesFor the nearer this comes to an utterly complete freedom from the passions, the nearer it also comes to strength.quo enim propius hoc ad immunitatem … eo etiam ad potentiam propius accedit quo … eo with comparatives means "the …-er …, the …-er": literally "by how much nearer …, by so much nearer". Both are ablatives of the degree of difference with propius "nearer", the comparative of prope. The verb accedit is written once and serves both halves: "the nearer this comes to …, the nearer it also comes to strength". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamimmunitatem ab affectibus omnem prorsus immunitas "freedom, exemption" takes ab with the ablative: "freedom from the passions", the Stoic apatheia. omnem prorsus "utterly complete" agrees with immunitatem. hoc "this" is the gentle and calm disposition. Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus) quemadmodumas autemand tristitiatrīstitia,grief sicsīcso ettoo iraīra,anger imbecillisimbēcillisweak estis (the mark) animianimī.of a mind utraqueeach of the two enimfor vulnusa wound accepitaccēpit,has taken etand succubuit.has given wayAnd as grief, so anger too is the mark of a weak mind. For each has taken a wound and given way.imbecillis est animi A genitive of characteristic: est with a genitive means "belongs to, is the mark of": "is (the mark) of a weak mind". imbecillis is genitive, agreeing with animi. With tristitia supply the same words: "as grief (is the mark of a weak mind)". Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"utraque enim vulnus accepit, et succubuit utraque "each of the two" is feminine for tristitia and ira: the mind that grieves and the mind that rages have both been wounded and have given in. Quodand sisīif volueris,you like etiamalso decimuma tenth aāfrom MusarumMūsārumof the Muses praesidethe leader donumdōnumgift accipe.takeAnd if you like, take also a tenth gift from the leader of the Muses.Quod si volueris quod si "and if, but if" opens a sentence. volueris is future perfect, where English says "if you like". The future perfect ("if you will have done…")decimum a Musarum praeside donum The leader of the Muses is Apollo (the Greek calls him Musagetes, "leader of the Muses"). After nine gifts from the nine Muses, the tenth comes from Apollo himself. decimum … donum wraps round the phrase that says whose gift it is. velle,to wish improbiimprobīthe wicked nenēthat … not peccent,should do wrong insaniaeīnsāniaeof madness est.is idthat enimfor quodwhich fierifierīhappen nonnōnnot potest,can appetit.it seeksTo wish that the wicked should not do wrong is madness. For it seeks what cannot happen.velle, improbi ne peccent, insaniae est The infinitive velle is the subject: "to wish …". volo can take ne with the subjunctive, "wish that … not"; improbi, the subject of peccent, is drawn forward in front of ne for emphasis. insaniae est is a genitive of characteristic, "is (the mark) of madness", that is, "is madness". Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"id enim quod fieri non potest, appetit id … quod "that which": such a wish reaches for the impossible. The subject of appetit is understood from velle: the wish, or the man who wishes. tumthen again concedereconcēdere,to allow utthat adversustowards aliosaliōsothers talestālēssuch sint,they be sedbut nenēthat … not inagainst tetēyou peccentthey do wrong postularepostulāre,to demand etboth stolidumstupid estis etand tyrannicumtyrannical etiam.evenThen again, to allow them to be such towards others but to demand that they do no wrong against you is both stupid and even tyrannical.tum concedere … postulare Two infinitives are the subject of est: concedere "to allow" and postulare "to demand". Each takes a noun clause: concedo ut "allow that", postulo ne "demand that … not"; the ne clause comes before its verb. The predicates stolidum and tyrannicum are neuter because their subjects are infinitives. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)ne in te peccent peccare in aliquem is "do wrong against someone": the demand is that they spare you alone, as a tyrant demands to be exempt from the rules he leaves to others.