Book IMeditations · Liber I

Marcus opens the book by listing what he owes to each person who formed him. From his grandfather Verus, who brought him up, he received a good-natured character free from anger.

Abfrom avoavōgrandfather meomeōmy VeroVērōVerus accepisseaccēpisseto have received agnoscoagnōscō,I acknowledge morismōrisof a character esseto be candidicandidī,good-natured, open etand abfrom iracundiaīrācundiāanger alienialiēnī.a stranger (to)From my grandfather Verus I acknowledge that I received this: to be of a good-natured character, and one that is a stranger to anger.Ab avo meo Vero Every section of Book I begins in this way, with a or ab and a person in the ablative: "from my grandfather Verus". Vero is in apposition to avo. Marcus's father died when he was a small child, and his grandfather M. Annius Verus brought him up.accepisse agnosco agnosco "I acknowledge" introduces an indirect statement with the perfect infinitive accepisse "to have received". Its subject, me "that I", is left out because it is the same person as the subject of agnosco: "I acknowledge (that I) received". Only here is the verb of receiving written out; in the sections that follow it is mostly left out and must be supplied. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)moris esse candidi What Marcus received is expressed by an infinitive used as a noun, esse "to be". moris … candidi is a genitive of description: esse with a noun and adjective in the genitive means "to be of such a character". mos in the singular here means "character, disposition". In §15 the same idea is put in the ablative: moribus esse probe temperatis. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)ab iracundia alieni alieni agrees with moris: "a character that is a stranger to anger". alienus ab with the ablative means "foreign to, free from". Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)

Marcus's father died when he was about three, so what he had from him came from what was said and remembered of him: a character both modest and manly.

AĀfrom famafāmāthe reputation memoriaquememoriāqueand the memory genitorisgenitōrisof father meimeī,my modestammodest simulat once acand masculammanly indolem.characterFrom the reputation and memory of my father: a character at once modest and manly.A fama … indolem From here on the main verb is left out, and the reader supplies accepi "I received" (compare accepisse in §1) or didici "I learned". Each item is in the form that verb needs: a noun in the accusative is its object, as indolem here; an infinitive means "(I learned) to …"; an ut or ne clause with the subjunctive means "(I was taught) to …" or "not to …"; and a quod clause with the subjunctive means "(I owe it to him) that I …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodA fama memoriaque genitoris mei Marcus's father, Annius Verus, died young, so Marcus knew him only from his reputation and from what others remembered of him. genitor "begetter" is a more solemn word than pater.modestam simul ac masculam simul ac often means "as soon as", but not here: simul "at the same time" goes with the two adjectives joined by ac, "at once modest and manly". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive

From his mother, Domitia Lucilla, Marcus learned piety and generosity, to hold back not only from doing wrong but from thinking it, and to live simply, far from the habits of the rich.

AĀfrom matremātre,mother pietatispietātisfor piety studium,devotion, zeal etand largiendilargiendīof giving promptitudinempromptitūdinem:readiness necand not aāfrom malomalōevil patrandopatrandōbeing done tantum,only sedbut cogitandocōgitandōbeing thought etiam,even, also continerecontinēre.to hold backFrom my mother: devotion to piety, and a readiness to give; and to hold back not only from doing evil, but even from thinking it.A matre … continere As in §2, supply accepi or didici. The first two items are accusative nouns, objects of the understood verb: "(I received) devotion … and readiness". The third is an infinitive: "(I learned) to hold back". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodpietatis studium … largiendi promptitudinem pietatis is an objective genitive, "zeal for piety". largiendi is the genitive of the gerund of the deponent largior "give freely": "readiness of giving", i.e. "readiness to give". The gerund (agendo, laedendi)nec a malo patrando tantum, sed cogitando etiam patrando and cogitando are gerundives agreeing with malo (abl. sg. n.): "from evil to be done … to be thought", i.e. "from doing evil … from thinking it". nec … tantum, sed … etiam "and not only … but also". The gerundive with ad, in and the genitivecontinere continere "to hold in" has no object here; understand me: "to hold myself back". With a and the ablative it means "to keep from, refrain from". tumthen, also victuvīctūwith a way of living simplicisimplicī,simple quiquequīqueand one which abfrom opulentorumopulentōrumof the rich moremōrethe way of life acand institutoīnstitūtōpractice abscedatabscēdatit departs quamas … as possible longissimelongissimē,far contentumcontent esse.to beThen, to be content with a simple way of living, and one that departs as far as possible from the ways and practice of the rich.tum … contentum esse Another infinitive item, with didici understood: "(I learned) to be content". victu simplici is the ablative that goes with contentum, "content with a simple way of living". The infinitive comes last, so hold the ablatives in mind until you reach it. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodcontentum esse When an infinitive is used as a noun with no subject written, a word describing that subject goes in the accusative: hence contentum, not contentus, "being content". Compare §5, where the subject "I" of a finite verb gives the nominative contentus agerem. The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)quique … abscedat quique = et qui "and which", referring to victu: the relative clause is joined by -que to the adjective simplici as a second description, "a simple way of living, and one which departs …". Its verb abscedat is subjunctive because it describes the kind of life. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)quam longissime quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam longissime "as far as possible". longissime is the superlative of the adverb longe "far". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam

From his great-grandfather Marcus had his schooling: attendance at the public schools, good teachers at home, and the lesson that money is well spent on such things.

AĀfrom proavoproavō,great-grandfather quodthat publicaspūblicāspublic exercitationesexercitātiōnēsschools, classes adierim;I attended quodqueand that bonisbonīsgood praeceptoribuspraeceptōribusteachers privatimprīvātimprivately, at home simI have ususūsus;made use of etand quodthat inon resrēsthings istiusmodiistīusmodīof that kind impenseimpēnsēgenerously, lavishly erogandumērogandum(it) must be spent intellexerimintellēxerim.I understoodFrom my great-grandfather: that I attended the public schools; and that I had the benefit of good teachers at home; and that I understood that on things of this kind one should spend generously.A proavo, quod … adierim Here each item is a quod clause, "that I …": understand debeo "I owe it to him", as Marcus himself writes in §6 (eidem debeo, quod). The verbs adierim, sim usus and intellexerim are perfect subjunctive: the subjunctive presents each thing as what Marcus acknowledges, and the perfect is the tense for a past action after a present verb ("I owe"). Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodquod publicas exercitationes adierim Gataker here follows Casaubon's text, which has no negative: Marcus says he did attend the public schools. The Greek as printed today says the opposite, that his great-grandfather (probably Catilius Severus, on his mother's side) saw to it that he did not go to them, but had good teachers at home. Read Gataker as he stands; adire "go to" here means "attend".bonis praeceptoribus … sim usus usus sim is the perfect subjunctive of the deponent utor "use", which takes the ablative: bonis praeceptoribus … sim usus "I made use of good teachers". The participle and sim are split by privatim "at home". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningin res istiusmodi impense erogandum erogandum with esse understood is an impersonal gerundive of obligation: "that it must be spent", i.e. "that one must spend". It is an indirect statement after intellexerim. istiusmodi "of that kind" is a genitive (istius modi) and does not change its ending. Gerundive of obligation (cavenda est, agenda sunt)

From his tutor Marcus learned to take no side in the races or the gladiatorial games, to bear hard work and want little, to do things with his own hands, to keep out of other people's business, and not to listen to slander.

Abfrom educatoreēducātōre,tutor nenēnot to inin certaminecertāminecontest equestriequestrīof horses Prasinae,the Green autor Venetaethe Blue factionifactiōnī,faction nevenēvenor inin gladiatoriogladiātōriōthe gladiatorial (contest) ThraciThrācīthe Thraex autor secutorisecūtōrīthe Secutor fautora supporter fierem:I should becomeFrom my tutor: not to become a supporter of the Green or the Blue faction in the races, nor of the Thraex or the Secutor in the gladiatorial games;Ab educatore, ne … fierem The verb is understood again, and here the items are clauses with the subjunctive: supply "I learned" (didici) or "I was taught". ne … fierem "(I learned) not to become"; in the next sentence ut … sustinerem "(I learned) to endure". These clauses work like indirect commands. Their verbs are imperfect subjunctive because the understood verb is in the past. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin certamine equestri … in gladiatorio certamen equestre "the horse contest" is the chariot racing in the circus. gladiatorio agrees with certamine understood: "in the gladiatorial (contest)". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodPrasinae, aut Venetae factioni … Thraci aut secutori The chariot teams were run by factions known by their colours: the Greens (Prasina) and the Blues (Veneta). The Thraex and the Secutor were types of gladiator with different arms, and fans took sides between them. All four are dative with fautor "supporter", a noun from favere "favour", which takes the dative. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)fierem fierem has no long mark: fio has a long ī in most forms (fīunt), but a short i before -er-, as here and in fierī. utto laboreslabōrēshardships, toil sustineremsustinērem;I should endure minimominimōwith very little contentuscontent agerem;I should live operioperīto work manusmanūsmy hands admoveremadmovērem:I should put negotiisnegōtiīsin the affairs alienisaliēnīsof others memēmyself neutiquamin no way immisceremimmiscērem;I should mix necand not delationemdēlātiōnemslander, accusation facilisreadily ullamūllamany admitterem.I should acceptto endure hardships; to live content with very little; to put my hands to work; in no way to meddle in other people's business; and not to be quick to accept any slander.ut labores sustinerem … admitterem didici is still understood, and one ut governs all five subjunctives down to admitterem: "(I learned) to endure …, to live …, to put …, in no way to meddle …, and not to accept …". The last item is negative, so it is joined by nec "and not". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodminimo contentus agerem contentus is nominative because it agrees with "I", the subject of agerem. minimo "with very little" is the ablative that goes with contentus. agere on its own often means "to live, pass one's life".operi manus admoverem manus admovere "to move one's hands to" takes the dative, as a compound of ad: "to set my hands to work", i.e. to do things myself. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)negotiis alienis me neutiquam immiscerem se immiscere with the dative is "to mix oneself in", i.e. "to meddle in". After ut the reflexive is me because the subject is "I". Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)nec delationem facilis ullam admitterem facilis "easy" agrees with the subject "I", but is best turned as an adverb: "readily". delatio is laying information against someone behind their back. After nec, "any" is ullus: nec … ullam "not … any", i.e. "no slander at all". Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque

From Diognetus Marcus learned to avoid empty pursuits and the claims of magicians, to keep clear of crazes like quail-fighting, and to bear frank speech; and he owed him his turn to philosophy, his first teachers in it, and his love of the plain Greek way of life.

AĀfrom DiognetoDiognētō,Diognetus nenēnot to rebusrēbuson things inanibusinānibusempty, vain studiummy zeal impenderem:I should spendFrom Diognetus: not to spend my zeal on empty things;A Diogneto, ne … impenderem As in §5, the verb didici "I learned" is understood, and each item is a clause with the subjunctive: ne … impenderem "(I learned) not to spend", neve … adhiberem "and not to give credence", ut(que) … sustinerem "(and) to bear". Later in the section Marcus writes the verb himself: eidem debeo, quod … "to the same man I owe it that …". Diognetus taught Marcus painting. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodrebus inanibus studium impenderem impendere "to spend, pay out" takes an object and a dative: studium … rebus inanibus "zeal on empty things". studium here is "zeal, effort", not "study". nevenēveand not to eiseīsthose things fidembelief, trust adhiberemadhibērem,I should give quaewhich aāby praestigiatoribuspraestīgiātōribusconjurors magisquemagīsqueand magicians dedēabout incantationibusincantātiōnibus,incantations, spells dequedēqueand about daemonibusdemons averruncandisāverruncandīs,to be driven away aliisquealiīsqueand other ejusmodiejusmodīof that kind imposturisimpostūrīsimpostures, frauds dicunturdīcuntur:are saidand not to believe what is said by conjurors and magicians about incantations, and about the driving away of demons, and other impostures of that kind;neve eis fidem adhiberem, quae neve "and not" continues the ne of the last sentence, with didici still understood. fidem adhibere with the dative is "to give credence to, believe", and eis "those things" is the antecedent of quae: "not to believe the things which are said …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understooda praestigiatoribus magisque magis here is not the adverb "more", but the ablative plural of magus "magus, magician" (long -īs), joined to praestigiatoribus by -que. Both depend on a, which names the people by whom a thing is done after a passive verb: "said by conjurors and magicians". Agent with the passive: a, ab with the ablativede incantationibus, deque daemonibus averruncandis, aliisque ejusmodi imposturis Three subjects of their talk, each governed by de "about" (written twice and understood the third time). daemonibus averruncandis is a noun with a gerundive, "demons to be driven away", i.e. "the driving away of demons". The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive nenēnot to coturnicescōturnīcēsquails adfor pugnamfighting alerem,I should rear nevenēvenor rebusrēbusto things istiusmodiistīusmodīof that kind animummy mind adjicerem:I should turn utqueand to liberelīberēfrankly dictathings said aequanimitercalmly sustineremsustinērem.I should bearnot to rear quails for fighting, nor to set my heart on things of that kind; and to bear calmly things said frankly.ne … alerem, neve … adjicerem: utque … sustinerem The same understood didici "I learned": two more negative items with ne and neve, then a positive one with utque "and to …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodcoturnices ad pugnam alerem Quail-fighting was a popular pastime: the birds were bred and trained to fight, and bets were laid on them. ad pugnam "for fighting" gives the purpose.rebus istiusmodi animum adjicerem animum adjicere "to throw one's mind at" takes the dative of the thing: "to set one's heart on, take a fancy to". rebus istiusmodi "things of that kind" are crazes like the quail-fighting just named. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi)libere dicta dicta, the perfect participle of dico, is used as a noun: "things said". The adverb libere goes with it as with a verb: "things said freely", i.e. frank speech. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns eidemeīdemto the same man debeodēbeō,I owe (it) quodthat philosophiaeto philosophy memēmyself addixerimaddīxerim;I devoted quodqueand that BacchiumBacchīumBacchius primumprīmum,first tumthen Tandasidem,Tandasis etand MarcianumMārciānumMarcianus audiverimaudīverim:I heardTo the same man I owe it that I gave myself to philosophy; and that I heard first Bacchius, then Tandasis and Marcianus;eidem debeo, quod Here Marcus writes the verb: eidem debeo "to the same man I owe (it)", with the dative eidem for Diognetus. The quod clauses that follow say what he owes, "that I …", with perfect subjunctives as in §4. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thoughtphilosophiae me addixerim se addicere with the dative is "to make oneself over to, devote oneself to": addicere is used of a judge or auctioneer assigning property to a new owner.Bacchium primum, tum Tandasidem, et Marcianum audiverim audire with a teacher as object means "to attend his lectures, be his pupil". Tandasidem is the accusative of the Greek name Tandasis (genitive Tandasidis). quodthat dialogosdialogōs,dialogues puera boy adhucadhūc,still conscripserimcōnscrīpserim;I wrote quodqueand that proprōinstead of stratisstrātīsbedding grabatulumgrabātuluma plank bed acand pellema skin expetiverimexpetīverim;I longed for caeteraqueand the other institutionisīnstitūtiōnisof the training GraecanicaeGraecānicaeGreek adminicula.trappings, aidsthat I wrote dialogues while still a boy; and that I longed for a plank bed and a skin in place of bedding, and the other trappings of the Greek training.puer adhuc puer is nominative, in apposition to the subject "I" of conscripserim: "still a boy", i.e. "while still a boy".pro stratis grabatulum ac pellem strata (neuter plural of stratum, from sterno "spread") are the coverings spread on a bed. A hard little cot (grabatulus, a diminutive of grabatus) with an animal skin was the plain bedding of Greek philosophers, which the young Marcus wanted for himself.caeteraque institutionis Graecanicae adminicula A further object of expetiverim, after the semicolon: "and (I longed for) the other aids of the Greek training", that is, of the philosopher's way of life. Gataker writes caeter- for ceter-. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunque

From Rusticus, his teacher in Stoic philosophy, Marcus learned that his character needed correcting; he turned from the showiness of the sophists and from rhetoric, kept plain manners and wrote plain letters, was ready to forgive, read carefully, and through Rusticus came to know the works of Epictetus.

AĀfrom RusticoRūsticō,Rusticus quodthat into eamthis cogitationemcōgitātiōnemthought devenerimdēvēnerim,I came morummōrumof my character correctionecorrēctiōnecorrection curationequecūrātiōnequeand treatment indigereindigēreto need memē:that IFrom Rusticus: that I came to the thought that I needed correction and treatment of my character;A Rustico, quod … devenerim Again the verb is understood, and this long section mixes the kinds of item. First come quod clauses with debeo understood, "(I owe it to him) that I …", running to abstinuerim; then ne and ut clauses with didici understood, "(I learned) not to … / to …", from ne togatus on; and at the end Marcus writes the verb himself, huic … debeo, quod "to him I owe it that". The verbs of all these clauses are subjunctive. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin eam cogitationem … indigere me eam "this" points forward: the thought is spelled out by the accusative and infinitive indigere me "that I needed". indigere takes the ablative of the thing needed: correctione curationeque "correction and treatment". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)morum correctione curationeque morum "of (my) character" is an objective genitive with both nouns: it is the character that needs correcting and caring for. curatio is the word for a doctor's treatment. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) quodqueand that adto aemulationemaemulātiōnemthe rivalry ambitionemqueambitiōnemqueand ambition Sophisticamof the sophists nullusnūllusnot at all declinaverimdēclīnāverim,I turned aside veleither dedēon, about theorematibustheōrēmatibuspoints of theory aliquidsomething conscribendocōnscrībendō,by writing velor oratiunculasōrātiunculāslittle speeches hortatoriashortātōriāsof exhortation declamandodēclāmandō,by declaiming velor exercitiaexercises obireobīreto go through operasqueoperāsqueand services, good works edereēdereto render potisable speciemthe appearance praebendopraebendō,by presenting quoquōso that adto stuporemstupōremamazement acand admirationemadmīrātiōnemadmiration meimeīof me homineshominēspeople traherem.I might drawand that I did not turn aside at all to the rivalry and ambition of the sophists, either by writing something on points of theory, or by declaiming little speeches of exhortation, or by putting on the look of a man able to go through hard exercises and to do good works, so as to draw people to amazement and admiration of me.quodque … nullus declinaverim Another quod item, with debeo understood: "and (I owe it to him) that I …". nullus, agreeing with the subject "I", is used for a strong "not": "that I in no way turned aside". The sophists of Marcus's day were star lecturers and speech-makers who toured the cities and competed for applause. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodvel … conscribendo, vel … declamando, vel … praebendo Three gerunds in the ablative, "by writing …, by declaiming …, by presenting …", give the ways in which Marcus might have gone over to the sophists. A gerund keeps the construction of its verb and can take an object: aliquid conscribendo "by writing something", oratiunculas … declamando "by declaiming little speeches", speciem praebendo "by presenting an appearance". The gerund (agendo, laedendi)exercitia obire operasque edere potis speciem praebendo Read this from the end: speciem praebendo "by presenting the appearance" of one potis "able" exercitia obire operasque edere "to go through exercises and to render services". potis is an old indeclinable adjective, "able", the pot- of possum; it agrees with the subject "I" and, like possum, takes infinitives. The exercises are the hardships a philosopher takes on to train himself; operas edere is "to render services, do good works".quo … traherem quo with the subjunctive gives a purpose, like ut: "so as to draw people to amazement and admiration of me". It explains the showing-off that Marcus avoided. traherem is imperfect because it follows the past tense declinaverim. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo) quodthat rhetoricaerhētoricaeof rhetoric item,likewise poeticaequepoēticaeque,and of poetry etand dictionisdictiōnisof style elegantiorisēlegantiōrisover-refined studiisstudiīsfrom the studies abstinuerim.I kept awaythat I kept away from the studies of rhetoric, likewise of poetry, and of an over-refined style.rhetoricae item, poeticaeque, et dictionis elegantioris studiis A third quod item, with debeo understood. rhetoricae, poeticae and dictionis are all genitives with studiis: "the studies of rhetoric, of poetry and of style". Rhetoric was the core of a Roman education; Marcus had studied it under Fronto. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodelegantioris A comparative with nothing to compare can mean "too, rather": dictio elegantior "a too elegant style", over-refined speech. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamstudiis abstinuerim abstinere "to keep away from" takes the ablative of the thing avoided, here without a preposition: studiis abstinuerim "I kept away from the studies". abstinuerim is the perfect subjunctive, like the verbs of the other quod clauses. Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus) nenēnot to togatustogātusin a toga intraintrāwithin aedesaedēsthe house obambularemobambulārem,I should walk about nevenēvenor ejusmodiejusmodīof that kind alia,other things quaewhich fastumof pride resiperent,they smacked facerem.I should donot to walk about the house in my toga, nor to do other such things that smacked of pride.ne … obambularem, neve … facerem Now the items change from quod clauses to ne clauses, with didici understood and the imperfect subjunctive: "(I learned) not to walk about …, nor to do …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodtogatus intra aedes obambularem The toga was formal public dress; to wear it at home was a pose of dignity. aedes in the plural means "a house", so intra aedes is "indoors".quae fastum resiperent resipere "to taste of, smack of" takes an accusative: "which smacked of pride". The subjunctive marks the kind of thing meant: "such things as smacked of pride". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) epistolasepistolāsletters etiamalso simplicitersimply, plainly scriberemscrīberem,I should write adafter normamthe pattern scilscīl.that is, namely earumeārumof those (letters) quasquāswhich SinuessaSinuessāfrom Sinuessa adto matremmātremmother meammy idemīdemthe same man ipsehimself dederat.he had sentalso to write my letters simply, that is, on the model of those which he himself had sent to my mother from Sinuessa.epistolas etiam simpliciter scriberem scriberem has no ut of its own. After the negatives ne … neve, supply ut, with didici still understood: "(and I learned) to write my letters simply too". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodscil. scil. is short for scilicet "that is, namely" (from scire licet "one may know"). It introduces an explanation of simpliciter.quas Sinuessa ad matrem meam idem ipse dederat epistolam dare ad aliquem is the idiom for "to send a letter to someone". Sinuessa is ablative: with the name of a town, "from" needs no preposition. idem ipse "the same man himself" is Rusticus. adhaecbesides utto placabilisplācābiliseasily appeased etand reconciliatureconciliātūto reconcile faciliseasy essem,I should be adversustowards eoseōs,those quiquīwho offensionisoffēnsiōnisfor offence caussamcause dederint,they have given autor deliquerintdēlīquerintthey have done wrong aliquid,some (wrong) simulatqueas soon as illiillīthey ininto gratiamgrātiamfavour, friendship redireredīreto return vellent.they wishedbesides, to be easily appeased and easy to reconcile towards those who have given cause for offence, or done some wrong, as soon as they were willing to return to good terms.adhaec ut … essem adhaec (= ad haec "besides these things") adds a new item, an ut clause like those in §5, with didici understood: "(I learned) to be …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodreconciliatu facilis reconciliatu is the supine in -u of reconcilio. This form is used only with a few adjectives such as facilis, and means "in the reconciling": facilis reconciliatu "easy to reconcile". Compare mirabile dictu "wonderful to tell".qui … dederint, aut deliquerint … simulatque illi … vellent Both clauses stand inside the ut clause, so their verbs are subjunctive too. illi is nominative plural, "they", the subject of vellent, not a dative. in gratiam redire "to go back into favour" is the idiom for "to be reconciled". Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought porroporrōfurther utto accurateaccūrātēcarefully legerem,I should read necand not comprehensionecomprehēnsiōnewith a grasp summariasummāriārough, general contentuscontent essem;I should be necand not garrulisgarrulīschatterers quibusvisquibusvīsany … whatever temererashly assentirerassentīrer.I should agreefurther, to read carefully, and not to be content with a rough general grasp; and not to agree rashly with any chatterers whatever.porro ut accurate legerem, nec … essem; nec … assentirer porro "further" adds another ut item (didici understood), and the two nec clauses continue it: "to read …, and not to be content …, and not to agree …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodcomprehensione summaria A "summary grasp" is a rough, general idea of a book or an argument, as against an exact understanding of it. contentus takes the ablative, as in §5.garrulis quibusvis temere assentirer assentior "agree with" is deponent: assentirer is passive in form but active in meaning. It takes the dative, garrulis "chatterers", an adjective used as a noun. quibusvis is "any you like", i.e. "any … whatever". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning huicto him deniquedēniquefinally debeodēbeō,I owe (it) quodthat EpictetiEpictētīof Epictetus commentarioscommentāriōsnotebooks legerimlēgerim,I read quorumquōrumof which ishe eēfrom domodomōhouse suasuāhis own copiamcōpiamthe use mihito me fecitfēcit.he gavefinally, to him I owe it that I read the notebooks of Epictetus, of which he gave me the use from his own house.huic denique debeo, quod As in §6, Marcus closes the list by writing the verb: huic … debeo "to him I owe (it)", and the quod clause says what. huic is Rusticus. Compare legerem "I should read" (imperfect, short e) in the sentence before with legerim "I read" (perfect, long ē) here.Epicteti commentarios The commentarii of Epictetus are the notes of his lectures written down by his pupil Arrian, known as the Discourses. Copies were not easy to find, and Rusticus let Marcus have his own.quorum … copiam mihi fecit copiam facere alicui alicujus rei "to give someone the supply of a thing" means "to make it available to him". quorum refers back to commentarios: "of which he gave me the use from his own house". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod

From Apollonius Marcus learned to be free and steady, to look to reason alone, and to stay the same in pain, bereavement and illness. In him he saw a living model of a man both intense and relaxed, a patient teacher who counted his own skill the least of his gifts; and from him he learned how to receive favours from friends without becoming either beholden or indifferent.

Abfrom ApollonioApollōniō,Apollonius utthat liberlīberfree essem;I should be firmumqueand a firm acand certumsettled citracitrāwithout fluctuationemflūctuātiōnemwavering omnemany consiliicōnsiliīof purpose ingeniiqueingeniīqueand of character tenoremtenōrema course retineremretinērem:I should keep nequeand not aliudelse quicquam,anything veleven minimum,in the least praeterexcept rationemratiōnemreason solamsōlam,alone intuererintuērer:I should look toFrom Apollonius I learned to be free; to keep a firm and settled course of purpose and character, without any wavering; and to look to nothing else, not even in the least, except reason alone;Ab Apollonio, ut Each section of Book I names a teacher and leaves out the main verb. In 1.1 Marcus wrote it out, accepisse agnosco "I acknowledge that I received"; here Gataker gives it only at the end of the section, ab isto didici "from him I learned", and that is the verb to supply throughout: "From Apollonius (I learned) …". What was learned comes in several shapes: ut clauses "that I should …", quod clauses "that I …", and at the end an indirect question. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodut liber essem … retinerem … intuerer One ut governs three subjunctives, linked by -que and neque: "that I should be free, and keep …, and not look to …", in English "to be free, to keep …, not to look to …". The subjunctives are imperfect because the understood didici is a past tense. Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…)firmumque ac certum citra fluctuationem omnem consilii ingeniique tenorem The adjectives come first and their noun last: firmum ac certum … tenorem "a firm and settled course". The genitives consilii ingeniique "of purpose and of character" say what the course is of.citra fluctuationem omnem In classical Latin citra means "on this side of", but Gataker, like much later Latin, uses it for "without": "without any wavering". It returns often in Book I. After a word of lack, omnis "all" is best rendered "any".neque aliud quicquam, vel minimum neque … quicquam "and not … anything", i.e. "and nothing". vel here is not "or" but "even", and the neuter minimum "the least" is used as an adverb: "not even in the least". Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunque utthat idemīdemthe same semperalways essem,I should be inin doloribusdolōribuspains acerrimisācerrimīs,the sharpest inin liberorumlīberōrumof children amissioneāmissiōne,the loss inin morbismorbīsillnesses diuturnisdiūturnīs.longto be always the same, in the sharpest pains, in the loss of children, in long illnesses.ut idem semper essem A new ut clause, still with didici understood: "(I learned) to be always the same". idem is nominative masculine, "the same man", the predicate of essem. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodliberorum amissione liberi, liberorum "children" is a plural noun, neither the adjective liber "free" of the sentence before nor liber, libri "book". Marcus lost several of his children young. adhaec,besides quodthat inin ipsoipsō,him himself tanquamas inin exemplariexemplārīa model vivovīvō,living evidenterēvidenterclearly cernereto see licuit,it was possible possecould eundem,the same man proutprōutas occasionesoccāsiōnēsoccasions sesēthemselves dabant,they offered etboth vehementissimumvery intense etand remissumrelaxed esse.to bebesides, that in him, as in a living model, it was possible to see clearly that the same man could be, as occasions arose, both very intense and relaxed.adhaec, quod … cernere licuit adhaec "besides" brings in a new kind of item, a quod clause "the fact that …". Supply debeo "I owe it to him", the verb Gataker writes out in 1.7 (huic denique debeo, quod …): "(I owe it to him) that it was possible to see …". licet "it is allowed, it is possible" is impersonal, and its subject is the infinitive cernere: cernere licuit "it was possible to see", i.e. "one could see". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodposse eundem … et vehementissimum et remissum esse What could be seen is an accusative and infinitive: eundem "the same man" is the subject of posse "could", and vehementissimum and remissum agree with it as predicates of esse: "that the same man could be both very intense and relaxed". et … et "both … and". Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)prout occasiones se dabant se dare "to give oneself" is said of chances that offer themselves: "as occasions arose". The indicative dabant states a plain fact about Apollonius's life. sedbut etalso quodthat inin disciplinisdisciplīnīssubjects tradendistrādendīsbeing taught neutiquamin no way morosemōrōsēpeevishly sesēhimself gereret:he behavedand also that in teaching his subjects he was in no way peevish;sed et quod … se gereret Another quod clause with debeo understood, but now the subject is Apollonius: se gereret "he behaved" (se gerere "to conduct oneself"). The imperfect describes his habit. sed et "but also". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin disciplinis tradendis in + noun + gerundive: "in subjects being handed on", i.e. "in teaching his subjects". trado "hand over" is the usual word for passing on teaching. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive quodqueand that hominema man viderimvīderim,I saw quiquīwho peritiamperītiamexperience suamhis etand inin theorematibustheōrēmatibusdoctrines tradendistrādendīsbeing taught solertiamsōlertiam,skill bonorumbonōrumof good things suorumsuōrumhis own minimumthe least existimareexīstimāreto consider sesē,that he palamopenly faceret.he madeand that I saw a man who made it plain that he thought his experience, and his skill in teaching doctrines, the least of his good qualities.quodque hominem viderim Again supply debeo: "and (I owe it to him) that I saw a man …". The man is Apollonius himself. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodperitiam suam et in theorematibus tradendis solertiam, bonorum suorum minimum existimare se, palam faceret Read it from the end. palam faceret "he made plain"; what he made plain is an accusative and infinitive, existimare se "that he considered". The objects of existimare stand first, peritiam suam et … solertiam "his experience and his skill", and minimum "the least" is the predicate: he thought them the least of bonorum suorum "his good things". minimum is neuter, "the least thing", though the nouns are feminine. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) abfrom istoistōhim didicididicī,I learned etalso quoquōin what modomodōway beneficia,favours quaewhich dicunturdīcuntur,are so called abfrom amicisamīcīsfriends accipereto receive oporteretoportēret,one ought utso that necneither acceptisacceptīsto what was received obnoxiusbeholden fierem,I should become necnor citracitrāwithout sensumsēnsumfeeling tamenyet omnemany transmitteremtrānsmitterem.I should let passFrom him I learned also how one ought to receive what are called favours from friends: so as neither to become beholden for what I had received, nor yet to let it pass without any feeling.ab isto didici Here at last Gataker writes out the verb understood through the whole section: didici "I learned", perfect of disco. isto is simply "him", Apollonius; iste need not be contemptuous. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodquo modo … oporteret quo modo "in what way, how" opens an indirect question after didici, so its verb is subjunctive, and imperfect because didici is past. oportet "one ought" is impersonal; its subject is the infinitive accipere: "how one ought to receive". Indirect questionsbeneficia, quae dicuntur "Favours, as they are called": quae dicuntur marks the word as other people's, for things that pass for kindnesses.ut nec acceptis obnoxius fierem, nec citra sensum tamen omnem transmitterem The ut clause spells out the right way: "so that I should neither become beholden …, nor yet let them pass …". acceptis "to the (favours) received" is a perfect participle, dative with obnoxius "beholden to"; the same favours are the understood object of transmitterem. The person shifts from the general "one" of oporteret to "I". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)

From Sextus Marcus received kindness, the model of a household ruled with a father's love, the idea of living by nature, unforced dignity, care for friends and patience with the thoughtless; his manners suited everyone, so that people found him more pleasant than any flatterer and yet revered him. From him too came a clear method in principles; and Sextus himself showed no sign of anger or passion, yet was full of natural affection, ready to approve without fuss and learned without display.

AĀfrom SextoSextō,Sextus benevolumkindly ergaergātowards aliosaliōsothers affectum:a disposition familiaeof a household affectuaffectūwith affection paternopaternōfatherly administrataeadministrātaegoverned specimen:the example dedēabout vitavītālife naturaenātūraewith nature convenienterin agreement instituendaīnstituendāto be ordered cogitationemcōgitātiōnem:the ideaFrom Sextus I received a kindly disposition towards others; the example of a household governed with a father's affection; the idea of ordering one's life in agreement with nature;A Sexto, benevolum erga alios affectum As in every section of Book I, the main verb is left out. Here what Marcus took from Sextus is named by accusative nouns, so supply accepi "I received" (from 1.1, accepisse agnosco): "(I received) a kindly disposition towards others". Each item set off by a colon is another object of this accepi, until a quod clause takes over near the end. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodfamiliae affectu paterno administratae specimen Read from the end: specimen "the example"; of what? familiae … administratae "of a household governed"; governed how? affectu paterno "with fatherly affection". A familia is the whole household, slaves included. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsde vita naturae convenienter instituenda de + noun + gerundive: "about life to be ordered", i.e. "about ordering life". convenienter "in agreement" takes the dative naturae: to live in agreement with nature is the Stoic ideal. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive gravitatemgravitātemdignity itemlikewise neutiquamin no way personatampersōnātam:put on etand sedulamsēdulamattentive amicorumamīcōrumfor friends observationemobservātiōnem:care etand imperitorumimperītōrum,of the ignorant eorumqueeōrumqueand of those quiquīwho citracitrāwithout considerationemcōnsīderātiōnemreflection opinioneopīniōneby opinion meramerāmere ducunturdūcuntur,are led tolerationemtolerātiōnem:patiencelikewise a dignity in no way put on; and attentive care for friends; and patience with the ignorant, and with those who are led by mere opinion, without reflection;gravitatem item neutiquam personatam More objects of the understood accepi, set off by colons. personatus comes from persona "an actor's mask": a dignity "in no way masked", not put on for show. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodimperitorum, eorumque qui citra considerationem opinione mera ducuntur, tolerationem Both genitives, imperitorum "of the ignorant" and eorum qui … "of those who …", depend on the last word, tolerationem "the bearing": patience with such people. opinione mera "by mere opinion" is the ablative of means with the passive ducuntur "are led". Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) etand moresmōrēsmanners quibusvisquibusvīsto anyone at all accommodatosaccommodātōs,suited itaso utthat quamvisquamvīsalthough consuetudocōnsuētūdōcompany ipsiusipsīushis adulationemadūlātiōnemflattery omnemall suavitatesuāvitātein charm viceritvīcerit,it surpassed inin venerationevenerātiōnereverence tamenyet eisdemeīsdemto the same people ipsisipsīsvery eodemeōdemat the same ipsoipsōvery temporetime nonnōnnot minusless extiterit.he stoodand manners suited to anyone at all, so that, although his company surpassed all flattery in charm, yet at that very same time he was held in no less reverence by those very people.ita ut quamvis … vicerit … tamen … extiterit ita ut "so that" introduces a result: how his adaptable manners worked out. Inside it, quamvis "although" has its own subjunctive vicerit, answered by tamen "yet". Both verbs are perfect subjunctive, and the subject is now Sextus himself: first consuetudo ipsius "his company", then "he" understood with extiterit. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)in veneratione tamen eisdem ipsis eodem ipso tempore non minus extiterit in veneratione existere "to stand in reverence" means "to be revered"; eisdem ipsis "to those very same people" is a dative of reference, saying in whose eyes. extiterit is the perfect of existo (also spelled exsisto); the existeret later in the section is the same verb. Dative of reference, possession and advantage adhaecbesides dilucidamdīlūcidamclear acand methodicammethodical cumboth inventioneminventiōnem,the finding tumand etalso dispositionemdispositiōnem,the arranging decretorumdēcrētōrumof principles ejusmodiejusmodī,of such a kind quaewhich adtowards vitamvītamlife recterēctērightly instituendamīnstituendamto be ordered conducerentcondūcerent.would helpbesides these, a clear and methodical way both of finding and also of arranging such principles as would help towards ordering life rightly.adhaec adhaec "besides these (things)", "in addition": Gataker writes ad haec as one word, as in 1.7 and 1.8. Another object of the understood accepi follows. Gataker's spelling: j, caeterum, quenquam, -cunquecum inventionem, tum et dispositionem cum … tum "both … and": this cum is neither the preposition (which would take the ablative) nor "when", but the first of a pair, and tum et "and also" gives the second more weight. inventio and dispositio are terms of rhetoric, the finding of the material and its arrangement; the adjectives dilucidam ac methodicam go with both. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivedecretorum ejusmodi, quae ad vitam recte instituendam conducerent ejusmodi … quae "of such a kind as": after a word of kind the relative clause takes the subjunctive (conducerent), describing the sort of principles: "such as would help". ad vitam recte instituendam is ad with a gerundive, "towards ordering life rightly". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) quodqueand that necneither iracundiaeīrācundiae,of anger necnor perturbationisperturbātiōnisof passion aliusalīusother alicujus,any indiciuma sign exhibebatexhibēbat;he showed sedbut cumthough affectibusfrom passions immunisimmūnisfree prorsusprōrsusentirely existeret,he was adtowards affectumaffection genuinumgenuīnumnatural erathe was tamenyet propensissimusprōpēnsissimus:most inclinedand that he showed no sign of anger, or of any other passion; but, though entirely free from passions, he was yet most inclined to natural affection;quodque … exhibebat … existeret … erat A quod clause again, with debeo understood: "and (I owe it to him) that he showed …". The subject is still Sextus, as with extiterit before, and the main verbs are indicative, exhibebat "he showed" and erat "he was", because they state facts about him; only existeret, in the cum clause, is subjunctive. What Marcus owes is the example. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodperturbationis alius alicujus alius is not the nominative here but the rare genitive alīus (usually alterius), agreeing with perturbationis: "of any other passion". Gataker's own edition (1652) prints it alîus, the circumflex marking the genitive. perturbatio "disturbance" is the Latin name for a passion in Stoic teaching.cum affectibus immunis prorsus existeret, ad affectum genuinum erat tamen propensissimus cum with the subjunctive existeret means "although", answered by tamen "yet". The two uses of affectus pull against each other: affectibus immunis "free from passions" (ablative of separation), yet ad affectum genuinum propensissimus "most inclined to natural affection", the love one has for one's own. Clauses with cum: when, since, although faverefavēreto show approval promptusprōmptus,ready sedbut sinewithout strepitustrepitū:fuss variequevariēque,and in many fields citracitrāwithout ostentationemostentātiōnem,display eruditusērudītus.learnedready to show approval, but without fuss; and widely learned, without display.favere promptus, sed sine strepitu: varieque, citra ostentationem, eruditus Two more items, with no verb. promptus and eruditus are nominative masculine singular: they go on from erat … propensissimus before, with Sextus still the subject: "(he was) ready to show approval … and learned". promptus "ready" takes the infinitive favere "to show favour, applaud". Words left out: esse, sum and others understood

From Alexander the grammarian Marcus learned not to scold or pounce on people for faults of speech, but to put the right expression before them tactfully, as if in passing: in a reply, a word of agreement, a discussion of the matter itself, or some other indirect reminder.

Abfrom AlexandroAlexandrōAlexander GrammaticoGrammaticō,the grammarian increpationibusincrepātiōnibusfrom rebukes abstinereabstinēre;to refrainFrom Alexander the grammarian I learned to refrain from rebukes;Ab Alexandro Grammatico, increpationibus abstinere The verb is left out again. This time what Marcus learned is given by infinitives, so supply didici "I learned", as in 1.8: "(I learned) to refrain from rebukes". The infinitives that follow, excipere and proponere, hang on the same didici. A grammaticus taught language and literature; Alexander taught Marcus Greek. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodincrepationibus abstinere abstinere "to keep oneself away" takes a plain ablative of what one keeps from: "to refrain from rebukes". Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus) necand not probroseprobrōsēinsultingly excipere,to pounce on sisīif quisanyone barbarumbarbarous quid,something velor soloecum,ungrammatical velor absonumjarring protuleritprōtulerit,he has uttered sedbut illudthat tantum,only quodwhich dicidīcīto be said debueratdēbuerat,it ought dextredextrēdeftly proponereprōpōnere;to put forwardand not to pounce insultingly, if anyone has uttered something barbarous, or ungrammatical, or jarring, but deftly to put forward just what ought to have been said;nec probrose excipere, si quis … protulerit excipere here is "to take up, pounce on" what someone has said. The si clause has the perfect subjunctive protulerit "if anyone has uttered", subjunctive because it belongs to the rule being learned (the same form could be read as a future perfect). After si, quis and quid mean "anyone" and "anything". Conditional sentences (si, nisi, siquis)barbarum quid, vel soloecum, vel absonum Three faults from the grammarian's trade, all agreeing with quid "something": a barbarum is a foreign or wrongly formed word, a soloecum (Greek soloikon) a fault of grammar, and an absonum an expression that jars.quod dici debuerat "What ought to have been said": Latin puts the past into debuerat and keeps the infinitive dici present, where English puts the past into the infinitive. idqueand that too subunder speciespeciēthe guise veleither respondendirespondendī,of answering velor calculumone's vote dictisdictīsto what was said contribuendicontribuendī,of adding velor dedēabout rerēthe matter ipsaipsā,itself nonnōnnot autembut dedēabout dictionedictiōne,the wording unaūnātogether dispiciendidispiciendī,of looking into velor perby means of aliamother aliquamsome istiusmodiistīusmodīof this kind scitamscītam,apt sedbut quaeone which obliqueoblīquēindirectly factamade sit,has been commonefactionemcommonefactiōnem.reminderand that too under the guise either of answering, or of adding one's vote to what had been said, or of looking together into the matter itself, and not the wording, or by some other apt reminder of this kind, but one given indirectly.idque sub specie vel respondendi, vel calculum dictis contribuendi, vel de re ipsa, non autem de dictione, una dispiciendi idque "and that too" looks back to proponere: the right word is to be put forward under cover. sub specie "under the guise" takes three genitive gerunds, respondendi "of answering", contribuendi "of adding", dispiciendi "of looking into", each brought in by vel "either … or". The gerund (agendo, laedendi)calculum dictis contribuendi calculum contribuere "to put in one's pebble" comes from voting with pebbles: it means "to add one's vote to, agree with". dictis "to the things said" is the perfect participle of dico used as a noun, dative with contribuendi.una dispiciendi una, with a long ā, is the adverb "together", not the feminine of unus: "of looking into (it) together", the matter itself and not its wording.per aliam aliquam istiusmodi scitam, sed quae oblique facta sit, commonefactionem Everything between per and the last word describes commonefactionem "reminder": "some other apt reminder of this kind, but one that has been made indirectly". facta sit is the perfect passive subjunctive; the subjunctive describes the kind of reminder. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)

From Fronto Marcus learned what envy, cunning and pretence surround absolute power, and that those called patricians at Rome are for the most part rather lacking in natural affection.

AĀfrom FrontoneFrontōne,Fronto utthat sciremscīrem,I should know quaewhat invidentia,envy versutiaversūtia,cunning simulatiosimulātiōpretence tyrannidemtyranny consequaturcōnsequātur:goes withFrom Fronto I learned to understand what envy, cunning and pretence go with tyranny;A Frontone, ut scirem The verb is left out, as in every section of Book I. With an ut clause, supply didici "I learned" (as in 1.8), or "I was taught": "(I learned) to know". scirem is the imperfect subjunctive of scio "know". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodquae invidentia, versutia, simulatio tyrannidem consequatur An indirect question after scirem: "what envy, cunning and pretence go with tyranny". quae is the interrogative adjective, agreeing with the nearest noun, and one singular verb, the deponent consequatur "follows, attends", serves all three. It is present, not imperfect as the sequence after scirem would lead one to expect, because it states what is always true of tyranny. Indirect questions quodqueand that utas plurimumplūrimummost quiquīthose who patriciipatriciīpatricians nobisnōbīsamong us nuncupantur,are called abfrom affectuaffectūaffection genuinogenuīnōnatural alienioresaliēniōrēsrather strangers existant.they areand that, for the most part, those who among us are called patricians are rather lacking in natural affection.quodque … existant A second thing learned from Fronto, in a quod clause "and that …": take it with the understood didici, or with scirem, "that I should know … and that …". Its verb existant "they are" is present subjunctive, like consequatur: a lasting truth, given as something learned. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodut plurimum qui patricii nobis nuncupantur ut plurimum "for the most part, generally". qui has no antecedent written: "(those) who are called patricians among us", and the whole relative clause is the subject of existant. nobis "among us" is a dative of reference with the passive nuncupantur; it can also be taken as "by us". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodab affectu genuino alieniores alienus ab "a stranger to". A comparative with nothing to compare often means "rather, somewhat": alieniores "rather strangers to natural affection". affectus genuinus is the same natural affection Marcus took from Sextus in 1.9. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam

From Alexander the Platonist Marcus learned not to tell people, except when truly forced, that he had no time for them, and not to use the pressure of business as a standing excuse for neglecting what he owed to those he lived among.

Abfrom AlexandroAlexandrōAlexander PlatonicoPlatōnicō,the Platonist nenēnot to crebrocrēbrō,often nevenēvenor nisiunless necessitatenecessitāteby necessity adactusadāctus,driven auteither dictodictōby word autor scriptoscrīptōin writing significemI make known alicui,to anyone nonnōnnot vacarevacāreto have time memē:(that) IFrom Alexander the Platonist: not to tell anyone often, or unless driven by necessity, either in speech or in writing, that I have no time;Ab Alexandro Platonico, ne Like every section of Book I, this one names a teacher and lists what Marcus got from him, leaving out the main verb. The book opens with it in full, Ab avo meo Vero accepisse agnosco "I acknowledge that I received from my grandfather Verus"; after that, supply accepi "I received" or didici "I learned". An accusative noun is then its object, an infinitive means "(I learned) to …", a quod clause with the subjunctive "(I owe it to him) that I …", and an ut or ne clause with the subjunctive, as here, "(I was taught) to … / not to …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodne crebro, neve nisi necessitate adactus neve is ne with -ve "or", and continues the ne clause: "not often, nor unless driven by necessity". The participle adactus "driven" agrees with the "I" who is the subject of significem: "unless I am forced". Enclitics: -que, -ve, -neaut dicto aut scripto aut … aut "either … or". dicto and scripto are neuter participles used as nouns, "by a thing said" and "by a thing written": by word of mouth or by letter. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sivesignificem alicui, non vacare me What Marcus is not to tell people is an accusative and infinitive: non vacare me "that I am not free", i.e. "that I have no time"; vacare is "to be empty, to have leisure". The subjunctive significem is present, as if the understood verb were "I have learned"; in §13 Gataker will use the imperfect. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement) nevenēveand not hocthis modomodōway subunder negotiorumnegōtiōrumof business distinentiumkeeping (one) busy praetextupraetextūthe pretext officiaduties ea,those quaewhich vitaevītaeof life hujusthis necessitudonecessitūdōthe bond aāfrom nobisnōbīsus exigit,demands solenssolēnshabitually deseramdēseram.I neglectAnd not in this way, under the pretext of pressing business, to make a habit of neglecting those duties which the bond of this life demands of us.neve … deseram A second thing taught, still with didici understood: neve … deseram "and not to neglect". The verb waits till the very end, after the long object officia ea, quae … exigit. hoc modo "in this way" points back to the excuse "I have no time". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodsub negotiorum distinentium praetextu sub … praetextu "under the pretext" wraps round its genitive, negotiorum distinentium "of business keeping (one) busy". The present participle distinentium agrees with negotiorum; distinere "to hold apart, keep occupied" is used here without an object: "distracting, pressing business". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounsvitae hujus necessitudo Take vitae hujus necessitudo together as the subject of exigit: "the bond of this life". necessitudo here is not "necessity" but a close bond, the relation in which we stand to those we live with.solens solens, present participle of soleo "be accustomed", agrees with the understood "I": "being in the habit", i.e. habitually. Marcus is not forbidden ever to excuse himself, only to make a habit of it. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns

From Catulus Marcus learned not to brush aside the complaints of friends, even unfounded ones, but to try to win them back to their old goodwill; to praise his teachers readily and warmly; and to love his children with genuine affection.

AĀfrom CatuloCatulō,Catulus nenēnot to insuperīnsuperas of no account haberemhabēremI should hold amicorumamīcōrumof friends querimoniasquerimōniās,the complaints etiamsietiamsīeven if ratioratiōreason earumeārumfor them nullanūllano subesset,lay beneath sedbut ininto statumstate ipsosipsōsthem pristinumprīstinumformer restituereto restore annitererannīterer:I should striveFrom Catulus: not to disregard the complaints of friends, even if there was no ground for them, but to strive to bring them back to the state they were in before;A Catulo, ne As in every section of Book I, the main verb is left out. The book's first words have it in full, Ab avo meo Vero accepisse agnosco "I acknowledge that I received from my grandfather Verus"; here supply didici "I learned". Then an accusative is what Marcus received, an infinitive "(I learned) to …", a quod clause with the subjunctive "(I owe it to him) that I …", and an ut or ne clause with the subjunctive, as here, "(I was taught) to … / not to …". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodne … haberem … sed … anniterer The subjunctives here are imperfect (haberem, subesset, anniterer), as after a past verb, "(I was taught) not to …"; in §12 Gataker used the present. After sed the clause turns positive with no new ut: "not to slight …, but to strive …". Sequence of tensesinsuper haberem amicorum querimonias insuper habere "to hold as something over and above" is to treat a thing as of no account, to disregard it; insuper is an adverb. The object is amicorum querimonias "the complaints of friends".etiamsi ratio earum nulla subesset "Even if no reason lay beneath them", i.e. even if the complaints were groundless. earum "of them, for them" looks back to querimonias, and subesse "to lie beneath" stands without a dative. The subjunctive comes from its place inside the ne clause. Concessive clauses: etiamsi, quamvis, cumin statum ipsos pristinum restituere ipsos "them", the friends, is the object of restituere, set inside the phrase in statum … pristinum "to their former state": "to bring them back to their former state", that is, to the goodwill they had before. utto praeceptorespraeceptōrēsteachers prompteprōmptēreadily impensequeimpēnsēqueand wholeheartedly praedicarempraedicārem;I should praise quod(a thing) which dedēabout DomitioDomitiōDomitius atqueand AthenodotoAthēnodotōAthenodotus refertur;is told liberosquelīberōsqueand children meosmeōsmy affectuaffectūwith affection sincerosincērōgenuine prosequererprōsequerer.I should treatTo praise my teachers readily and wholeheartedly, as is told of Domitius and Athenodotus; and to love my children with genuine affection.ut … praedicarem Another lesson from Catulus, with didici still understood: ut with the subjunctive, "(I was taught) to praise". praedicarem comes from praedicare (1st conj.) "to proclaim, praise in public", not from praedicere "to foretell"; the long ā of praedicārem shows the conjugation. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodquod de Domitio atque Athenodoto refertur An aside. quod is the relative "which", standing for the whole idea of praising one's teachers: "a thing which is told of Domitius and Athenodotus", who were known for it. The indicative refertur shows that this is Marcus's own comment, not part of the lesson. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodliberosque meos affectu sincero prosequerer prosequi aliquem affectu "to follow someone with affection" means to show them affection, to love them. prosequerer, imperfect subjunctive of the deponent prosequor, is still in the ut clause, joined by -que to praedicarem. liberi "children" has only a plural. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaning

From his brother Severus Marcus learned to love his own people, truth and justice; through him he came to know the heroes of freedom, and formed the idea of a state of equal rights and of a monarchy that values its subjects' liberty. He also learned steadiness in philosophy, generosity, hope and trust in his friends; and he saw in Severus a man who made his disapproval plain and never left his friends guessing what he wanted.

AĀfrom fratrefrātrebrother meomeōmy SeveroSevērō,Severus familiaresfamiliārēsthose close to me diligeredīligere;to love verivērīof the true justiquejūstīqueand of the just rationemratiōnemregard haberehabēre.to haveFrom my brother Severus: to love those close to me; to have regard for what is true and just.A fratre meo Severo, familiares diligere The main verb is left out, as in every section of Book I (§1 has it in full: accepisse agnosco "I acknowledge that I received"); supply didici "I learned". An accusative would be its object, an ut or ne clause "(I was taught) to … / not to …"; here the lessons are infinitives, "(I learned) to love …, to have regard for …", with Marcus as their subject. Then come quod clauses with the subjunctive, "(I owe it to him) that I …"; further on Gataker writes the verb out, ab eodem item didici; and the section ends with clauses about Severus himself. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodfamiliares familiares, an adjective used as a noun, are the members of one's household and one's intimates: "those close to me".veri justique rationem habere rationem habere with a genitive is "to take account of, have regard for". veri and justi are neuter adjectives used as nouns, genitive singular: "of the true and of the just". Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia) itemlikewise quodthat perthrough eundemthe same man Thraseam,Thrasea Helvidium,Helvidius CatonemCatōnem,Cato DionemDiōnem,Dio BrutumBrūtumBrutus nossenōsseto know ceperimcēperim;I beganLikewise, that through him I came to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dio, Brutus;item quod … ceperim Now a quod clause with the subjunctive, the verb again understood: "(I owe it to him) that I began …". The subjunctive ceperim marks it as something Marcus acknowledges, as after accepisse agnosco in §1. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodnosse ceperim nosse is the short form of novisse, perfect infinitive of nosco; since novi means "I know", nosse is "to know", and nosse coepi "I began to know", i.e. "I came to know". coepi "I began" has only perfect forms; Gataker spells it here without the diphthong, ceperim for coeperim. Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere)Thraseam, Helvidium, Catonem, Dionem, Brutum Men who stood for freedom against one-man rule: Thrasea Paetus and his son-in-law Helvidius Priscus, Stoic senators who died under Nero and Vespasian; Cato the Younger and Brutus, who resisted Caesar; and Dio of Syracuse, Plato's friend, who drove out a tyrant. To "know" them is to know their lives and example. etand quodthat imaginemimāginemthe idea animoanimōin my mind conceperimconcēperimI formed statusstatūsof a state popularispopulāris,popular inin quoquōwhich perthrough aequalitatemaequālitātemequality jurisquejūrisqueand of rights aequabilitatemaequābilitātemequality resrēsaffairs administrentur;are run regniquerēgnīque,and of a kingship inin quoquōwhich subditorumsubditōrumof the subjects libertatelībertātethan the freedom nihilnothing antiquiusantīquiusmore important habeaturhabeātur.is heldAnd that I formed in my mind the idea of a popular state, in which affairs are run on equality and equal rights; and of a kingship, in which nothing is held more important than the freedom of the subjects.et quod imaginem animo conceperim status popularis … regnique Another quod clause, "(I owe it to him) that I formed …". Its object imaginem "an idea, a picture" has two genitives far apart: status popularis "of a popular state" and regni "of a kingship", joined by -que. Each has its own in quo clause. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodper aequalitatem jurisque aequabilitatem Two near-synonyms: aequalitas is equality in general, juris aequabilitas "evenness of law" is equality before the law, the same rights for all.in quo … administrentur … in quo … habeatur Both relative clauses have the subjunctive: they describe the kind of state Marcus pictured, "a state such that in it …", and they stand inside a quod clause which is itself subjunctive. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)subditorum libertate nihil antiquius habeatur antiquius, comparative of antiquus "old", has its idiomatic sense "more important, to be put first": "nothing is held more important". libertate is ablative of comparison, "than the freedom"; subditorum, the participle of subdo "place under" used as a noun, is "of the subjects". Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam abfrom eodemeōdemthe same man itemalso didicididicī,I learned simplicitersimply viverevīvere;to live inin philosophiaeof philosophy cultucultūthe pursuit constantercōnstantersteadily persistere;to persevereFrom the same man I also learned to live simply; to persevere steadily in the pursuit of philosophy;ab eodem item didici For once Gataker writes the verb that the sections leave out: didici "I learned". It confirms how to read the infinitives, here and before: "(I learned) to live …", with Marcus as their subject. ab eodem "from the same man" is Severus. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin philosophiae cultu cultus is "care, cultivation, devotion"; with the objective genitive philosophiae it is "the cultivation of philosophy", its steady pursuit. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum) prompteprōmptēreadily benefacere,to do good impenseimpēnsēgenerously largirilargīrī;to give spesspēshopes bonasbonāsgood foverefovēre;to cherish dedēabout amicorumamīcōrumof my friends dilectionedīlēctiōnelove nihilnot at all ambigere.to doubtTo do good readily, to give generously; to cherish good hopes; to have no doubt at all of my friends' love.prompte benefacere, impense largiri More infinitives after didici, with Marcus as subject. largiri is the deponent largior: passive in form (-ri), active in meaning, "to give freely". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodspes bonas fovere fovere "to warm" is used of keeping something alive: "to cherish good hopes", i.e. to stay hopeful. spes here is accusative plural.de amicorum dilectione nihil ambigere nihil is adverbial, "in no way": "to doubt not at all". amicorum is a subjective genitive, the love that friends feel: Marcus learned never to doubt that his friends loved him. quinquīnwhat is more etalso quodthat sisīif quorumquōrumof any people moresmōrēsways minusnot much probaretprobāret,he approved palamopenly idit praebefore sesēhimself ferret;he carriedAnd what is more, that if he did not much approve of anyone's ways, he showed it openly;quin et quod … ferret Here the subject changes to Severus himself. Another quod clause, "(I owe it to him) that …", but its verbs now describe his own conduct: probaret and ferret here, foret and erat in the next sentence. quin et is "and what is more". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodsi quorum mores minus probaret After si, quis means "anyone", and quorum is its genitive plural: "if he approved less (of) the ways of any people". minus "less" is a polite "not". The subjunctive probaret stands inside the quod clause. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunquepalam id prae se ferret prae se ferre "to carry before oneself" is "to display, make no secret of". id "it" is his disapproval, and se refers to Severus, the subject of ferret: "he showed it openly". Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suus nec,and not quidwhat vellethe wanted nolletvenōlletve,or did not want familiaribusfamiliāribusfor his friends conjectuconjectūto guess difficilehard foret;it was adeoadeōso apertoapertōopen erathe was pectore.heartand that what he wanted or did not want was not hard for his friends to guess: so open-hearted was he.nec, quid vellet nolletve, familiaribus conjectu difficile foret Still in the quod clause about Severus: "and that what he wanted or did not want was not hard for his friends to guess". The subject of foret is the indirect question quid vellet nolletve, and difficile agrees with it. foret is another form of esset. nolletve is nollet with -ve "or". Indirect questionsconjectu difficile conjectu is the supine in -u of conjicio "guess", which is used after adjectives such as facilis and difficilis: difficile conjectu "hard to guess", like facile dictu "easy to say".adeo aperto erat pectore A short main clause gives the reason, with a plain indicative: "so open was his breast", i.e. so open-hearted was he. aperto … pectore is an ablative of description with erat, like moribus esse probe temperatis in §15; adeo "so, to such a degree" goes with aperto.

From Maximus Marcus learned self-mastery, good cheer in illness and misfortune, a balanced and gentle character, and to do his work without complaint. Then he describes Maximus himself: trusted by all, never surprised, hurried, sluggish, downcast, angry or suspicious; ready to help and forgive; truthful and upright by nature, so that no one felt despised by him or thought himself his better; and never seeking a name for wit.

AĀfrom MaximoMāximō,Maximus meimeīof myself compotemmaster esse;to be necand not ullaūllāany inin rerēthing transversumtrānsversumoff course abripiabripī.to be carried offFrom Maximus: to be master of myself, and not to be carried off course in anything.A Maximo, mei compotem esse As in every section of Book I, the main verb is left out; supply didici "I learned" (§1 has it in full: accepisse agnosco "I acknowledge that I received"). An accusative would be its object, an ut or ne clause "(I was taught) to … / not to …", a quod clause "(I owe it to him) that …"; here the lesson is an infinitive, "(I learned) to be …". compos with a genitive is "in control of", and mei "of myself" shows that Marcus is the subject: "to be master of myself". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodcompotem … transversum Why accusative? The infinitive has an understood subject, "me", and the adjectives describing it agree with it in the accusative: "(me) to be master", "(me) to be carried off sideways". Gataker does this wherever a lesson is given as an infinitive. When the section turns to Maximus himself, from adhaec quod on, the words describing him are nominative instead, with finite verbs.nec ulla in re transversum abripi transversum abripi "to be snatched away crosswise" is to be swept off one's course, as a ship by a gust; the passive means "to let oneself be carried away". ulla in re "in any matter" puts the preposition between adjective and noun. The passive with a reflexive sense ("be carried away", "let yourself be…") sedbut etalso animoanimōof heart bonobonōgood esse,to be cumboth inin morbismorbīs,illnesses tumand etalso inin aliisaliīsother casibuscāsibusmishaps adversisadversīs;adverseAnd also to be of good heart, both in illness and in other misfortunes too;animo bono esse Still "(I learned) to …", with didici understood. animo bono esse "to be of good mind" is an ablative of description with esse: "to be in good spirits". The next sentence has the same construction, moribus esse … temperatis. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodcum in morbis, tum et in aliis casibus adversis cum … tum pairs two things, "both … and also": "not only in illness but in other mishaps too". This cum is not "when"; it has no verb. Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive moribusmōribusof character esseto be probeprobēwell temperatistemperātīs,balanced suavibussuāvibus,gentle verendisverendīs:to be respected negotianegōtiatasks objectaset before (me) citracitrāwithout quiritationemquirītātiōnemcomplaint conficerecōnficere.to completeTo be of a character well balanced, gentle and commanding respect; to get through the tasks set before me without complaint.moribus esse probe temperatis, suavibus, verendis Again "(I learned) to be …", and again an ablative of description: "to be of ways (i.e. of a character) well tempered, gentle, to be respected". temperatis is the perfect participle of tempero "mix in due measure"; verendis is the gerundive of the deponent vereor "revere", and, unlike the deponent's other forms, it is passive in meaning, "to be revered". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodcitra quiritationem citra "on this side of" is used by Gataker, as in later Latin, for "without". quiritatio is a cry of distress; here, grumbling over one's work. adhaecbesides quodthat itain such a way sesēhimself gerebatgerēbat,he conducted utthat fidembelief quibusvisquibusvīsanyone at all faceret;he created quaecunquewhatever diceretdīceret,he said exfrom animianimīof the heart sententiasententiāthe feeling dixissedīxisse;to have said quaecunquewhatever faceret,he did animoanimōwith intent haudnot malomalōbad fecissefēcisse.to have doneBesides, that he conducted himself in such a way that he made everyone believe that whatever he said, he said in earnest; whatever he did, he did with no bad intent.adhaec quod ita se gerebat, ut … faceret Here the subject changes from Marcus to Maximus. quod … gerebat "that he conducted himself" begins a run of quod clauses about what Maximus was like, with "(I owe it to him)" understood. Gataker mixes the moods in them: the indicative (gerebat, admirabatur, erat) states a plain fact about Maximus, the subjunctive (videretur, inventus sit, affectaverit) puts it as something Marcus acknowledges; the sense is the same. adhaec is Gataker's one-word ad haec "besides". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodita … ut fidem quibusvis faceret ita … ut "in such a way … that" introduces a result clause. fidem facere alicui "to create belief in someone" is "to convince someone"; what they believed follows, despite the semicolon after faceret, as accusative and infinitive, dixisse, fecisse, with "he" understood as subject. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)ex animi sententia An idiom: "from the feeling of the heart", i.e. sincerely, meaning what one says.quaecunque diceret … quaecunque faceret quaecunque "whatever (things)" is neuter plural, object of its own verb and, in sense, of the infinitive too: "whatever he said, (that he) said it sincerely". diceret and faceret are subjunctive because they are part of what people believed. Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought tumthen quodthat nihilnothing admirabaturadmīrābātur,he wondered at adat nihilnothing obstupescebatobstupēscēbat;he was astounded nusquamnever festinusfestīnus,hurried autor segnissluggish erat;he wasThen, that he wondered at nothing, was astounded at nothing; was never hurried or sluggish;nihil admirabatur, ad nihil obstupescebat Maximus is the subject: "that he wondered at nothing, was astounded at nothing", i.e. nothing took him by surprise. admirabatur, from the deponent admiror, is here "to be amazed at" rather than "to admire"; the imperfect describes his habit. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningnusquam festinus, aut segnis erat festinus and segnis are nominative, agreeing with the subject of erat, Maximus. nusquam "nowhere" here means "on no occasion, never". nusquamnever perplexus,at a loss autor dejectusdējectus,downcast autor ringiringīto snarl solitus:accustomed necnor rursusrūrsuson the other hand iracundiaeīrācundiae,to anger autor suspicionibussuspīciōnibusto suspicions deditusdēditus.givennever at a loss, or downcast, or given to snarling; nor, on the other hand, given to anger or suspicion.nusquam perplexus … deditus The list runs on with no verb of its own: supply erat from the sentence before, "(he was) never at a loss …". All the nominatives, perplexus, dejectus, solitus, deditus, agree with Maximus, its subject. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodringi solitus ringi is used of a dog baring its teeth, "to snarl", and so of a man who chafes and grumbles. solitus is the perfect participle of soleo "be accustomed", active in meaning: "accustomed to snarl". Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningnec rursus iracundiae, aut suspicionibus deditus rursus "in turn, on the other hand": he was not downcast, nor was he given to the opposite faults. deditus "given up to" takes the dative: iracundiae "to anger", suspicionibus "to suspicions". adhaecbesides quodthat benefacereto do good promptusprōmptus,ready etand ignoscereignōscere.to forgiveBesides, that he was ready to do good, and to forgive.quod benefacere promptus, et ignoscere The verb is left out: supply erat, "that (he was) ready to do good, and to forgive". promptus "ready" takes the infinitive, as in favere promptus in §9; the second infinitive, ignoscere, follows as an afterthought. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood quodthat veraxvērāx;truthful quodqueand that hominisof a man ejusmodiejusmodīof such a kind specimenthe picture dareto give videreturvidērētur,he seemed quiquīwho pervertipervertīto be turned aside nesciretnescīretdid not know how potius,rather quamthan quiquīone who corrigicorrigīto be corrected unquamever opusneed haberethabēret.he hadthat he was truthful; and that he seemed to give the picture of a man such as could not be led astray, rather than of one who ever needed to be set right.quod verax; quodque … specimen dare videretur The shortest item has no verb: supply erat, "that (he was) truthful". The next quod clause has one, videretur "he seemed", the passive of video in its sense "to seem", which takes an infinitive: specimen dare videretur "he seemed to give the picture", i.e. he looked like a man of that kind. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodhominis ejusmodi … qui … nesciret … qui … haberet ejusmodi … qui "of such a kind … as" is followed by relative clauses of characteristic in the subjunctive: "a man such as did not know how to be perverted, rather than such as ever needed correcting". Maximus seemed upright by nature, not straightened by others. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)perverti nesciret nescire with an infinitive is "not to know how to", and so "to be unable to": "who could not be turned aside". In corrigi … opus haberet, opus habere "to have need" likewise takes an infinitive: "needed to be corrected". quodthat nemonēmōno one quisquamat all inventusfound sit,was quiquīwho veleither contemptuicontemptuīin contempt abby illoillōhim haberihabērīto be held sesēhe existimaretexīstimāret,he thought velor praestantiorempraestantiōremsuperior sesēhimself illoillōthan him opinareturopīnārētur.he supposedthat no one at all was ever found who either thought he was held in contempt by him, or supposed himself superior to him.quod … inventus sit A quod clause with the subjunctive, again about Maximus: "(I owe it to him) that no one at all was found …". inventus sit is the perfect passive subjunctive. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodnemo quisquam "No one anyone", i.e. "no one at all": quisquam strengthens the negative. Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunquequi vel … existimaret, vel … opinaretur After nemo … qui "no one who", the relative clause has the subjunctive: it describes a kind of person that was never found. vel … vel "either … or". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)contemptui ab illo haberi se contemptui haberi "to be held in contempt": the dative says what one is treated as. se is the accusative subject of haberi and refers to the qui; ab illo "by him" is Maximus.praestantiorem se illo "Himself (to be) superior to him": supply esse. illo is ablative of comparison, "than him", Maximus again. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quam deniquedēniquefinally quodthat urbanitatisurbānitātisfor wit laudemreputation neutiquamnot in the least affectaveritaffectāverit.he soughtFinally, that he did not in the least seek a reputation for wit.urbanitatis laudem neutiquam affectaverit urbanitas is the polish and wit of a man of the city; laudem urbanitatis affectare is "to aim at praise for wit", to try to be thought clever. affectare "strive after" often implies doing it for show. The subject is still Maximus. Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)

Marcus describes his adoptive father, the emperor Antoninus Pius: gentle, firm in what he had decided, indifferent to empty honours, hard-working, fair to all, easy with his friends, careful with public money, simple in his habits and never fussy. Like Socrates, he could both do without the good things of life and enjoy them without excess.

AĀfrom patremy father mansuetudinemmānsuētūdinem,gentleness etand inin rebusrēbusthings accurateaccūrātēcarefully jamonce, already decretisdēcrētīsdecided constantiamcōnstantiamfirmness immotamimmōtam.unshakenFrom my father (I received) gentleness, and unshaken firmness in things once carefully decided.A patre mansuetudinem As in each section of Book I after the first, the main verb is left out; supply it from §1, accepisse agnosco "I acknowledge that I received", or simply accepi. mansuetudinem and constantiam are its objects: "From my father (I received) gentleness … and firmness". The father is Antoninus Pius, emperor from 138 to 161, who adopted Marcus. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin rebus accurate jam decretis decretis is the perfect passive participle of decerno "decide", agreeing with rebus: "in things already carefully decided". Once he had made up his mind, he did not waver. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns quodthat inin, in the matter of honoribushonōribus,honours quiquīwhich habentur,are reckoned (honours) istisistīs,those gloriaeglōriaeto glory inaniinānīempty nihilnothing concesserit;he yieldedthat in those honours, as they are reckoned, he yielded nothing to empty glory;quod … concesserit Here the list turns from nouns (mansuetudinem, constantiam) to clauses about the father, and most of the section is made of them: quod "that" with a finite verb, "(I owe it to him, I saw in him) that he …". The verb is sometimes subjunctive (concesserit, dederit, fuerit), sometimes indicative (noverat, permittebat, insistebat); the indicative states a plain fact about him, the subjunctive presents it as something Marcus acknowledges, and the sense is the same. Where no verb is written, supply erat. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin honoribus, qui habentur, istis The relative clause sits inside the phrase in honoribus … istis: "in those honours, which are (so) reckoned", i.e. in what pass for honours. iste often carries a note of disdain. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod quodthat laboribuslabōribusto labours ferendisferendīsto be borne cumnot only libenslibēns,willing tumbut etalso assiduus,tireless sesēhimself dederit.he gavethat he gave himself to bearing labours, not only willingly but tirelessly too.laboribus ferendis ferendis is the gerundive of fero agreeing with laboribus: "to labours to be borne", i.e. "to bearing labours". The dative goes with se dare "to give oneself to, devote oneself to". The gerundive with ad, in and the genitivecum libens, tum et assiduus cum … tum "not only … but (especially)", and et adds "too". libens and assiduus are nominative because they describe the subject of dederit, the father: "he gave himself, (being) not only willing but tireless too". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive quodthat eoseōsthose audireaudīreto hear promptusprōmptusready fuerit,he was quiquīwho adferreto bring forward quidanything poterant,they could quodwhich infor, towards publicumpūblicumthe common good conduceretcondūceret:would servethat he was ready to listen to those who could bring forward anything that would serve the common good;eos audire promptus fuerit promptus "ready" takes an infinitive, audire "to hear", and its object eos "those (who …)" stands first. promptus is nominative, agreeing with the subject of fuerit, the father. Note the two kinds of quod: the conjunction "that" which opens the sentence, and the relative "which" near the end.quid … quod in publicum conduceret quid here is indefinite, = aliquid "something, anything". The subjunctive conduceret describes the kind of thing: "anything such as would serve the public". in publicum "for the public (good)". Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) quodqueand that nemonēmōno one illumhim abducereabdūcereto draw away quiveritquīverit,was able quinquīnfrom (repaying) proprōaccording to meritomeritōdesert, merit suosuōhis own unicuiqueūnīcuiqueto each one rependeret.he would repayand that no one could draw him away from repaying each person according to his merit.nemo illum abducere quiverit, quin queo "I am able" is a rarer word for possum: nemo illum abducere quiverit "no one was able to draw him away". After such a negative verb of hindering or drawing back, quin with the subjunctive means "from doing": "from repaying each according to his merit". The subject of rependeret is the father. Quo minus and quin after verbs of hinderingpro merito suo unicuique suo "his own" refers to unicuique, not to the father: "to each his own desert", as in the saying suum cuique. unicuique is the dative of unusquisque "each one". Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suus quodthat probeprobēwell noveratnōverat,he knew ubiwhere, when vehementius,more forcefully ubiwhere remissiusmore gently agereto act opusneed esset;there wasthat he knew well where there was need to act more forcefully, and where more gently;noverat noverat is the pluperfect of nosco "get to know". Since novi "I have got to know" means "I know", the pluperfect noveram means "I knew": "he knew well". Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere)ubi vehementius, ubi remissius agere opus esset An indirect question after noverat: "where (or when) there was need to act more forcefully, where more gently". opus est "there is need" takes the infinitive agere, and esset is subjunctive because the question is indirect. Indirect questions quodthat abfrom adolescentiumadolēscentiumfor young men amoribusamōribuspassions, love affairs coercuerathe restrained sesē.himself quodthat civilitercīvīliterlike a citizen admodumquite, very sesēhimself gessit.he conductedthat he kept himself from passions for young men; that he behaved quite as an ordinary citizen.ab adolescentium amoribus adolescentium is an objective genitive: "loves for young men", not "the loves that young men feel". Objective genitive (reverentia tui, cura rerum)civiliter admodum se gessit se gerere "to conduct oneself, behave". civiliter "as a citizen": though emperor, he behaved as one citizen among others, without the airs of a ruler. The tenses of these clauses vary, pluperfect coercuerat, perfect gessit, imperfect permittebat, with little difference of sense: all describe his settled ways. quodthat amicisamīcīsto his friends veleither coenandicoenandīof dining secumsēcum,with him velor abstinendiabstinendīof staying away optionemoptiōnemchoice liberamlīberamfree permittebatpermittēbat,he allowed, left necand not peregreperegrēabroad, away from home euntem(him) going comitaricomitārī,to accompany nisiunless ipsisipsīsthem allubesceretallubēsceret,it took (their) fancy necessenecessary erat:it wasthat he left his friends a free choice either to dine with him or to stay away, and they were not obliged to go with him when he travelled, unless they felt like it;vel coenandi secum, vel abstinendi optionem coenandi and abstinendi are gerunds in the genitive, depending on optionem: "a choice of dining with him or of staying away". vel … vel "either … or". Gataker spells cena, cenare "dinner, dine" as coena, coenare. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)nec peregre euntem comitari, nisi ipsis allubesceret, necesse erat necesse erat "it was necessary" has the infinitive comitari as its subject: "nor was it necessary (for them) to accompany him going abroad, unless they felt like it". comitari is the infinitive of the deponent comitor, and euntem "(him) going" is its object. The gerund (agendo, laedendi)nisi ipsis allubesceret allubescit "it takes one's fancy" is impersonal, with the dative of the person: "unless it pleased them". The subjunctive is used for a condition that came round again and again, each time he travelled. Impersonal verbs and phrases (oportet, decet, constat, attinet, detur) quodthat affectumaffection adversustowards sesēthemselves pariterequally, all the same semperalways deprehendebantdēprehendēbant,they found etiamsietiamsīeven if occasioneoccāsiōneby an occasion aliquaaliquāsome impeditiimpedītī,kept back eumhim neutiquamnot at all essentthey had comitaticomitātī.accompaniedthat they always found his affection towards them the same, even if, kept back by some occasion, they had not gone with him at all.quod affectum adversus se pariter semper deprehendebant The subject changes: deprehendebant "they found" has the friends as its subject. affectum adversus se is "his affection towards them": se refers to the subject of the clause, the friends, not to the father. pariter "equally, all the same", whether they had gone with him or not. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suusetiamsi … eum neutiquam essent comitati etiamsi "even if" with the pluperfect subjunctive essent comitati (deponent comitor): "even if they had not gone with him at all". impediti "kept back" agrees with the friends, the subject. Concessive clauses: etiamsi, quamvis, cum quodthat inin consiliiscōnsiliīs,deliberations quidwhat factofactō(to be) done opusneed esset,there was accurateaccūrātēcarefully perquirendoperquīrendōsearching out constantercōnstantersteadily insistebatīnsistēbat,he kept at, persisted necand not speciespeciēwith the appearance rerumrērumof things obviaobviāfirst met, ready to hand quavisquāvīsany … whatever acquiescensacquiēscēns,resting content indagationemindāgātiōnemthe inquiry incidebatincīdēbat.he cut shortthat in deliberations he kept steadily at searching out carefully what needed to be done, and did not cut the inquiry short by resting content with whatever appearance of things first met him.quid facto opus esset opus est "there is need" can take a perfect participle in the ablative: quid facto opus esset "what needed to be done". It is an indirect question, so esset is subjunctive; the question is what perquirendo "searching out" looks for. Indirect questionsaccurate perquirendo constanter insistebat insistere "to keep at, persist in" takes the dative, here the gerund perquirendo: "to keep steadily at searching out carefully". The gerund (agendo, laedendi)nec … acquiescens, indagationem incidebat acquiescens is a present participle agreeing with the subject, the father: "(as one) resting content with any appearance of things that met him"; acquiescere takes the ablative, specie. nec negates incidebat: "and he did not cut short the inquiry". This incīdere "cut off" comes from caedo; do not confuse it with incidere "fall into", from cado. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns quodthat etiamalso amicorumamīcōrumfriends retinendiretinendīof keeping studiosusstudiōsus;eager necneither fastidiofastīdiōout of boredom mutansmūtāns,changing (them) necnor insaneīnsānēmadly, to excess diligensdīligēns.loving (them)that he was also eager to keep his friends; neither changing them out of boredom, nor loving them madly.amicorum retinendi studiosus The verb is left out: supply erat, "that (he was) eager …". retinendi is a gerund, "of keeping", depending on studiosus "eager for", and its object stands in the genitive, amicorum, as sometimes happens with a genitive gerund: "eager for the keeping of friends". The gerund (agendo, laedendi)nec fastidio mutans, nec insane diligens Two present participles agreeing with the subject, the father, with amicos understood as their object: "neither changing (them) out of boredom nor loving (them) madly". diligens is from diligo "love, value", not the adjective "careful". Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns quodthat inin statustatūcondition quocunquequōcunqueany … whatever sortewith his lot contentus,content vultuquevultūqueand in face serenusserēnus.calmthat in any condition he was content with his lot, and calm in his face.quod in statu quocunque sorte contentus, vultuque serenus Again no verb: supply erat, "that (he was) content …"; contentus and serenus are nominative, agreeing with the father. sorte is ablative with contentus "content with"; vultu is an ablative of respect, "calm in face". quocunque is Gataker's spelling of quocumque. Words left out: esse, sum and others understood eēfrom longinquolonginquōfar off futurifutūrīof the future praesaguspraesāgus;foreseeing etand dedēfor, about minimisminimīsthe smallest things quibusqueevery one of citracitrāwithout tumultumfuss providusprōvidus.providingHe foresaw the future from far off; and provided for even the smallest things without fuss.praesagus … providus Not even quod now: praesagus "foreseeing" and providus "providing" are nominative adjectives describing the father, with erat supplied. praesagus takes the genitive: futuri "of the future". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodde minimis quibusque quisque with a superlative means "every … -est": de minimis quibusque "for all the very smallest things". Indefinite pronouns: aliquis, quis, quisquam, ullus, quisque, quicunquecitra tumultum citra means "on this side of", but Gataker, like later Latin writers, uses it for "without": citra tumultum "without fuss". It comes back several times in this section. acclamationesacclāmātiōnēsacclamations omnemqueand all adulationemadūlātiōnemflattery reprimere:to check imperioimperiōfor the empire quae(the things) which necessarianecessārianecessary erant,were sedulosēdulōcarefully custodirecustōdīre;to guard sumptussūmptūsexpenses cautecautēprudently attemperareattemperāre;to keep in measure dedēabout, over rebusrēbusthings istiusmodiistīusmodīof that kind sugillantessūgillantēsthose who taunted (him) patienterpatiently sustineresustinēre.to bear withhow he checked acclamations and all flattery; how he carefully guarded what the empire needed; kept spending prudently in measure; and patiently bore with those who taunted him over such things.reprimere: … custodire; … attemperare; … sustinere For these items Gataker drops back to infinitives, as after "(I saw) him …": "(I saw him) check acclamations, guard …, keep spending in measure, bear patiently …". Their subject, eum, the father, is understood. Accusative and infinitive (indirect statement)imperio quae necessaria erant, sedulo custodire The antecedent of quae is left out: custodire (ea) quae imperio necessaria erant "to guard (the things) that were necessary for the empire". imperio is dative with necessaria, placed first for emphasis. Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodde rebus istiusmodi sugillantes sugillantes "those taunting" is a participle used as a noun, the object of sustinere: he bore patiently with people who mocked or blamed him over such things, his thrift above all. istiusmodi "of that kind" is a genitive of description, like hujusmodi. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nouns necnot inin DeisDeīsthe gods colendiscolendīsto be worshipped superstitiosussuperstitiōsus,superstitious necnor inin dealing with hominibus,men auteither muneribusmūneribus,with gifts autor blanditiisblanditiīswith flattery auramthe breeze, favour captanscaptānscourting popularempopulārem;of the people sedbut inin rebusrēbusthings quibusqueall, every sobriussōbrius,sober solidus,steady nusquamnowhere, never ineptus,tasteless, silly autnor novitatisnovitātisfor novelty studiosusstudiōsus.eagerHe was not superstitious in worshipping the gods, nor, in dealing with men, one who courted popular favour either with gifts or with flattery; but sober and steady in all things, never tasteless, nor eager for novelty.nec in Deis colendis superstitiosus, nec Back to nominatives with no verb: superstitiosus, captans, sobrius and the rest all describe the father, with erat understood: "(he was) not superstitious …". in Deis colendis "in gods to be worshipped", i.e. "in worshipping the gods", is a gerundive phrase. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodauram captans popularem aura popularis "the breeze of the people" is the usual phrase for popular favour, and captans "trying to catch" is the present participle of captare: he did not court popularity with gifts or flattery. The adjective is held back to the end of the clause. PorroPorrōfurther quodthat adfor vitamvītamlife commodiusmore comfortably transigendamtrānsigendamto be passed conducentibuscondūcentibushelpful, serving rebusrēbus,things quarumquārumof which copiamcōpiamsupply, abundance illiillīto him dapsilemlavish, plentiful sorsfortune suppeditabatsuppeditābat,supplied citracitrāwithout fastum,pride necand not liberelīberēfreely tamenyet minus,less utebaturūtēbātur;he used utso that etboth praesentibuswhat was at hand simplicitersimply, without fuss fruereturfruerētur,he enjoyed nequeand not absentiawhat was not at hand multummuch desideraretdēsīderāret.he missedFurther, that he used the things that help to pass life more comfortably, of which fortune gave him a lavish supply, without pride, and yet no less freely; so that he both enjoyed what was at hand simply and did not much miss what was not.Porro quod … conducentibus rebus … utebatur Another quod clause, "further, that he used …". The object of utebatur "he used" comes first and is long: utor is deponent and takes the ablative, so rebus is ablative, and conducentibus (participle of conduco "be useful") agrees with it: "things helpful for passing life more comfortably". The verb waits until after the relative clause and citra fastum, nec libere tamen minus. Deponent verbs: passive forms, active meaningad vitam commodius transigendam A gerundive phrase: "for life to be passed more comfortably", i.e. "for passing life more comfortably". commodius is the comparative adverb of commode. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitivecopiam illi dapsilem dapsilis "plentiful, lavish" is a rare word, taken from the Greek dapsilēs: "of which fortune gave him a lavish supply". illi "to him" is the father.citra fastum, nec libere tamen minus "without pride, and yet no less freely": he used his wealth without show, but without false scruple either. nec … minus "and not less".ut et praesentibus simpliciter frueretur, neque absentia multum desideraret A result clause: "so that he both enjoyed what was present simply and did not much miss what was absent". fruor, like utor, is deponent and takes the ablative (praesentibus); absentia is a neuter plural accusative, object of desideraret, not the noun "absence". Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic) quodthat nemonēmōno one illumhim auteither sophistam,a sophist autor vernaculumvernāculum,a pert house-slave autor scholasticuma pedant dixeritdīxerit;called sedbut viruma man maturummātūrum,mature consummatumcōnsummātum,accomplished adulationeadūlātiōnethan flattery superioremsuperiōrem,above, higher rebusrēbusfor affairs etboth propriispropriīshis own etand alienisaliēnīsothers' administrandisadministrandīsto be managed idoneumidōneum.fitthat no one called him a sophist, or a pert house-slave, or a pedant; but a man mature, accomplished, above flattery, fit to manage both his own affairs and those of others.quod nemo illum … dixerit; sed virum dicere "to call" takes two accusatives, the person and what he is called: illum … sophistam "him a sophist". After sed supply "(everyone called him)": "but a man mature …". The subjunctive dixerit is that of the quod clause.vernaculum vernaculus is from verna, a slave born in the household; such slaves were known for pert, cheeky wit, and the word here means a buffoon. A sophista is a showy teacher of rhetoric, a scholasticus a pedant of the schools.adulatione superiorem superior "higher" takes an ablative of comparison: "higher than flattery", i.e. above being flattered. Comparison: comparatives, superlatives, quamrebus et propriis et alienis administrandis idoneum idoneus "fit" takes the dative, and administrandis is a gerundive agreeing with rebus: "fit for affairs to be managed, both his own and others'", i.e. fit to manage them. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive adhaecbesides quodthat verevērētruly philosophantesphilosophantēsthose who practise philosophy inin honorehonōrehonour habebathabēbat,he held caeteriscaeterīsthe rest nihilwith nothing exprobrabatexprobrābat.he reproachedBesides, that he held those who truly practise philosophy in honour, and reproached the rest with nothing.vere philosophantes philosophantes is the present participle of the deponent philosophor "practise philosophy", used as a noun: "those who truly philosophize", genuine philosophers, as against caeteris "the rest", the pretenders. Participles: present, perfect, future, and as nounscaeteris nihil exprobrabat exprobrare takes the dative of the person and the accusative of the thing: "to reproach the rest with nothing". caeteris is Gataker's spelling of ceteris. Dative with special and compound verbs (succensere, obsequi) inin congressibuscompany, meetings facilis,easy to approach etand festivusfēstīvus,pleasant necand not adto the point of fastidiumfastīdiumtedium idthat tamen.yetIn company he was easy and pleasant, and yet not to the point of tedium.nec ad fastidium id tamen id "that" sums up what precedes: "and that, however, not to the point of tedium". His ease and charm never became tiresome. Supply erat here, as with facilis and festivus. Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idem corporisof the body suisuīhis own curacūrāthe care tamso probeprobēwell, rightly attemperataattemperātā,kept in measure utthat necnot vitaevītaeof life avidusgreedy videreturvidērētur,he seemed autor elegantiaeēlegantiaeof refinement studiosusstudiōsus,eager necand not neglectuineglēctuīfor neglect tamenyet idit haberethabēret;he heldthe care of his body being kept in such good measure that he neither seemed greedy of life, or eager for refinement, nor yet treated his body as a thing to neglect;corporis sui cura tam probe attemperata cura and attemperata are ablative (the 1652 marks them curâ … attemperatâ): an ablative absolute, "the care of his body being so well tempered", with no main verb of its own; the ut clause gives the result, and its subject is the father. corporis sui "of his body" is an objective genitive with cura. Ablative absolutetam probe … ut … videretur tam … ut "so … that" gives a result clause, with the subjunctive videretur, then haberet and, in the next sentence, efficeret. avidus and studiosus are nominative because they go with the subject of videretur, the father himself. Result clauses (ut after ita, tam, sic)neglectui tamen id haberet neglectui habere "to hold for neglect": a dative that says what a thing counts as (the predicative dative). id "it" is his body. nec … tamen "and yet not": he did not neglect his body either. Dative of reference, possession and advantage sedbut perthrough, by suamhis ipsiusipsīusown diligentiamdīligentiamcare efficeret,he brought about utthat medicorummedicōrumdoctors' pharmacispharmacīsmedicines fomentisvefōmentīsveor poultices externisexternīsexternal quamas … as possible minimeminimēleast indigeretindigēret.he neededbut by his own care brought it about that he needed doctors' medicines or external poultices as little as possible.suam ipsius diligentiam ipsius strengthens the possessive: suam ipsius diligentiam "his own very care". It is genitive because "his" in suam stands for a genitive, "of him". Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idemefficeret, ut … quam minime indigeret efficere ut "to bring it about that" takes a noun clause with the subjunctive; efficeret itself still belongs to the result clause of the sentence before. indigeo "need" takes the ablative (pharmacis fomentisve). quam with a superlative means "as … as possible": quam minime "as little as possible". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…) quodwhat maximummāximumgreatest est,is quodthat citracitrāwithout invidentiamenvy eiseīsto those concedebatconcēdēbat,he gave way quiquīwho inin facultatefacultāteskill, faculty aliquaaliquāsome clarueruntclāruērunt,they became distinguished sivesīvewhether oratoriaōrātōriā,oratorical sivesīveor legumlēgumof laws velor morummōrumof customs velor aliarumaliārumother quarumvisquārumvīsany … at all rerumrērummatters notitianōtitiā:knowledgeand, what is greatest, that he gave way without envy to those who had become distinguished in some skill, whether oratory, or knowledge of laws, or of customs, or of any other matters;quod maximum est quod maximum est "what is greatest" is a parenthesis that points forward. The first quod is the relative pronoun; the second, quod citra invidentiam … concedebat, is the conjunction "that" of the item itself. concedere here takes the dative: "to give way to, yield the first place to". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodsive oratoria, sive … notitia Both words are ablative and explain facultate: "some faculty, whether oratorical, or (a) knowledge of laws or customs or of any other matters". quarumvis is from quivis "any you please". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive sedand even etalso operamhelp, effort illisillīsto them conferebatcōnferēbathe contributed suam,his own utso that proprōin proportion to eiseīs,those quibusin which maximemāximēmost praecellebantpraecellēbant,they excelled dotibusdōtibus,gifts, talents existimationemexīstimātiōnemreputation singulisingulīeach of them suamhis own consequerenturcōnsequerentur.they might winand even gave them his own help, so that each of them might win the reputation due to the gifts in which they most excelled.sed et operam illis conferebat suam sed et "but also, and even". operam conferre "to contribute effort, give help"; suam is held back to the end for emphasis: "his own help". The subject is still the father, and quod is understood from the sentence before.ut pro eis, quibus maxime praecellebant, dotibus A purpose clause. The relative clause sits inside the phrase pro eis … dotibus "in proportion to those gifts", and quibus (ablative of respect with praecellebant) means "in which they most excelled". singuli "each of them" is the subject, and suam "his own" refers to it. Purpose clauses (ut, ne, quo) quod,that cumalthough secundumaccording to majorummājōrumof the ancestors institutaīnstitūtainstitutions omniaeverything exequereturexequerētur,he carried out nenēnot hocthis quidemeven affectaverataffectāverat,he aimed at utthat majorummājōrumof the ancestors institutaīnstitūtainstitutions praecisepraecīsēto the letter, strictly observareobservāreto keep videreturvidērētur.he should seemThat, though he carried out everything according to the institutions of our ancestors, he did not even aim at being seen to keep those institutions to the letter.cum … exequeretur cum with the subjunctive here means "although": he did keep the ancestral customs, but without making a show of it. exequeretur is Gataker's spelling of exsequeretur. majores "the greater (ones)" is the regular word for "ancestors"; it is the comparative of magnus. Clauses with cum: when, since, althoughne hoc quidem affectaverat, ut ne … quidem "not even" surrounds the word it stresses, hoc; hoc is then explained by the ut clause: "not even this did he aim at, that he should seem to keep the ancestral institutions to the letter". Noun clauses with ut and ne (after oportet, incumbit, necesse est…) quodthat necneither dimoveridīmovērīto be moved away proclivisprōclīvis,prone necnor divagaridīvagārī,to wander off sedbut cumboth locislocīs,in places tumand etalso rebusrēbuson matters eisdemeīsdem,the same immorariimmorārīto linger consuetuscōnsuētus.accustomedthat he was not prone to be moved from his course, nor to wander, but was used to staying both in the same places and on the same matters.nec dimoveri proclivis, nec divagari proclivis "prone" takes two infinitives, the passive dimoveri "to be moved away" and the deponent divagari "to wander off": he was not easily shifted or distracted. erat is understood, and consuetus "accustomed" at the end is a second predicate with its own infinitive, immorari.cum locis, tum et rebus eisdem cum … tum et "both … and also"; eisdem "the same" goes with both nouns. immorari "to linger" takes a plain ablative here: "to stay in the same places and over the same matters". Paired words: et…et, nec…nec, vel…vel, cum…tum, non tam…quam, sive…sive quodthat postafter capitis,of the head quibusby which afficiafficīto be afflicted solebatsolēbat,he used doloresdolōrēs,pains recensrecēnsfresh statimat once vegetusqueand vigorous adto consuetacōnsuētausual muneramūneraduties redibatredībat.he returnedthat after the headaches he used to suffer from, he went back at once, fresh and vigorous, to his usual duties.post capitis, quibus affici solebat, dolores The relative clause sits inside the phrase post capitis … dolores "after the pains of the head", i.e. headaches: "after the headaches by which he used to be afflicted". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodrecens statim vegetusque recens and vegetus are nominative, agreeing with the subject of redibat, the father, not with munera (which is neuter plural): "he went back at once fresh and vigorous". quodthat arcanaarcānasecrets haudnot multa,many sedbut paucafew admodumvery etand rarissimarārissimavery rare habebathabēbat;he had eaqueand those quaewhich adto rempublicamrempūblicamthe state duntaxatonly pertinerentpertinērent.concernedthat he had not many secrets, but very few and very rare ones; and those only such as concerned the state.eaque quae ad rempublicam duntaxat pertinerent eaque "and those too". The subjunctive pertinerent describes the kind: "such as concerned the state only". rempublicam is rem publicam "the commonwealth" written as one word. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui) prudentiamprūdentiamgood sense itemlikewise etand moderationemmoderātiōnem,moderation inin spectaculisspectāculīsshows exhibendisexhibendīs,to be put on fabricisfabricīsbuildings extruendisextruendīs,to be built congiariiscongiāriīslargesses largiendislargiendīs,to be given out aliisquealiīsqueand other things istiusmodiistīusmodī;of that kindlikewise (I saw his) good sense and moderation in putting on shows, putting up buildings, giving largesses, and other things of that kind;prudentiam item et moderationem Here the list goes back to nouns in the accusative, as at the very start (mansuetudinem, constantiam), objects of the understood verb: "(I received from him, I saw in him) likewise good sense and moderation". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodin spectaculis exhibendis, fabricis extruendis, congiariis largiendis Three gerundive phrases, all governed by in: "in shows to be put on, buildings to be put up, largesses to be given out", i.e. "in putting on shows …". A congiarium was a gift of money (at first of oil or wine) from the emperor to the people of Rome. The gerundive with ad, in and the genitive utpoteinasmuch as cumsince isone, the man esset,he was quiquīwho nonnōnnot adto celebritatemcelebritātemfame exfrom rebusrēbusthings aāby sesēhimself gestisgestīsdone acquirendamacquīrendam,to be gained sedbut idthat duntaxatonly quodwhich factofactō(to be) done eratthere was opus,need respiceret.he looked toseeing that he was one who looked not to winning fame from the things he had done, but only to what needed to be done.utpote cum is esset, qui … respiceret utpote cum "seeing that, inasmuch as" gives the reason, with the subjunctive esset. is … qui respiceret "one who looked to": the subjunctive in the relative clause describes what kind of man he was. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)non ad celebritatem … acquirendam, sed id duntaxat quod facto erat opus, respiceret respicere "to look to, have regard to" has two objects: first ad with a gerundive phrase, "to fame to be gained", then a plain accusative, id … quod facto erat opus "that which needed to be done" (opus est with the ablative participle, as in quid facto opus esset above). The gerundive with ad, in and the genitiveex rebus a se gestis res gestae "things done" is the usual phrase for deeds, achievements; a se "by himself" refers to the subject of respiceret. nonnōnnot, no illiillīto him: he had intempestivusintempestīvusuntimely balneorumbalneōrumof the baths ususūsus;use nonnōnno aedificandiaedificandīfor building studiumpassion insanumīnsānum,madHe had no untimely use of the baths; no mad passion for building,non illi intempestivus balneorum usus The description changes shape here: no more quod clauses, but short statements with no verb. Supply erat: non illi (erat) … usus "there was to him no untimely use of the baths", i.e. "he had no …". illi is a dative of possession; the subjects are nominative. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodnon aedificandi studium insanum aedificandi is a gerund in the genitive, depending on studium: "a passion for building". Many emperors built lavishly; he did not. The gerund (agendo, laedendi) nonnōnno dedēabout victuvīctū,food nonnōnno dedēabout vestiumof clothes texturatextūrāthe weave tincturavetīnctūrāve,or the dye nonnōnno dedēabout servitiorumservitiōrumof slaves speciespeciēthe good looks exquisitaexquīsītastudied, elaborate curiositascūriōsitās.fussinessno studied fussiness about food, about the weave or the dye of clothes, or about the good looks of slaves.non de victu … curiositas curiositas "fussiness, over-careful attention" is the subject of the whole clause, held back to the end, and each non de … "not about …" depends on it: "(there was) no studied fussiness about food …". Supply erat again. Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodde servitiorum specie servitia is a collective word for the slaves of a household, and species here is their looks: rich Romans prized handsome slaves. toga,his toga quaquāwhich LoriiLōriīat Lorium utebaturūtēbātur,he wore aāfrom villavīllāthe villa, country house inferioreīnferiōrelower comparatacomparāta:procured LanuviiLānuviīat Lanuvium tunicatustunicātusin a tunic plerunqueplērunquemostly inat TusculanoTusculānō,the Tusculan villa sedbut quodwhich excusareexcūsāreto excuse solebatsolēbat,he used paenulatuspaenulātus.in a cloakhis toga, which he wore at Lorium, came from the lower villa; at Lanuvium he mostly went in a tunic; at his Tusculan villa in a cloak, though he used to excuse this.toga, qua Lorii utebatur, a villa inferiore comparata Supply erat: "his toga, which he wore at Lorium, was got from the lower villa", that is, from his own country estate, not from the shops of Rome. utor "use" takes the ablative, hence qua; of clothes it means "wear". Words left out: esse, sum and others understoodLorii … Lanuvii Lorii and Lanuvii are locatives, the case that says "at" a town: "at Lorium", "at Lanuvium". Antoninus grew up at Lorium, his estate west of Rome, and died there; Lanuvium, in the Alban hills, was where he was born.Lanuvii tunicatus plerunque in Tusculano Gataker's edition has no stop after plerunque (his spelling of plerumque), and the reprints of 1697 and 1707 follow it; but the sense divides there, as Gataker's own commentary shows: "at Lanuvium (he went) mostly in a tunic; at Tusculum, which he used to excuse, in a cloak". Read a pause after plerunque.tunicatus … paenulatus tunicatus "wearing the tunic" means without the toga, in everyday dress. paenulatus "wearing the paenula", a heavy hooded cloak for travel and bad weather, was not proper dress for a man of his rank: hence sed quod excusare solebat "but which he used to excuse". in Tusculano (understand praedio "estate") is his villa at Tusculum, near modern Frascati. totiustōtīuswhole deniquedēniquein short vitaevītaeof life faciesfaciēslook, appearance haecthis fuerat.had beenIn short, this had been the look of his whole life.totius denique vitae facies haec fuerat haec agrees with facies: "this was the look", the manner just described. The pluperfect fuerat "had been" looks back over a life now ended. totius is the genitive of totus, which declines like ille. Demonstratives: hic, ille, iste, is, ipse, idem nihilnothing immiteimmīte;harsh nihilnothing immodestum,immoderate nihilnothing vehemensvehemēns,violent autor dedēabout, of quoquōwhich usurpariūsurpārīto be applied posset,could quodwhat soletis usually vulgovulgōcommonly dicidīcī,to be said Adright up to sudoremsūdōrema sweat usque:all the wayNothing harsh, nothing immoderate, nothing violent, nor anything to which one could apply what is commonly said, "Right up to a sweat";nihil immite … aut de quo usurpari posset No verb again: "(there was) nothing harsh …". aut de quo … continues the list with a relative clause whose antecedent is understood: "or (anything) about which there could be used …". The subjunctive posset describes the kind of thing. Relative clauses with the subjunctive (characteristic, ut qui)quod solet vulgo dici, Ad sudorem usque quod solet vulgo dici "what is commonly said" is the subject of usurpari posset; the saying itself follows, marked by a capital: Ad sudorem usque "right up to a sweat", of work done with strain and bustle. usque strengthens ad: "all the way to". sedbut quasias if perat otiumōtiumleisure cumwith considerationecōnsīderātiōneconsideration maturamātūrā,ripe placideplacidē,calmly compositecompositē,in good order strenuestrēnuē,vigorously consentaneecōnsentāneēin keeping sibiwith themselves invicemmutually dispositaarranged universaūniversa:everythingbut everything arranged as if at leisure, with ripe consideration, calmly, in good order, vigorously, and all in keeping with one another;sed quasi per otium … disposita universa The subject comes last: universa "all things" (neuter plural), with the participle disposita "arranged" and erant understood: "but everything (was) arranged as if at leisure …". The adverbs placide, composite, strenue pile up before the participle. Neuter plurals and adjectives used as nouns (bona, mala, omnia)consentanee sibi invicem "In agreement with one another": sibi invicem "to each other" is dative with consentanee; every part of his conduct fitted every other part. Reflexive pronouns: se, sibi, sui, suus itaso quadrabatquadrābatit fitted into illum,him quodwhat dedēabout, of SocrateSōcrateSocrates perhibeturperhibētur,is said quodthat etboth abstinereabstinēreto abstain etand fruifruīto enjoy rebusrēbusthings eiseīsthose noratnōrat,he knew (how) quibuswhich pleriqueplērīquemost people necneither perthrough, because of infirmitatemīnfirmitātemweakness abstinereabstinēre,to abstain necnor fruifruīto enjoy citracitrāwithout intemperantiamexcess possunt.they canso what is reported of Socrates fitted him: that he knew how both to abstain from and to enjoy those things which most people can neither abstain from, through weakness, nor enjoy without excess.ita quadrabat in illum, quod de Socrate perhibetur The subject of quadrabat "fitted" is the clause quod de Socrate perhibetur "what is said of Socrates": "so what is reported of Socrates fitted him". quadrare in aliquem is "to suit someone", literally "to square with". Relative clauses and the relative pronoun qui, quae, quodquod et abstinere et frui … norat The second quod is the conjunction "that", giving the report: "that he knew how both to abstain from and to enjoy …". norat is short for noverat, pluperfect of nosco, and means "he knew"; with an infinitive, "knew how to". Perfect stems and short forms (norim, posuere)rebus eis … quibus Both abstinere (ablative of separation, "keep away from") and frui (deponent, with the ablative) take the ablative, so one ablative, rebus eis, serves both verbs, and so does the relative quibus. Ablative of separation (a, ab, absque, liber, immunis, alienus)plerique plerique "most people" is the plural of plerusque; the -que is part of the word, not "and". posseto be able autemnow inin alteroalterōthe one (case) tolerantem,enduring inin alteroalterōthe other temperantemtemperate sesēoneself praestarepraestāre;to show illudthat verovērōindeed verevērētruly virivirīof a man estis animoanimōwith a soul consummatocōnsummātōperfect invictoqueinvictōqueand unconquered planeplānēwholly praeditipraeditī.endowedNow, to be able to show oneself enduring in the one case and temperate in the other: that is truly the mark of a man endowed with a perfect and wholly unconquered soul.posse … se praestare; illud posse is not one more item of the list but the subject of the next clause, taken up again by illud: "to be able to show oneself …: that is truly the mark of a man". se praestare with an accusative adjective is "to show oneself (to be)": tolerantem "enduring" in the one case (doing without), temperantem "temperate" in the other (enjoying). The infinitive as a noun (subject, object, complement)illud vero vere viri est viri est "it is (the mark) of a man": a genitive with esse says whose part or character something is. Do not confuse vero "indeed, but" with vere "truly". Genitive of characteristic: "it belongs to…, it is the mark of…"animo consummato invictoque plane praediti praeditus "endowed with" takes the ablative: "of a man endowed with a perfect and wholly unconquered soul". praediti is genitive, agreeing with viri. deniquedēniquefinally quomodoquōmodohow inin, during MaximiMāximīof Maximus aegrotationeaegrōtātiōneillness sesēhimself gesserit.he conductedFinally, how he conducted himself during the illness of Maximus.denique quomodo … se gesserit The last item is an indirect question with nothing to hang on: supply "(I saw, I remember)": "finally, how he behaved during the illness of Maximus". gesserit is subjunctive because the question is indirect; se gerere is "to conduct oneself". Indirect questionsin Maximi aegrotatione Maximus is Claudius Maximus, the Stoic teacher of section 15. The Latin, like the Greek, is very brief: the father showed his strength of soul during Maximus's illness. Some read the Greek as praising Maximus's own conduct when ill, but Gataker's se gesserit "he conducted himself" keeps the father as subject.