Indirect questions

A question reported after a verb of asking, knowing, seeing or considering: a question word with a subjunctive verb, translated as an ordinary English statement.

Examples

• Quin et animam considera, qualis sit 2.2Consider the soul too, what it is like
• Vides, quam pauca sint 2.5You see how few things there are
• quia in alienis animis quid ageretur non animadverterit 2.8because he did not notice what was going on in other people's minds
• considerare, homo Deum quomodo, et qua sui parte contingat 2.12to consider how, and with what part of himself, man touches God

In the text 183

• I.8 ab isto didici, et quo modo beneficia, quae dicuntur, ab amicis accipere oporteret, ut nec acceptis obnoxius fierem, nec citra sensum tamen omnem transmitterem.quo modo "in what way, how" opens an indirect question after didici, so its verb is subjunctive, and imperfect because didici is past. oportet "one ought" is impersonal; its subject is the infinitive accipere: "how one ought to receive".
• I.11 A Frontone, ut scirem, quae invidentia, versutia, simulatio tyrannidem consequatur:An indirect question after scirem: "what envy, cunning and pretence go with tyranny". quae is the interrogative adjective, agreeing with the nearest noun, and one singular verb, the deponent consequatur "follows, attends", serves all three. It is present, not imperfect as the sequence after scirem would lead one to expect, because it states what is always true of tyranny.
• I.14 nec, quid vellet nolletve, familiaribus conjectu difficile foret; adeo aperto erat pectore.Still in the quod clause about Severus: "and that what he wanted or did not want was not hard for his friends to guess". The subject of foret is the indirect question quid vellet nolletve, and difficile agrees with it. foret is another form of esset. nolletve is nollet with -ve "or".
• I.16 quod probe noverat, ubi vehementius, ubi remissius agere opus esset;An indirect question after noverat: "where (or when) there was need to act more forcefully, where more gently". opus est "there is need" takes the infinitive agere, and esset is subjunctive because the question is indirect.
• I.16 quod in consiliis, quid facto opus esset, accurate perquirendo constanter insistebat, nec specie rerum obvia quavis acquiescens, indagationem incidebat.opus est "there is need" can take a perfect participle in the ablative: quid facto opus esset "what needed to be done". It is an indirect question, so esset is subjunctive; the question is what perquirendo "searching out" looks for.
• I.16 denique quomodo in Maximi aegrotatione se gesserit.The last item is an indirect question with nothing to hang on: supply "(I saw, I remember)": "finally, how he behaved during the illness of Maximus". gesserit is subjunctive because the question is indirect; se gerere is "to conduct oneself".
• II.2 Quin et animam considera, qualis sit. Spiritus est, sive aer, nec is semper idem, sed qui jugiter efflatus denuo resorbetur.An indirect question, so sit is subjunctive: "consider what sort of thing it is". Latin often makes the subject of the question (animam) the object of the main verb first: "consider the soul, what sort it is".
• II.4 Memento, quamdiu ista distuleris, et quoties opportunitates a Diis tibi oblatas neglexeris.quamdiu 'how long' and quoties 'how often' turn what follows into indirect questions, the things to be remembered. In an indirect question the verb goes into the subjunctive: distuleris and neglexeris are perfect subjunctive, 'how long you have put off', 'how often you have neglected'. They look like future perfects, which differ only in the 1st person singular (distulerim against distulero); the sense here is past, so they are perfect subjunctive.
• II.4 tandem advertas oportet, cujusnam mundi pars sis, et cujusnam mundi rectoris propago.cujusnam is the genitive of quisnam, a stronger quis: 'of what world, pray?'. It opens an indirect question depending on advertas, so sis is subjunctive.
• II.5 Vides, quam pauca sint, quae siquis tenuerit, prosperam ac divinam propemodum vitam degere detur. siquidem et dii ipsi nihil amplius exigent ab eo, ista qui observaverit.quam 'how' opens an indirect question after Vides, so sint is subjunctive: 'how few (the things) are'.
• II.8 Vix, aut ne vix quidem quisquam, ideo infeliciter agere deprehensus est, quia in alienis animis quid ageretur non animadverterit.An indirect question after animadverterit: 'what was going on'. agitur in the passive means 'it is going on'. The imperfect ageretur follows the past tense of animadverterit (sequence of tenses).
• II.9 Horum meminisse semper oportet: quae universi, quae tua natura sit; quomodo haec ad illam affecta, qualisque pars qualis universi existat:A string of indirect questions explains Horum, all with subjunctive verbs: quae … sit, quomodo … affecta, qualis … existat. In the first, natura sit serves both universi and tua: 'what the nature of the universe is, what yours is'.
• II.12 Facultatis rationalis est, considerare, quam velociter evanescant omnia, in mundo corpora, in aevo eorundem etiam memoria:considerare governs a chain of indirect questions that runs through the whole section: quam velociter evanescant, cujusmodi sint, quinam ii sint, quid sit ipsum mori, and at the end quomodo … contingat and quo pacto habitura se sit. Each has its verb in the subjunctive, which English gives as a plain indicative: "how quickly all things vanish".
• II.12 cujusmodi sint omnia quae sub sensum cadunt; horumque ea maxime, quae vel voluptate alliciunt, vel dolore percellunt, vel cum fastu celebrantur;cujusmodi is cujus modi written as one word, "of what kind", a genitive of description used as the predicate: "what sort of things all things are". This is the second question after considerare, so sint is subjunctive.
• II.12 quam vilia, quam contemnenda, quam sordida, caduca, mortua sint.Another indirect question after considerare, with quam "how" before each adjective and a single sint at the end. The subject is still the things of sense from the sentence before, so all the adjectives are neuter plural.
• II.12 quinam ii sint, quorum opiniones vocesque claritatem largiuntur.A further question depending on considerare, from the sentence before: "(to consider) who those people really are". quinam is qui strengthened by -nam; ii is picked up by the relative quorum "whose".
• II.12 quid sit ipsum mori; quodque siquis rem ipsam per se intueatur, cogitationeque ab illa submoverit ea omnia, quibus tanquam larvis horrendis instructa imaginationi nostrae se objicit, nihil esse aliud comperiet quam opus naturae.
• II.12 ejusdem denique facultatis fuerit, considerare, homo Deum quomodo, et qua sui parte contingat; quoque pacto habitura se sit pars ista, ubi corpore soluta fuerit.The question words come after the subject and object: "how, and with what part of himself, man touches God". sui "of himself" is a partitive genitive with parte: the part of man that is in contact with God is his mind.
• II.14 itaque nihil interesse, per centum, an per ducentos, an per tempus interminatum, eadem quis visurus sit.Gataker passes from the quod-clause to an accusative and infinitive, still depending on "remember": nihil interesse "that it makes no difference" (interest is impersonal, and nihil is adverbial, "in no way"). What makes no difference is an indirect question with an … an "whether … or … or"; the first member has no utrum.
• II.16 quinto, quoties actionem aut conatum suum ad nullum certum scopum destinat, sed temere agit, et nescia ipsa, quid velit.No verb: supply "is": "and is itself unaware of what it wants". nescia agrees with the soul, the subject of the sentence; quid velit is an indirect question depending on it, so velit is subjunctive.
• III.1 sed et illud reputandum, quod, si quis diutius vitam protraxerit, incertum sit, utrum mentis vires pariter idoneas sit habiturus ad rerum intelligentiam, et ad contemplationem eam quae ad rerum divinarum humanarumque peritiam contendit.
• III.1 ea vero vis, qua sese uti possit, et officii sui numeros omnes absolvere, et quae animo conceperit distincte explicare, et de hoc ipso, an mortem sibi consciscere debeat, considerare,de hoc ipso "about this very thing" is spelled out by an indirect question with an "whether", its verb debeat in the subjunctive: "whether he ought to inflict death on himself". mortem sibi consciscere is the usual Latin phrase for taking one's own life; the Stoics held that a man might choose this when he could no longer live as reason requires.
• III.4 puta, cogitando, quid iste vel ille agat, et quorsum hoc vel illud agat, quid loquatur, quid cogitet, quid machinetur, et caetera.Each quid "what", and quorsum "to what end", opens an indirect question depending on cogitando; their verbs agat, loquatur, cogitet, machinetur are subjunctive, as always in indirect questions, though English uses plain statements: "what he is doing". loquatur and machinetur are deponents: passive endings, active meaning.
• III.4 qui raro admodum, nec citra magnam aliquam atque in commune utilem occasionem advertat, quid alius quispiam dicat, faciat, cogitet.An indirect question, the object of advertat, with three subjunctive verbs and no "and". alius quispiam "anyone else".
• III.4 qui secius vivunt, quales sint domi, quales foris, quomodo noctu, quomodo interdiu se gerant, quales cum qualibus volutentur, in memoria habet.The relative clause comes first and has no antecedent: qui secius vivunt "those who live otherwise", i.e. not according to nature. They are the subject of the indirect questions that follow, all objects of in memoria habet "he keeps in mind" at the very end; their verbs sint, gerant, volutentur are subjunctive.
• III.7 quin nec tantillum interesse censebit, spatio temporis prolixiore an contractiore anima sua corpore inclusa utatur.An indirect question with the subjunctive utatur, depending on interesse. The first alternative needs no utrum: prolixiore an contractiore "(whether) longer or shorter". uti takes the ablative: "has the use of a longer or a shorter span of time".
• III.11 quo ipsa per se nuda ex natura sui, eademque integra, per partes sui universas, quale quid sit, distincte possis dijudicare;An indirect question depending on dijudicare, so its verb sit is subjunctive. quale quid pairs the interrogative adjective quale "what sort of" with quid "what (thing)", both neuter: "what sort of thing it is".
• III.11 utque apud te perpendas, et quodnam sit nomen ejus, quaeque eorum ex quibus constat, et in quae futurum est ut resolvatur denuo, nomina.Two indirect questions depend on perpendas: "both what its name is, and what (are) the names …". quodnam and quae are interrogative adjectives agreeing with nomen and nomina; nomina is held back to the very end, after the two relative clauses that describe eorum.
• III.11 eademque sic intueri semper, ut mentem simul subeat, quali mundo qualem usum hoc praebeat, quamnam universi respectu dignitatem obtineat;Latin can put two question words in one clause: literally "this provides what kind of use to what kind of world". English must split it: "what kind of use this provides, and to what kind of world". quali mundo is dative, qualem usum accusative, both with praebeat.
• III.11 quamnam, hominem quod attinet, qui civem agit civitatis supernae illius, cujus reliquae civitates istae quasi familiae existunt;
• III.11 quidnam sit, et ex quibusnam principiis consistat, et quamdiu durare natum sit, quod phantasiam mihi afficit impraesentiarum:More indirect questions, still what is to come into the mind. Their subject is held back to the end: quod phantasiam mihi afficit impraesentiarum "the thing that is now affecting my imagination", that is, making an impression on me. phantasia is the Greek word for an impression in the mind; impraesentiarum, from in praesentia rerum, means "at present".
• III.11 quanam item virtute adversus rem eam sit usus; mansuetudine puta, fortitudine, veritate, fide, simplicitate, frugalitate, an alia aliqua.
• III.11 hoc a contribuli, congenere, sodale; qui ipse quidem quid naturae suae consentaneum sit nescit.
• III.15 Nesciunt quam variae significationis sint vocabula ista, furari, serere, emere, quiescere, quid facto opus est videre, quod quidem non oculis corporeis, sed visu quodam aliusmodi efficitur.The last word is a whole phrase, "to see what needs doing". opus est "there is need" can take the ablative of a perfect participle: quid facto opus est "what there is need of having done", that is, "what must be done". An indirect question normally has the subjunctive (sit); Gataker keeps the indicative est, quoting the phrase as it would be said.
• IV.3 denique quam multi, ubi inimicitiis exercendis, suspicionibus fovendis, odiis, litigiis, vitam exegissent, tandem defuncti et in cineres redacti sint, desine tandem tibi molestiam facessere.The last thing to weigh is an indirect question, still depending on perpendens: quam multi … defuncti et in cineres redacti sint "how many have died and been reduced to ashes" (sint serves both participles, making the perfect subjunctive). Inside it, ubi … vitam exegissent "after they had spent their life" is pluperfect: it happened before the dying. It is subjunctive because it sits within the question.
• IV.3 cogita quam cito oblivione sepeliantur omnia, quamque vastum chaos infiniti aevi utrinque consistat:cogita "think" is followed by two indirect questions, with their verbs in the subjunctive: quam cito … sepeliantur "how quickly … are buried" and quamque … consistat "and how … stands" (quamque is quam + -que).
• IV.3 tum quam inanes plane applausus isti; quam mutabile et judicii expers faventium vulgus; quam angusto denique spatio laus ista terminetur.quam with an adjective is "how": quam angusto … spatio "within how narrow a space". Here the verb is expressed: terminetur "is bounded", subjunctive in the indirect question after cogita.
• IV.3 sed et perpende tecum, quam multarum rerum mutationibus interfueris ipse.An indirect question after perpende "weigh", with the perfect subjunctive interfueris: "at the changes of how many things you have yourself been present". intersum "be present at" takes the dative, mutationibus; quam multarum "of how many" goes with rerum.
• IV.4 si ratio, etiam ea quae quid agendum, quid omittendum praescribit, ratio communis est.
• IV.11 Tu ne ea opineris, quae is autumat, qui contumelia te afficit; vel etiam quae ille autumare te vult. verum res ipsas, quomodo vere se habeant, cogites.se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be, be in a state": quomodo vere se habeant "how they truly are", an indirect question with the subjunctive. Its subject, res ipsas, is drawn forward into the main clause as the object of cogites: "consider the things themselves, how they are". cogites is a jussive subjunctive.
• IV.18 Quantum is otii lucratur sibi, qui non animadvertit, quid proximus quis dixerit, egerit, cogitaverit;Indirect questions after animadvertit "notices": "what some neighbour has said, done, thought". The verbs are subjunctive, as in every indirect question, and perfect because the saying and doing are already past while the main verb is present. proximus quis is "someone next to him", one's neighbour; quis is the indefinite "someone".
• IV.18 sed quid ipse tantum agat, quo id justum sit piumque; nec, ut Agatho loquitur, mores nigros quod resipiat.Still after animadvertit: "but (notices) only what he himself is doing". agat is present subjunctive, since the doing goes on now. ipse "he himself" is set against proximus quis "his neighbour".
• IV.25 Periculum facito, quomodo procedat tibi vita viri boni.An indirect question saying what is to be tested, with its verb in the subjunctive: "how the life of a good man goes for you". Live it, Marcus means, and see how it turns out. tibi is a dative of reference: "for you".
• IV.32 simulque considera, quam multi cum in rebus istiusmodi enixe se contendissent, paulo post occiderint, et in elementa sua resoluti sint.quam multi "how many" opens an indirect question after considera, so its verbs are subjunctive: occiderint "they fell, died" (perfect subjunctive of occĭdo, from ob + cado "fall"; not occīdo "kill") and resoluti sint "they were dissolved".
• IV.38 Mentes illorum intuere, et studia etiam, qualia fugiant, qualia prosequantur.Two indirect questions say what to look for: "what sort of things they flee, what sort they pursue". qualia is neuter plural, "things of what kind", and both verbs are subjunctive, as in every indirect question; prosequantur is from the deponent prosequor "pursue".
• IV.40 item quomodo ad sensum hujusce, unum et illum, omnia referantur: unoque quasi impetu ferantur universa, et ad omnia producenda cooperentur;quomodo "how" opens an indirect question that still depends on Cogita, so all three of its verbs are subjunctive: referantur "are referred", ferantur "are carried along, move", cooperentur "work together", from the late Latin deponent cooperor. From ferantur on, the subject is universa "all things together".
• IV.40 quis denique rerum connexus et contextus sit.A last indirect question after Cogita: "what the linking and interweaving of things is". quis here does the work of the adjective qui "what (kind of)" with connexus. Both nouns are fourth declension, so the nominative ends in -us; contextus is literally "a weaving together", like threads in cloth.
• IV.46 illius quoque meminisse profuerit, qui quo via duceret, oblitus est.Two question-words stand side by side. qui "who" is the relative, subject of oblitus est "forgot", the perfect of the deponent obliviscor. quo "where to" opens an indirect question, the object of oblitus est: "who forgot where the road was leading". duceret is imperfect subjunctive, following the past tense; via is nominative.
• IV.48 Crebro apud te reputa, quot medici sint mortui, qui super decumbentes, tanquam conclamatos jam, supercilia contraxerint:reputa "think over" governs a long chain of indirect questions, each opened by quot "how many", an adjective that never changes its ending (here it goes with medici). In an indirect question the verb is subjunctive: sint mortui is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent morior, "how many doctors have died". The same quot comes back before astrologers, philosophers, warriors, tyrants and cities, and sint mortui is to be supplied with each.
• IV.48 quot mathematici, qui aliorum fata, quasi magnum quid esset id posse, praedixerint:
• IV.48 quot philosophi, postquam de morte et immortalitate tam multa disseruissent: quot strenui bellatores, cum multos trucidassent:
• IV.48 quot tyranni, postquam vitae necisque potestatem, tanquam extra mortis aleam positi, diro cum fastu exercuerant:
• IV.48 quot etiam urbes, ut sic dicam, intermortuae sint; Helice, Pompeii, Herculanum, aliaeque innumerabiles.The last quot question has its own verb, intermortuae sint, the perfect subjunctive of the deponent intermorior "to die off, perish": "how many cities have died". intermortuae is feminine, agreeing with urbes.
• IV.48 quamque exiguo haec omnia tempore contigerint.One more indirect question, still depending on Percurre: quam exiguo … tempore "in how short a time", an ablative of the time within which something happens, with its subject haec omnia "all these things" set inside it. quamque = et quam. contigerint "have happened" is perfect subjunctive, like the verbs of the quot questions.
• IV.49 quid autem ea velit, non est ut nunc discas.
• V.5 an non intelligis quam multa praestare cum jam possis, ad quae inhabilitatis naturalis aut ineptitudinis nullus suppetit praetextus, sponte tamen in eis inferior adhuc persistis?inferior "lower" is the comparative of inferus, a predicate with persistis: "you still stay lower in them", short of what you could be, and sponte "of your own will" says that nothing holds you down. The question begun by quam multa ends in the indicative persistis, as the Greek does; classical Latin would put persistas.
• V.6 est, qui etiamsi imputare haud ita proclivis sit, pro debitore tamen apud se habet eum cui benefecit, quidque fecerit, novit.quid fecerit "what he has done" is an indirect question, so its verb is subjunctive; -que joins it on: "and he knows what he has done". novit is the perfect of nosco "get to know", used as a present: "he knows".
• V.6 est et, qui, quid fecerit, quodammodo ne novit quidem;
• V.6 in horum ergo numero esse oportet, qui quid faciant, ipsi quodammodo ne intelligunt quidem? ita plane.quid faciant "what they are doing" is an indirect question (subjunctive), the object of intelligunt. ipsi "they themselves" and ne … quidem "not even" make it strong; quodammodo "in a way" softens it again.
• V.6 At hoc ipsum, inquis, quid agas, intelligere necessarium est.
• V.9 sed vide, gratiorne sit magnanimitas, liberalitas, simplicitas, aequanimitas, sanctitas.-ne on the first word of a clause after a verb like vide "see, consider" means "whether", and the verb goes into the subjunctive: an indirect question. gratior "more pleasing" (understand: than pleasure) agrees with magnanimitas, and sit is singular because each virtue is taken in turn. liberalitas is the bearing of a free man (liber): generosity, a frank and noble spirit.
• V.12 Cujusmodi sint quae plerisque bona videntur, hinc licet deprehendere.The sentence opens with an indirect question, the object of deprehendere: cujusmodi sint "of what kind are" (subjunctive). Its subject is the relative clause quae plerisque bona videntur "the things which seem good to most people", with no antecedent: the goods of the many, as against things that really are good.
• V.12 Eas nunc et quaeras licet, utrum in honore habendae, aut in bonis censendae sint res hujusmodi, quibus animo prius conceptis illud commode possit adjici, homini istis instructo prae opulentia sua non suppetere, ubi ventris onus deponat.
• V.22 quin et etiamsi civitati nonnihil inde nocumenti accederet, ne sic quidem succensendum esset civitatem laedenti, sed ostendendum in quo delinquat.Supply esset again: ostendendum (esset) "one should show (him)". What is to be shown is an indirect question, with its verb in the subjunctive: in quo delinquat "in what he is going wrong". delinquat is present although esset is imperfect, because the imagined case concerns the present. In place of anger, instruction.
• V.23 Saepe cogita, quanta cum celeritate abripiantur et subtrahantur, quae sunt fiuntque universa.cogita "think" introduces an indirect question, so its verbs are subjunctive: "(with what speed) they are snatched away and withdrawn". quanta cum celeritate "with how great speed": Latin often puts the adjective in front of cum, as in magna cum cura "with great care".
• V.28 at homo, inquis, ratione praeditus est, potestque si advertat, dignoscere quid delinquat.advertat is subjunctive for a case only supposed: "if he were to pay attention" (advertere is short for animum advertere "turn the mind"). quid delinquat "what wrong he does" is an indirect question, so its verb is subjunctive; it is the object of dignoscere "to discern".
• V.30 vides ut res singulas ordine justo subdiderit, congesserit, pro dignitate sua suum cuique attribuerit, praestantissimas mutuo sibi invicem consensu devinxerit.ut with the subjunctive after a verb of seeing is "how", introducing an indirect question: vides ut … subdiderit "you see how it has set under". All four verbs, subdiderit, congesserit, attribuerit, devinxerit, are perfect subjunctives in this question, set side by side without "and".
• V.31 Recole tecum, quo modo te hactenus gesseris erga Deos, parentes, fratres, conjugem, liberos, praeceptores, educatores, amicos, familiares, famulos;
• V.31 nunquid hactenus adversus horum aliquem, quod minus deceat, quicquam vel facto, vel dicto etiam admiseris.nunquid (num + quid) brings in a second indirect question, "whether … at all". admittere here is "to commit (a wrong)", and its object is quicquam "anything", the word used when the answer hoped for is "nothing".
• V.31 recole quoque quae transegeris negotia, quibusque sustinendis suffeceris.
• V.31 recole itidem, quot praeclara videris; quot voluptates ac dolores spreveris; quot pro gloriosis habita neglectui habueris; quot improbis denique aequum te exhibueris.quot "how many" never changes its ending, so its case is that of the word it goes with: accusative with praeclara and voluptates, dative with improbis. videris with a long ī is the perfect subjunctive of video, "you have seen"; do not take it for videris "you seem". The four clauses make a catalogue of a life: things seen, pleasures and pains despised, glory ignored, patience with the wicked.
• V.36 ad rostra ubi declamitans fueris, an oblitus es, homo, haec quidnam sint?an opening a direct question expresses surprise: "can it be that you have forgotten?" oblitus es is the perfect of the deponent obliviscor. homo "man!" is vocative. The indirect question haec quidnam sint "what these things really are" puts its subject haec in front of the question word.
• V.36 sors vero bona si quid sit quaeras, ea moribus bonis, motibus bonis, bonis denique actionibus constat.The subject of the indirect question is pulled out in front of everything: sors bona si quid sit quaeras = si quaeras quid sit sors bona "if you ask what a good lot is". quaeras is present subjunctive, "if you should ask". ea then takes sors bona up again as the subject of constat.
• VI.2 Pari loco habeas, frigore rigens, an calore fotus, quod est officii tui, feceris.
• VI.5 Novit mens universi rectrix, quomodo se habeat, quid faciat, et in qua materia versetur.Three indirect questions after novit, each with its verb in the subjunctive. se habere is "to be in a certain state": quomodo se habeat "how it is disposed". versari in is "to be busy with": "on what matter it works". The reason that governs the world knows itself, its work and its material; there is nothing blind in it.
• VI.13 cogitationes enim istae ita res ipsas attingunt, easdemque pervadunt, ut quaenam eae sint, penitius per hoc cernere detur.
• VI.13 Vide igitur, de Xenocrate ipso Crates quid dixerit.An indirect question after vide: quid dixerit "what he said", with the perfect subjunctive. The subject Crates and de Xenocrate ipso "about Xenocrates himself" stand before the question word. Xenocrates, Plato's pupil, was famous for his grave and solemn manner; the Cynic Crates seems to have mocked even him for pride. The saying itself is lost.
• VI.23 in cunctis vero opem divinam advoces: nec interesse existimes, quamdiu haec facturus sis. suffecerint enim sic exactae vel horae tres.
• VI.25 Cogita tecum, quot intra nostrum unumquemque, tam in corpore, quam et in anima, uno eodemque temporis momento simul fiant.quot … fiant "how many things happen" is an indirect question after cogita, so its verb is subjunctive. quot does not decline; here it is the subject, "how many things". cogita tecum "think with yourself" is "consider in your own mind".
• VI.26 Si quis te rogaverit, Antonini nomen quomodo scribatur, nunquid cum vocis intensione elementa singula proferres?quomodo scribatur "how it is written" is an indirect question after rogaverit, with the subjunctive. Antonini nomen "the name of Antoninus", that is, the name Antoninus, is drawn out in front of quomodo. Antoninus was one of Marcus's own names; to spell it one says the letters in turn, A, N, T, O, and so on.
• VI.30 utque nihil omnino praeterierit, priusquam sedulo considerasset et liquido perspexisset:Here the list changes shape. Instead of more accusatives, Gataker gives clauses with ut "how" and the subjunctive: indirect questions that depend on a verb carried in the mind, imitare "imitate (how)" or memento "remember (how)". They run on, with ut or utque "and how", almost to the end of the section.
• VI.30 utque tulerit immerito reprehendentes, nec eos vicissim redarguerit.
• VI.30 ut nihil enixe aut festine moliebatur: ut delationes non admiserit.
• VI.30 ut morum actionumque accuratus explorator fuerit; non conviciator, non meticulosus, non suspiciosus, non sophista.
• VI.30 ut paucis contentus, tecto nempe, strato, veste, victu, servitio: ut laborum amans, irasci tardus,
• VI.30 utque sententiis ipsius libere se opponentes sustinuerit; gavisus etiam, si quis melius quicquam proferret.
• VI.30 denique ut citra superstitionem fuerit religiosus.
• VI.35 Nonne vides, ut artifices mechanici, etiamsi hominibus imperitis quadantenus concedant, artis tamen suae rationem nihilominus enixe adversus illos tueantur, nec ab ea quicquam abscedere sustineant?ut here means "how" and introduces an indirect question after vides, so its verbs are subjunctive: tueantur, sustineant.
• VI.38 Perpende tecum jugiter rerum omnium, quae in mundo sunt, connexionem mutuam, quamque ad se invicem affectionem habeant.quam here is not "than" or "how" but the interrogative adjective "what?", agreeing with affectionem; -que adds this question to the noun connexionem: "the connection … and what disposition they have". The subjunctive habeant marks an indirect question. se invicem "themselves in turn" means "one another". affectio is "the state or relation" one thing stands in towards another, not "affection".
• VI.42 proinde cogita tandem, quorum in numerum te referas.An indirect question after cogita, so the subjunctive referas. in numerum referre "to put into the number of", i.e. "to count among, rank with". The genitive quorum "of which (men)" comes before its preposition, as Latin often puts it. Which kind of worker will you be: one who works knowingly, one who works unawares, or one who grumbles and resists?
• VI.59 Perpende tecum, quales sint quibus placere cupis, et quarum rerum potiundi caussa id velis, quibusque officiis ista demerearis.Perpende "weigh" governs three indirect questions, each with its verb in the subjunctive: quales sint "what sort they are", quarum rerum … caussa id velis "for the sake of what things you want it", quibus officiis … demerearis "by what services you earn them". quibus placere cupis "(those) whom you long to please" is a relative clause inside the first question and keeps the indicative. Marcus puts the questions to himself, in the second person.
• VI.59 item quam cito aevum omnia condet, quotque etiam res jam condiderit.Still depending on Perpende: "(weigh) how quickly time will bury all things". In an indirect question classical Latin would have the subjunctive (conditurum sit); Gataker keeps the plain future condet, as the Greek has it, but the second question has the regular perfect subjunctive condiderit. condere is "to put away, store", and so "to bury, hide from sight"; aevum is time without end. quotque is et quot "and how many", agreeing with res.
• VII.4 et in altero quidem, quid designetur; in altero vero, quorsum referatur, considerandum.
• VII.26 Cum adversus te quicquid peccaverit quis, considera statim, quid bonum malumve esse ratus id egerit.An indirect question built round a participle. Word for word: "thinking what (to be) good or bad he did it". ratus "thinking" (from reor, perfect in form, present in sense) governs the accusative and infinitive quid … bonum malumve esse "what to be good or bad", and the question word quid stands inside it. In English: "what he took to be good or bad when he did it". egerit is subjunctive because the question is indirect.
• VII.27 ex his autem selige quae gratissima sunt tibi, quo reputes tecum quanto cum studio ea, ni jam adessent, tibi requireres.
• VII.34 Quod ad gloriam, animos eorum, a quibus ea expetitur, considera, quales existant, et qualia tum fugiant, tum et sectentur.Indirect questions after considera, so the verbs are subjunctive: quales existant "what sort they (the minds) are", and qualia … sectentur "what sort of things they shun and pursue". existere here is little more than "to be". tum … tum "both … and" links the two, and et "also" adds weight to the second. sectentur is from the deponent sector "chase after". Judge the glory by the judges: what do these people run from and run after?
• VII.44 nec hoc duntaxat consideraturum, id quod agit, justum an injustum, hominisque probi an improbi sit.An indirect question, with its verb sit at the very end: "whether what he does is just or unjust". id quod agit "that which he does" is its subject, put first. A double question can do without utrum: justum an injustum "just or unjust".
• VII.46 Verum, o bone vir, illud videris, annon aliud quid generosum esse bonumque existat, quam servare et servari.annon (an non written as one word) after a verb of considering means "whether … not", hinting that the answer is yes. The subject is the infinitive phrase generosum esse bonumque "to be noble and good"; the adjectives are accusative masculine because an infinitive with no subject expressed is understood of a man in general. aliud quid … quam is "something other than".
• VII.46 sed istis Deo dimissis, et mulierculis etiam fide adhibita, fieri non posse ut fatum quisquam quoquo modo effugiat; hoc deinceps ei perpendendum, quomodo tempus hoc, quo victurus sit, quam optime exigat.
• VII.58 aut cur non potius motus alienos eis relinquas, qui his alios afficiunt, et afficiuntur ipsi; ipse totus in hoc intentus, quo modo casibus istiusmodi utare?ipse totus … intentus "yourself wholly intent" is nominative and has no verb of its own: it describes the "you" of relinquas, "while you are wholly intent". hoc "this" points ahead to the indirect question quo modo … utare "how you may use". utare is the other ending of utaris, the present subjunctive of the deponent utor, which takes the ablative: casibus "mishaps".
• VII.62 Crebro tecum perpende, qualesnam sint a quibus probari et praedicari velis, qualique sint mente praediti.Two indirect questions depend on perpende "weigh": qualesnam sint "what sort (of people) they are" and qualique sint mente praediti "and with what sort of mind they are endowed". -nam added to an interrogative gives it force: "what sort, really". The subject "they" is not expressed; a quibus "by whom" implies it: "they by whom you wish to be approved".
• VII.62 ita neque aut incusabis eos, ubi impingunt inviti, nec approbationem eorum expetes, si opinionis affectuumque fontes quos habeant, perspexeris.
• VII.66 aut quod per compita fastuose incedebat; quod tamen an verum fuerit, merito dubitaveris.
• VII.66 verum illud considerare oportet, quo modo affectam animam habuerit Socrates.An indirect question after illud considerare: "how Socrates had his soul disposed". habere with an object and a participle describes a lasting state: affectam animam habere "to have one's soul disposed (in a certain way)". habuerit is perfect subjunctive, as an indirect question requires; oportet takes the plain infinitive considerare "one must consider".
• VII.66 utrum hoc contentus agere poterat, quod in rebus humanis justus, in divinis pius existeret,utrum "whether" opens a second question, still depending on considerare oportet. Strictly an indirect question takes the subjunctive (posset); Gataker keeps the indicative poterat, as if the question were asked directly. hoc contentus "content with this": contentus takes the ablative. agere is "to live, conduct oneself".
• VIII.1 proinde si vere perspexisti, in quo res ipsa sita sit, missa existimatione, in hoc duntaxat incumbe, ut vitae quod superest, quantulumcunque id fuerit, pro naturae tuae ductu ac dictamine transigas.in quo … sita sit "in what the thing itself lies" is an indirect question, the object of perspexisti, so its verb is subjunctive. res ipsa "the thing itself" is what really matters, as against what people think of you; situm esse in "to be placed in, to lie in" comes from sino.
• VIII.1 tu itaque illa quid velit, intuere, nec te aliud quicquam molestum habeat.
• VIII.1 etenim expertus jam es, per quam multa divagatus, vitam bonam beatamque nusquam inveneris; non in syllogismis, non in divitiis, non in gloria, nec in voluptate, nec ullibi.An indirect question after expertus es, hence the perfect subjunctive inveneris. In quam multa "how many things", quam "how" goes with multa. Read it as: "how many things you wandered through, and nowhere found the good life".
• VIII.13 Assidue, in omni, quantum potes, viso menti oblato, considera, quaenam ejus natura, ad mores quid faciat, quid in se habeat veritatis.Three indirect questions after considera, with the subjunctive; in the first, sit is left out: quaenam ejus natura (sit) "what its nature is". ad mores facere is "to bear on conduct, to matter for character". quid … veritatis is a partitive genitive, "what of truth", that is, how much truth.
• VIII.19 cogita tecum an sensus communis id ferat.an here introduces an indirect question, "whether", so ferat is subjunctive; ferre is "to bear, put up with, allow". sensus communis renders the Greek ennoia, the notion all men share of what a human being is for.
• VIII.21 Inverte corpus tuum, atque inspice, quale sit, ubi senuerit; quale sit, ubi morbidum fuerit; quale sit, spiritum ubi efflaverit.quale sit "what sort of thing it is" is an indirect question after inspice, so sit is subjunctive; quale is neuter because the understood subject is corpus. The question is asked three times, each time with its own ubi "when" clause: old age, sickness, death.
• VIII.29 sed ut omnibus qualia reapse sint perspectis, pro existimatione sua singulis utar.
• VIII.31 dein reputa tecum, quam anxie egerint horum antecessores, ut successorem aliquem sibi superstitem relinquerent: cum necesse tamen fuerit, ut aliquis tandem ultimus existeret.quam anxie "how anxiously" opens an indirect question after reputa, so egerint is subjunctive. agere ut is "to act so that, strive to": the forebears worked to leave an heir. horum "of these" are the men whose epitaphs say "the last of his line".
• VIII.36 Ne confundat te vitae tuae totius cogitatio: neque animo simul complectere, quot qualesque molestias superventuras esse tibi verisimile sit.An indirect question, with the subjunctive sit, is the object of complectere: "how many and what kinds of troubles it is likely will come upon you". Inside it, molestias superventuras esse is an accusative and infinitive, the subject of verisimile sit "is likely". supervenire "come upon" takes the dative, tibi.
• VIII.52 Qui nescit esse mundum, ubi sit nescit.ubi sit "where he is" is an indirect question, the object of the second nescit, so sit is subjunctive. The two nescit frame the sentence.
• VIII.52 qui nescit ad quid natus sit, nec quis ipse, nec quid mundus sit, novit.Indirect question, the object of nescit: ad quid "for what (purpose)", natus sit "he was born", the perfect subjunctive of the deponent nascor.
• VIII.52 qui autem in horum alterutro deficit, nec ad quid ipse natus sit, dicere potest:
• VIII.52 qualis ergo tibi videtur is, qui vanos hominum eorum plausus vel aversatur vel aucupatur, qui nec ubi sint, nec qui sint ipsi, norunt?
• VIII.57 cujusmodi vero res sit radius, perspicere licet, si per angustum aliquod foramen lumen a Sole profectum in domicilium tenebricosum subingredi videris.The indirect question comes first: cujusmodi … res sit radius "what kind of thing a ray is" is the object of perspicere "to see clearly", which is in turn the subject of the impersonal licet "it is allowed, one may". cujusmodi (= cujus modi) is a genitive of description: "of what kind".
• IX.3 si autem vulgare vis pharmacum, quod cor tamen attingat, morti facilem cumprimis praestabit te, si consideraveris res subjectas a quibus morte divelleris, moresque hominum quales sint, quibus anima tua ulterius non immiscebitur."and the characters of the men, what sort they are": mores is lifted out of the indirect question to be the object of consideraveris, and quales sint then asks about it. English says "what sort of characters they have".
• IX.3 nunc autem vides, quanta molestia ex dissensu mutuo eorum quibuscum vivitur, oriatur.An indirect question after vides: "how much trouble arises", with its verb in the subjunctive. orior "arise" is deponent.
• IX.9 vide interim quo res redierit.An indirect question after vide "see": quo "whither, to what point", with redierit, the perfect subjunctive of redeo: "to what point the matter has come", i.e. "what things have come to".
• IX.11 idem et tibi licet facere. aut dicas, quis te prohibeat.
• IX.18 Mentes hominum penitius introspice. videbis, quos judices pertimescas; quales etiam de semet judices sint.Two indirect questions after videbis, so both verbs are subjunctive: quos judices pertimescas "what judges you are afraid of" and quales … judices sint "what sort of judges they are". quos and quales are question words used as adjectives with judices. Once you see how poorly these people judge even themselves, you will stop fearing their verdict on you.
• IX.21 cumque alias haud paucas differentias mutationesque deprehenderis, interroga te, ecquid in his grave sit.ecquid "whether anything" opens an indirect question, so sit is subjunctive: "ask yourself whether there is anything grievous in these". The answer expected is "no".
• IX.22 ad tuam, ut ipsam justam exhibeas: ad universi, ut recorderis, cujusnam sis pars:recorderis is the present subjunctive of the deponent recordor "remember". Its object is the indirect question cujusnam sis pars "of what (whole) you are a part", so sis is subjunctive too. -nam adds force to the question word: "of what, after all".
• IX.22 ad delinquentis cujusvis, ut consideres, inscius an consulto deliquerit; cogitesque simul esse tibi cognatum.An indirect double question, "whether … or": the first half has no word for "whether" (utrum is left out), and an brings in the second. The halves are not alike: inscius is an adjective agreeing with the wrongdoer, "unknowing", while consulto is an adverb, "on purpose"; English makes both adverbs, "in ignorance or on purpose". deliquerit is perfect subjunctive, "he did wrong".
• IX.27 Ubi te alii vituperaverint, vel oderint, vel ejusmodi aliquid oblocuti fuerint, adi animulas eorum, penitius introspice cujusmodi sint.penitius "more deeply" is the comparative of the adverb penitus. introspice "look inside" brings in an indirect question with the subjunctive: cujusmodi sint "of what sort they are". cujusmodi (cujus modi) is a genitive of description.
• IX.29 aggredere, quatenus tibi datur. nec circumspice, nunquis adsit, qui advertat. nec Platonis rempublicam expecta.nec with an imperative, where classical Latin would use neve or ne, is a prohibition: "and do not look around". nunquis (num "whether" + the indefinite quis "anyone", written as one word; classical numquis) brings in an indirect question: "whether anyone". qui advertat "who would notice" has the subjunctive of characteristic: do not look for an audience for what you do.
• IX.29 viderint illi, an quid natura communis poscat, norint, et ad hujus dictamen sese instituerint.an "whether" brings in an indirect question, and inside it is a second one, quid natura communis poscat "what common nature demands", the object of norint. norint is short for noverint, the perfect subjunctive of nosco; the perfect novi means "I know", so "whether they knew".
• IX.30 et quam multi sint, qui nec norint nomen tuum; quam multi, qui mox ejusdem obliviscentur; quam multi, qui cum te nunc laudent, mox vituperaturi sint.Still after considera, three indirect questions: quam multi sint "how many there are …". nec here means "not even". norint (short for noverint, "they know") is subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic: "such as do not even know your name".
• IX.32 si mundum totum et seculum in quo degis, mente complexus fueris, et rei cujusque sigillatim transmutationem celerem consideraveris, quamque exiguum temporis spatium inter ortum ejusdem et interitum intercedat;consideraveris, a second future perfect, has two objects: the noun transmutationem and this indirect question, joined by -que. quam with an adjective is "how": "and how small a span of time lies between", hence the subjunctive intercedat. ejusdem "of the same" refers back to rei cujusque: "its birth and its end".
• IX.34 Animulas hominum nudas intuere, ut videas, quales mentes gerant, quibus rebus studeant, et quarum caussa alios diligunt ac honorent.ut videas "so that you may see" is a purpose clause, and three indirect questions hang on videas: quales mentes gerant "what sort of minds they carry", quibus rebus studeant "what things they are eager for" (studeo takes the dative), and quarum caussa … honorent "for the sake of what (things) they love and honour". caussa with a genitive is "for the sake of" and comes after it. The verbs are subjunctive, except diligunt: Gataker prints it so (1652), an indicative beside the subjunctive honorent. Strict grammar would want diligant; the indicative simply states what they do, and the sense is the same.
• IX.34 tum quando vel vituperando obesse, vel laudando prodesse cuiquam videntur, quanto cum fastu id faciant.This still depends on ut videas in the last sentence, hence the subjunctive faciant: "(see) with how much arrogance they do it". The preposition stands between the adjective and its noun, an ordinary Latin order, as in magna cum cura.
• IX.37 perinde habet annis centum an tribus ista noris.habet with no object is used like se habet "it stands", and perinde is "just the same": "it makes no difference". Then comes a double indirect question with an alone for "whether … or" (utrum is left out). annis centum … tribus is an ablative of time how long, where classical Latin would use the accusative: "for a hundred years or for three". noris is short for noveris, the perfect subjunctive of nosco "come to know", so "know".
• IX.40 ista ergo Deos prece poscere incipias; videbis quid futurum sit.
• IX.40 huc, inquam, omnino vota verte tua, et vide quid futurum sit.
• IX.42 utile est admodum et ut apud te cogites ecquam homini virtutem natura dederit adversus hoc vitium.An indirect question, so its verb is subjunctive: dederit "has given" is the perfect subjunctive, not the future perfect. ecquam … virtutem "what virtue": ecquis used as an adjective asks whether there is any at all, "what virtue, if any".
• IX.42 tu vide, annon te potius incusare debeas, quod non expectaveris fore, ut hoc ille delinqueret;vide "see, consider" brings in an indirect question with annon "whether … not", so debeas is subjunctive: "see whether you ought not rather to blame yourself".
• X.2 Observa, quid natura tua exigat, quatenus a natura mera regitur.quid … exigat is an indirect question, the object of observa, so its verb is subjunctive: "observe what your nature requires".
• X.2 tum observa, quid natura, qua es animal, exposcat.
• X.7 sin, misso quis naturae nomine, ita nata esse dicere voluerit, vide quam ridiculum sit, ut qui dicat universi partes mutare natas, idem hoc ipsum mutare illas, tanquam quod praeter rerum ipsarum naturam contingat, miretur et aegre ferat:vide "see" is followed by an indirect question, so its verb is subjunctive: quam ridiculum sit "how absurd it is". What is absurd is given by the ut clause that follows.
• X.9 tunc enim simplicitate, tunc gravitate frueris; tunc rei cujusque notitia distincta, quid ex natura sua existat, quem locum in mundo habeat, quam diu duratura sit, ex quibus conflata sit, quibus possit obvenire, qui dare eam et auferre possint.notitia distincta "a clear knowledge" of each thing is spelled out in six indirect questions, each with its verb in the subjunctive: existat, habeat, duratura sit, conflata sit, possit, possint. The thing (res, in rei cujusque) is the subject of the first five, and eam at the end refers back to it. quid … existat "what it is", existere (Gataker's spelling of exsistere) being his word here for "to be".
• X.11 Methodo contemplativa instructus sis, qua perspectum habeas, quomodo cuncta in se invicem mutent.se with invicem is reciprocal: in se invicem "into one another". mutare usually takes an object, "to change something", but here it stands alone, "to change". Its subjunctive is that of the indirect question after quomodo.
• X.11 quid autem alius quispiam de ipso sive dicat, sive existimet, aut adversus ipsum faciat, ne cogitat quidem.The indirect question quid … dicat … existimet … faciat "what anyone may say, think or do" is the object of cogitat, and comes first. ne … quidem "not even" wraps round the word it stresses: ne cogitat quidem "he does not even think about it".
• X.12 Ecquis suspicionis usus est, cum quid fieri oporteat considerare praesto sit?
• X.13 nunquid oblitus sis, quales isti, qui de aliis laudandis vituperandisque tantopere se efferunt, in lecto sint, quales ad mensam,quales "of what sort" opens an indirect question with the subjunctive sint; the second quales takes sint from the first. The men who judge others are to be pictured in their private habits, in bed and at table.
• X.13 quae faciant, quae fugiant, quae sectentur, quae suffurentur, quae rapiant ad se, non manibus pedibusque, quod dici solet, sed parte sui pretiosissima, qua, ubi libuerit, consequi liceat fidem, modestiam, veritatem, legem, genium denique bonum.Five more indirect questions, still governed by oblitus sis: quae "what (things)" is the object of each verb. sectari "to chase after" and suffurari "to steal on the sly" are deponents.
• X.16 Ne ulterius occupere totus, disserendo qualis vir bonus sit, sed enitendo ut ipse sis.
• X.18 Rerum praesentium unamquamque advertendo, considera eam jam dissolutam, et in mutatione et quasi putrefactione quadam, aut dissipatione, constitutam, sive ut mori quodammodo nata sit.sive "or else" offers a second way of saying the same thing. ut here means "how" and opens an indirect question after considera, so its verb is subjunctive: nata sit is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent nascor "be born". natus with an infinitive means "born to, made by nature for": every thing is "in a way born to die". quodammodo "in a certain way" softens the paradox, since death is only change.
• X.19 Cogita, quales sint homines vescentes, dormientes, coeuntes, excernentes, alia ejusmodi agentes.
• X.29 Considerata seorsim, quam instituis, re omni, percontare te, num ideo mors gravis habenda sit, quia ea te privet.num opens an indirect question, "whether", so its verb is subjunctive: habenda sit, the gerundive with esse, "is to be held". habere with a predicate adjective means "regard as": mors gravis habenda sit "death should be regarded as grievous". ideo … quia "for this reason … because" fixes the one reason being tested, and privet is subjunctive because that reason is part of the question you put to yourself.
• X.30 Ubi peccato alicujus offenderis, translatione facta perpende tecum, annon ipse ejusmodi aliquid pecces.In an indirect question annon means "whether … not", and it expects the answer "yes": "weigh whether you do not commit some such wrong yourself". pecces is subjunctive as the verb of the question; ejusmodi aliquid "something of that kind" is the wrong committed.
• XI.6 considera et quae deinceps fuerit media comoedia, et quorsum tandem introducta sit nova, quae in mimicum artificium paulatim defluxit.considera "consider" governs two indirect questions with the subjunctive: quae … fuerit media comoedia "what the Middle Comedy was" and quorsum … introducta sit nova "to what end the New was brought in". The Middle Comedy (about 400 to 320 BC) stood between Aristophanes and Menander; the New Comedy of Menander turned to private life and stock characters.
• XI.6 sed et quo spectet totum hoc poesios hujusmodi et fabularum agendi institutum.considera is understood again: "(consider) also to what end it looks". quo "whither" with specto "look towards" asks what the whole thing aims at. Its subject, totum hoc … institutum "this whole institution", encloses the genitives between its two halves.
• XI.15 fronti inscriptam statim oportuit vocem hanc, in oculis ipsis relucere statim, quomodo animus se habeat: sicut in amantis oculo cuncta statim dignoscit amasius.oportuit also governs relucere "to shine out", so "ought to have shone out". The subject of relucere is the indirect question quomodo animus se habeat "how the mind is disposed", with its verb in the subjunctive. se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be in some state".
• XI.16 sin praeter naturam, investiga, quid sit naturae tuae congruum, et ad hoc te accinge, etiamsi minus gloriosum sit.An imperative with an indirect question: investiga "track down" (from vestigium "a footprint") "what is in keeping with your nature", with the subjunctive sit. When outward things go against nature, look for what your own nature, a rational one, asks of you in the case.
• XI.17 Cogita tecum, unde prodierit unumquodque, et ex quibus consistat, et in quid mutet, et ubi mutaverit, quale futurum sit, et quod mutando mali nil patitur.Cogita tecum "think with yourself" is "consider in your own mind". What follows is a chain of indirect questions, each with its verb in the subjunctive: unde prodierit "where it has come from" (prodierit is the perfect subjunctive of prodeo "come forth"), ex quibus consistat "of what things it is made up", in quid mutet "into what it changes", where mutare stands without an object, "to change". The subject of them all is unumquodque "each single thing".
• XI.18 De eis qui adversus te delinquunt cogita: Primo, quam relationem ad illos habeas. quodque alteri alterius caussa nati sumus:An indirect question after cogita, so its verb habeas is subjunctive. quam is the question word used as an adjective with relationem: "what relation". relatio is a word of the schools for how one thing stands to another: here, the bond between you and those who wrong you.
• XI.18 Secundo cogita, quales sint ad mensam, in lectulo alibi.The second heading repeats cogita, this time with an indirect question, hence the subjunctive sint. quales "of what sort" asks about their character.
• XI.18 praesertim vero, quas a decretis intus sitis necessitates perpetiantur: quantaque cum prudentiae opinione haec ipsa, in quibus delinquunt, agant.Still an indirect question after cogita. quas goes with necessitates, which is held back to the end: "what compulsions they suffer". The compulsion comes a decretis intus sitis "from the doctrines set within (them)": their own beliefs (Greek dogmata) drive them to act as they do.
• XI.18 Quinto, quod nec an peccaverit etiam, nosti satis. multa enim per dispensationem geruntur.nec … etiam "not even". an "whether" opens an indirect question, so peccaverit is perfect subjunctive: "whether he has done wrong". The verb is singular, as Gataker prints it: its subject is the offender, whoever he is, though the headings round it speak of "them" and Marcus's Greek has the plural. nosti is the short form of novisti, the perfect of nosco "get to know": "you have learned", that is, "you know".
• XI.18 Octavo, cogita quanto graviora patiamur ex iracundia ac moestitia, quam de istis concipimus, quam ex eis ipsis, quorum caussa succensemus et angimur.
• XI.21 non est satis quod dixi, nisi illud etiam adjeceris, qualis scopus hic esse debeat.An indirect question, so its verb is subjunctive: "what kind of aim this ought to be". quod dixi "what I said" before it is a relative clause with no antecedent, the subject of est satis.
• XI.28 Cogita Socrates qui fuerit pelle succinctus, quando Xanthippe veste ipsius sumpta foras se proripuerat.An indirect question after cogita, so its verb fuerit is subjunctive: "think what (a figure) Socrates was, wrapped in a skin". The subject Socrates is put before the question word qui for emphasis, as often. pelle is the ablative of pellis "skin, hide", not the imperative of pello "drive"; succinctus is "girt, wrapped round".
• XI.28 quaeque amicis suis dixerit, pudore suffusis pedemque retrahentibus, cum sic indutum illum conspicarentur.quae with -que: "and what things", a second indirect question after cogita, with the subjunctive dixerit. Marcus does not record the words; the reader is left to imagine Socrates' good humour.
• XI.38 Non est itaque, inquit, de re vulgari certamen, sed de eo, utrum insaniamus, necne.eo "this" points to the indirect question that follows: "about this, whether we are mad or not". utrum … necne "whether … or not" is the form of a double question, and its verb insaniamus is subjunctive. What is at stake in training assent and desire is our sanity.
• XII.4 Saepenumero sum miratus, qui fiat, ut cum sese prae caeteris omnibus diligat unusquisque, suam tamen de se existimationem minoris faciat, quam alienam.sum miratus "I have wondered" is the perfect of the deponent miror. qui is not the relative but the old adverb "how?", and fiat is subjunctive because the question is indirect: "how it comes about". The perfect here means "I have wondered", which counts as present time, so the present subjunctive follows.
• XII.4 ita proximos magis, quid de nobis sentiant, veremur, quam nosipsos.Latin often draws the subject of an indirect question forward as the object of the main verb: proximos … quid de nobis sentiant, veremur is literally "we fear our neighbours, what they think of us", that is, "we fear what our neighbours think of us". vereri is to fear with respect, to stand in awe of. quam nosipsos "than (we do) ourselves" completes magis: our own judgement ought to weigh most. Gataker prints nos ipsos as one word, nosipsos.
• XII.7 Cogita qualem te, tum corpore, tum anima, a morte deprehendi oporteat: vitae etiam hujus brevitatem; aevi retrorsum prorsumque vastitatem immensam: materiae denique cujusque imbecillitatem.An indirect question after cogita: literally "of what sort it is right that you be overtaken by death", i.e. "in what state death ought to find you". qualem agrees with te, the accusative subject of the passive infinitive deprehendi "to be caught, overtaken", and a morte gives the agent. oporteat is subjunctive because the question is indirect. tum … tum "both … and" joins two ablatives of respect, "in body and in soul".
• XII.8 Formas corticibus nudatas contemplare: actionum item intentiones: quid dolor; quid voluptas; quid mors; quid gloria: quis cuique molestiarum autor: quo modo nemo ab alio quopiam impediatur:quo modo "in what way, how" opens another indirect question, so impediatur is subjunctive. ab alio quopiam "by any other person": no one can hinder your mind but you.
• XII.10 Res ipsas quales sint intuere, in materiam, formam, finem dividendo.The subject of the indirect question is pulled forward to be the object of the main verb: "look at things themselves, of what sort they are", i.e. "look at what things really are". intuere is the imperative of the deponent intueor.
• XII.16 Ubi obrepserit tibi cogitatio, peccasse aliquem, haec tu tibi, Unde novi, an peccatum hoc sit; aut si peccavit, an peccati ipse se reum peregerit?unde "from where" is "how" in unde novi "how do I know?"; novi, the perfect of nosco "get to know", means "I know". an "whether" opens an indirect question, so sit is subjunctive. First ask whether it was a wrong at all: we often judge before we know.
• XII.18 Considera semper, quid illud sit, quod cogitationem tuam afficit;quid illud sit "what that thing is" is an indirect question depending on considera, so its verb is subjunctive. The relative clause quod … afficit keeps the indicative: it simply points to the thing, whatever is acting on your mind at the moment. afficere is "to act upon, make an impression on"; the Greek speaks of what produces the impression (phantasia) in you.
• XII.24 secundum, qualenam unumquodque sit a satione usque ad animationem, ab animatione usque ad animam emissam.secundum "the second (thing)" is neuter, like tria haec; supply est. What it is, is an indirect question, so sit is subjunctive: "of what sort each thing is". qualis "of what kind" is strengthened by -nam: "of what kind, exactly". This secundum is the adjective "second", not the preposition "according to".
• XII.24 item ex quibus conflatur, et in quaenam resolvitur.Two more indirect questions under secundum: "out of what things it is formed, and into what it is dissolved". Classical Latin would put their verbs in the subjunctive (confletur, resolvatur); Gataker keeps the indicative here, as later writers often do. conflare "to blow together" is used of melting metals into one mass: "to fuse, compose".
• XII.24 tertium, si in sublime subvectus res humanas despiceres, ubi varietatem earum quanta esset perspexisses, simulque uno conspectu comprehenderes, quantum undiquaque aeriorum et aetheriorum sedes suas habeat, quod quotiescunque subvectus esses, eadem semper occurrerent.varietatem earum quanta esset is literally "their variety, how great it was": the noun is lifted out of the indirect question and made the object of the main verb, a common Latin turn; English says "how great their variety was". perspexisses is pluperfect subjunctive, "once you had seen", subjunctive because it is part of the imagined case.
• XII.26 porro, quae homini cuivis cum toto genere humano intercedat cognatio.Still depending on oblitus es, but now an indirect question: "(you have forgotten) what kinship there is …", with its verb intercedat in the subjunctive. quae "what (a)" agrees with cognatio at the end; the sense is "how close a kinship" (the Greek has "how great"). intercedere "to come between" is used of a bond that exists between two parties: homini cum … genere humano "for a man with the whole human race".
• XII.27 quamque vile sit omne in quod studium tantopere impenditur.Still depending on succurrat: let it come to mind "how worthless everything is". quam "how" opens an indirect question, so sit is subjunctive; -que joins it to what went before.
• XII.27 quantoque sit philosophiae magis consentaneum in oblata sibi materia justum, temperantem, Deis obsequentem se simpliciter praestare.A second indirect question: "and how much more in keeping with philosophy it is". quanto is an ablative of the degree of difference with magis: "by how much more". consentaneum takes the dative, philosophiae; its subject is the infinitive phrase at the end, se … praestare.
• XII.29 In hoc vitae salus sita est, ut unumquodque quid sit in universum discernas; quidque materiae, quid formae habeat.unumquodque "each thing" is lifted out of the indirect question and made the object of discernas: literally "that you discern each thing, what it is", that is, "what each thing is". in universum "as a whole": to see the whole of it, not a part.
• XII.33 Vide, quo modo se mens utatur tua. in hoc enim sunt omnia.quo modo "how" opens an indirect question, so utatur is subjunctive. utor takes the ablative, so se here is ablative, not accusative: "how your mind makes use of itself", that is, how the ruling mind handles its own powers. mens … tua "your mind" is split by the verb.
• XII.35 nec interesse putat, plures an pauciores rationi rectae consentaneas actiones ediderit, mundumque longiori an breviori temporis spatio contemplatus sit; huic nec mors formidabilis esse poterit.Two double indirect questions, each with an "or" and no utrum: "whether he has performed more or fewer actions …, and whether he has looked upon the world for a longer or a shorter time". edo with a long e "give out, perform" is a different verb from edo "eat". contemplatus sit is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent contemplor.