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Subjunctive in clauses inside reported speech or thought

A clause inside reported speech or thought, or inside another subjunctive clause, takes the subjunctive even when it states a plain fact; translate it as an indicative.

When a statement is reported (accusative and infinitive, indirect question, ut clause, quod "that"), the relative, causal, temporal and si clauses within it usually turn subjunctive: quod omnia … consimilia fuerint "that all things have been alike", after meminisse.

The same happens by attraction: a clause depending on a subjunctive clause tends to be subjunctive too (quo minus ea facias …, quae … consentanea fuerint).

Translate these subjunctives as ordinary indicatives. If such a clause keeps the indicative, it is the writer's own remark: cujus pars es "of which you are a part" (a fact).

quod or quia + subjunctive gives a reason as someone's view, often one being rejected: ideo …, quia … non animadverterit "because (as one might suppose) he did not notice".

Examples

  • ideo infeliciter agere deprehensus est, quia in alienis animis quid ageretur non animadverterit 2.8has been found to be unhappy because he did not notice what was going on in other people's minds
  • quae naturae illi, cujus pars es, consentanea fuerint 2.9whatever is in accordance with that nature of which you are a part
  • quod omnia ab aeterno consimilia fuerint, et in orbem ferantur 2.14that all things have been alike from eternity and go round in a circle

In the text 127

  • I.4 A proavo, quod publicas exercitationes adierim; quodque bonis praeceptoribus privatim sim usus; et quod in res istiusmodi impense erogandum intellexerim.
  • I.6 eidem debeo, quod philosophiae me addixerim; quodque Bacchium primum, tum Tandasidem, et Marcianum audiverim:Here Marcus writes the verb: eidem debeo "to the same man I owe (it)", with the dative eidem for Diognetus. The quod clauses that follow say what he owes, "that I …", with perfect subjunctives as in §4.
  • I.6 quod dialogos, puer adhuc, conscripserim; quodque pro stratis grabatulum ac pellem expetiverim; caeteraque institutionis Graecanicae adminicula.
  • I.7 A Rustico, quod in eam cogitationem devenerim, morum correctione curationeque indigere me:
  • I.7 quodque ad aemulationem ambitionemque Sophisticam nullus declinaverim, vel de theorematibus aliquid conscribendo, vel oratiunculas hortatorias declamando, vel exercitia obire operasque edere potis speciem praebendo, quo ad stuporem ac admirationem mei homines traherem.
  • I.7 quod rhetoricae item, poeticaeque, et dictionis elegantioris studiis abstinuerim.
  • I.7 adhaec ut placabilis et reconciliatu facilis essem, adversus eos, qui offensionis caussam dederint, aut deliquerint aliquid, simulatque illi in gratiam redire vellent.Both clauses stand inside the ut clause, so their verbs are subjunctive too. illi is nominative plural, "they", the subject of vellent, not a dative. in gratiam redire "to go back into favour" is the idiom for "to be reconciled".
  • I.7 huic denique debeo, quod Epicteti commentarios legerim, quorum is e domo sua copiam mihi fecit.
  • I.8 quodque hominem viderim, qui peritiam suam et in theorematibus tradendis solertiam, bonorum suorum minimum existimare se, palam faceret.
  • I.13 A Catulo, ne insuper haberem amicorum querimonias, etiamsi ratio earum nulla subesset, sed in statum ipsos pristinum restituere anniterer:
  • I.14 quin et quod si quorum mores minus probaret, palam id prae se ferret;
  • I.14 nec, quid vellet nolletve, familiaribus conjectu difficile foret; adeo aperto erat pectore.
  • I.15 adhaec quod ita se gerebat, ut fidem quibusvis faceret; quaecunque diceret, ex animi sententia dixisse; quaecunque faceret, animo haud malo fecisse.quaecunque "whatever (things)" is neuter plural, object of its own verb and, in sense, of the infinitive too: "whatever he said, (that he) said it sincerely". diceret and faceret are subjunctive because they are part of what people believed.
  • I.15 quod verax; quodque hominis ejusmodi specimen dare videretur, qui perverti nesciret potius, quam qui corrigi unquam opus haberet.
  • I.16 quod in honoribus, qui habentur, istis, gloriae inani nihil concesserit;
  • I.16 quod laboribus ferendis cum libens, tum et assiduus, se dederit.
  • I.16 quod eos audire promptus fuerit, qui adferre quid poterant, quod in publicum conduceret:
  • I.16 quodque nemo illum abducere quiverit, quin pro merito suo unicuique rependeret.
  • I.16 quod nemo illum aut sophistam, aut vernaculum, aut scholasticum dixerit; sed virum maturum, consummatum, adulatione superiorem, rebus et propriis et alienis administrandis idoneum.
  • I.17 Deis acceptum fero, quod bonos avos, bonos parentes, bonam sororem, bonos praeceptores, bonos familiares, necessarios, amicos, bona omnia fere habuerim.The verbs of these quod clauses are subjunctive. A quod clause that simply reports a fact takes the indicative; the subjunctive gives the thing as a reason held in the speaker's mind, here the ground for which Marcus thanks the gods, as Latin does after verbs of thanking and praising (laudat eum quod fecerit 'he praises him for having done it'). The tense is perfect, habuerim 'that I have had', because the things are past; where a clause depends on a past verb the imperfect appears (redderet).
  • I.17 tum quod adversus neminem eorum temere aliquid deliquerim, etiamsi ita affectus fuerim, ut, si occasio incidisset, ejusmodi aliquid admisissem.
  • I.17 caeterum numinis beneficio factum est, quod nulla ex rerum concursu occasio contigerit, quae affectum illum proderet.
  • I.17 ab eisdem fuit, quod apud avi concubinam non sim diutius enutritus:
  • I.17 quod aetatis florem indelibatum servaverim, nec ante tempus justum virilitatis specimen dederim, sed ultra etiam quam opus erat, id facere distulerim.From here on each item simply begins with quod 'that …', still depending on Deis acceptum fero (and ab eisdem fuit); its verbs are mostly subjunctive as before: servaverim, dederim, distulerim.
  • I.17 ut, quantum ad Deos attinet, ac suggestiones, adjutationes, inspirationes ab ipsis profectas, nihil obstet omnino, quo minus juxta naturae praescriptum confestim vivam, nisi ipse tandem in culpa sim, qui Deorum submonitiones, et tantum non claras praeceptiones neutiquam observem.
  • I.17 quod in vita, qualis ea fuerit, corpus mihi tam diu perduraverit.'Such as it has been': qualis 'of which kind' is here a relative, with ea 'it', the life. A hard life, he implies; the subjunctive is because the clause sits inside a subjunctive quod clause.
  • II.1 ego vero, cum et naturam boni norim, quod honestum, malique, quod inhonestum sit, ipsamque adeo delinquentis naturam, quod congener mihi sit, non tam quod sanguinis seminisque ejusdem, quam quod mentis ac portionis divinae mecum particeps;Here quod is the conjunction "that", saying what each nature is: "the nature of the good, that it is the honourable". One sit serves both clauses; it is subjunctive because the clauses hang on the subjunctive norim.
  • II.2 tu ergo sic tecum: senex es: partem tui principem servire ulterius ne siveris; sed nec motibus a communione humana alienis raptari, nec quicquam, quod fato destinatum tibi fuerit, vel jam ascitum aversari, vel futurum pavere.destinatum fuerit is a perfect passive subjunctive, with fuerit in place of sit: "which has been destined (for you) by fate". The relative clause is subjunctive because it is part of the prohibition it stands in.
  • II.5 Vides, quam pauca sint, quae siquis tenuerit, prosperam ac divinam propemodum vitam degere detur. siquidem et dii ipsi nihil amplius exigent ab eo, ista qui observaverit.Read it as 'which, if anyone holds to them, it is granted (to him) to live…'. quae is the object of tenuerit, though it stands before siquis 'if anyone'. The whole clause belongs to the indirect question, so its verbs are subjunctive: detur (in direct speech datur), and tenuerit is perfect subjunctive standing for the future perfect of direct speech; in the 3rd singular the two forms are the same.
  • II.9 quod etiam nemo sit, qui prohibere te possit, quo minus ea facias dicasque semper, quae naturae illi, cujus pars es, consentanea fuerint.quod 'the fact that' adds a second thing to remember, still depending on Horum meminisse … oportet. Its verb sit is subjunctive because it is a thought to be held in mind rather than a plain statement of the writer's.consentaneus 'in keeping with' takes the dative naturae illi. fuerint is perfect subjunctive: the relative clause is part of the quo minus clause and takes the subjunctive with it, and the perfect looks on the agreement as settled, 'whatever has proved to be in keeping'. The future perfect has the same form in the 3rd plural, but the clause needs the subjunctive.
  • II.12 ejusdem denique facultatis fuerit, considerare, homo Deum quomodo, et qua sui parte contingat; quoque pacto habitura se sit pars ista, ubi corpore soluta fuerit.soluta fuerit "has been released" is a perfect passive subjunctive (formed with fuerit instead of sit). It stands inside the indirect question, so it is subjunctive, and it describes an act that will be complete in the future: "when it has been released from the body".
  • II.14 horum itaque duorum meminisse oportebit: alterius nimirum, quod omnia ab aeterno consimilia fuerint, et in orbem ferantur:The quod-clause "that …" gives the content of what is to be remembered, so its verbs are subjunctive (fuerint, ferantur), as in reported thought. in orbem ferri "to be carried round in a circle": everything comes round again and again.
  • II.17 porro quaecunque eveniunt ac destinantur sibi ita excipientem, tanquam inde obvenientia, unde venerit ipse:tanquam (= tamquam) "as" with the participle obvenientia: "as things coming from the place from which it came itself". inde … unde "from there … from where". venerit is perfect subjunctive because it belongs to the way the genius is to view events, inside the ut clause.
  • III.1 sed et illud reputandum, quod, si quis diutius vitam protraxerit, incertum sit, utrum mentis vires pariter idoneas sit habiturus ad rerum intelligentiam, et ad contemplationem eam quae ad rerum divinarum humanarumque peritiam contendit.quod "that" says what illud is. Its verb is incertum sit "it is uncertain", in the subjunctive because the clause sets out a thought to be weighed. Inside it, si quis … protraxerit "if anyone has drawn out (his life)" is a perfect subjunctive standing for a future perfect: "if anyone lives on longer". After si, quis means "anyone".
  • III.4 assuefacere vero te debes, ut ea duntaxat cogites, de quibus siquis subito te requisiverit, quid nunc in animo versas? libere statim respondere queas, istud vel illud.
  • III.4 unde palam fiat extemplo, esse omnia apud te simplicia, benevolaque animalis sicut socialis, et cogitationes omnes neglectim habentis, quaecunque voluptatem aut luxum ullo modo respiciant;quaecunque "whichever" agrees with cogitationes: "all thoughts, whichever in any way look to pleasure or luxury". respiciant is subjunctive because the clause is part of what would become plain. The list of what such thoughts look to goes on in the next sentence.
  • III.4 justitia penitus imbutum; ex animo prorsus amplexantem quaecunque ex lege divina illi attributa contigerint.The whole clause is the object of amplexantem: "whatever things have fallen to him". contingere with the dative (illi) means "to fall to someone's lot"; attributa "assigned" agrees with quaecunque. Gataker puts the verb of this "whatever" clause in the subjunctive, as a clause within a clause; classical Latin would usually have the indicative.
  • III.5 porro vultus adsit hilaris; animusque ita comparatus, ut nec externo aliquo indigeas ministerio, nec tranquillitate ea, quam ab aliis suppeditari necesse sit.
  • III.7 utpote qui, si statim demigrandum fuerit, perinde promptus sit decedere, ac aliud quid agere, quod modeste et decore agi oporteat.
  • III.9 in hoc enim sita sunt omnia, ut menti tuae nulla insit cogitatio quae vel naturae, vel animantis ratione praediti conditioni non sit consentanea.consentaneus "in agreement with" takes the dative, here two: naturae and conditioni. animantis ratione praediti "of a living being endowed with reason" depends on conditioni; praeditus takes the ablative. sit is subjunctive because the relative clause is part of the ut clause.
  • III.16 Quod si nemo illi fidem adhibuerit, quod simpliciter, modeste, tranquille degat, neque id a quoquam aegre ferre, aut a via ea, quae ad vitae finem ducit, ideo divertere:quod si "but if". fidem adhibere alicui "to give credence to someone, believe him"; adhibuerit is future perfect again, in English "believes". The second quod "that" gives what is not believed, and its verb degat "he lives" is subjunctive because it is the claim others refuse to accept.
  • IV.3 habeas autem penes te brevia quaedam et principalia documenta, quae statim ubi succurrerint, omnem animi molestiam eluere tibi possint, remittantque te nihil aegre ferentem eorum, ad quae reverteris.
  • IV.3 denique quam multi, ubi inimicitiis exercendis, suspicionibus fovendis, odiis, litigiis, vitam exegissent, tandem defuncti et in cineres redacti sint, desine tandem tibi molestiam facessere.
  • IV.3 at tu considera, mentem tuam ubi semel agnita vi propria, subduxerit sese, spiritui sive leniter sive aspere moto neutiquam immisceri.
  • IV.12 alterum, nihil ut facias, nisi quod partis regere legemque dare natae ratio suggesserit, idque ad generis humani utilitatem.nisi quod "except what". suggesserit is a perfect subjunctive because it stands inside the ut clause; it takes the place of a future perfect: "what reason has suggested (at the time)". idque "and that too" adds a condition: "and (do) it for the benefit of the human race".
  • IV.12 alterum, ut in partem diversam transeas, siquis affuerit, qui te corrigat, et sententiam tibi mutet.
  • IV.19 Qui de fama posthuma solicitus est, non cogitat fore, ut unusquisque eorum qui ipsius meminerint, mox fato sit concessurus;meminerint is the perfect subjunctive of memini, perfect in form but present in meaning: "who remember". It is subjunctive because it stands inside the thought the man fails to think. memini takes the genitive, ipsius "him", the man anxious for fame.
  • IV.19 et qui huic successerit, ipse pariter; donec tandem memoria omnis prorsus per suspicientes eosdemque mox extinctos protelata, et ipsa prorsus extinguatur.
  • IV.19 finge, vero et immortales, qui tui meminerint, memoriamque tui et ipsam immortalem fore, quid hoc ad te tamen?
  • IV.33 unum hoc, ut mens sit justa, actio socialis, dictio mentiri nescia, affectio quicquid contigerit amplecti prompta, ut necessarium, ut familiare, ut a principio fonteque istiusmodi profluens.
  • IV.40 Cogita jugiter, mundum esse animalis unius instar, quod materiam unam, animamque unam obtineat:quod is the relative pronoun, neuter to agree with animalis: "which has one matter and one soul". Its verb is subjunctive because the clause belongs to what you are told to think: a subordinate clause inside an accusative and infinitive usually takes the subjunctive.
  • IV.48 Crebro apud te reputa, quot medici sint mortui, qui super decumbentes, tanquam conclamatos jam, supercilia contraxerint:decumbentes "those lying down" is a participle used as a noun: the sick who have taken to their beds; super "over" takes the accusative. supercilia contrahere "to draw the brows together" is to frown, the grave face of a doctor at a sickbed. contraxerint is subjunctive because this relative clause sits inside the indirect question.
  • IV.48 quot mathematici, qui aliorum fata, quasi magnum quid esset id posse, praedixerint:
  • IV.48 quot philosophi, postquam de morte et immortalitate tam multa disseruissent: quot strenui bellatores, cum multos trucidassent:postquam "after" normally takes the indicative; here disseruissent "they had discoursed" is pluperfect subjunctive because the clause stands inside the indirect question. The point is ironic: those who talked so much about death and immortality died like everyone else.
  • IV.48 perinde ac oliva maturitatem adepta ceciderit, naturam quae protulit collaudans, arborique e qua prodiit, gratias agens.
  • V.3 Nullum aut sermonem aut actionem indignum te censeas, qui naturae fuerit consentaneus.qui is masculine, agreeing with the masculine noun sermonem, but it means the word and the action alike. fuerit, a perfect subjunctive, stands for sit "is": the clause is part of the command and takes its mood. consentaneus "in agreement with" takes the dative, naturae.
  • V.5 hoc tantummodo nomine si notari poteras, quod tardiori hebetiorique ingenio natus sis, exercitatione vitium istud corrigere conandum fuerat, hebetudinem tuam neque insuper habendo, neque in eadem tibi complacendo.hoc nomine "on this account": nomen "name" also means a heading or account, so hoc nomine is "on this score", and the quod clause says what the score is. natus sis is subjunctive because it gives the charge as others would put it: "that (as they say) you were born …". notare "to mark" is to brand with a mark of censure.
  • V.6 Est, qui ubi gratum quid alicui fecerit, beneficium imputare proclivis sit.gratum facere alicui "to do someone a favour" is a common idiom; gratum quid "something pleasing" uses quid for aliquid, as Gataker often does. fecerit is perfect subjunctive because it stands inside the subjunctive qui clause; the same form is also the future perfect.
  • V.8 proinde ita excipiamus ista, quomodo ea solemus, quae Aesculapius praeceperit.
  • V.9 illud autem memineris, philosophiam ea sola velle, quae natura tua ipsa velit.
  • V.15 tum siquid istorum ad hominem pertineret, hominis non esset ea despectui habere, eisque sese opponere. nec laude dignus haberetur, qui istis minus indigentem se praestiterit.dignus "worthy" takes the ablative: laude dignus "worthy of praise"; haberetur "would be held, be thought". Its subject is the qui clause, "(he) who". se praestare with a predicate is "to show oneself": "who showed himself less in need of these", indigeo taking the ablative istis. praestiterit is a perfect subjunctive because it belongs to the imagined case.
  • V.15 imo ne bonus quidem vir esset, qui sibi horum alicui interdixerit, siquidem ea vere bona existerent.
  • V.27 faciatque quaecunque genius ille voluerit, quem sui particulam a se avulsam Jupiter cuique attribuit, praesidem ducemque eidem futurum.faciatque "and that it does" is the second verb of the same ut clause, after acquiescat. voluerit is a perfect subjunctive because it stands inside that clause (the future perfect looks the same): "whatever that spirit wills". The genius is the guardian spirit, Marcus's daimōn: the divine element in each person.
  • V.29 interim vero dum nihil me ad educendum me adigit, liber maneo; utpote quem nemo prohibere possit, quo minus faciam quae velim;
  • V.34 alterum, quod ab alia re nulla possit impediri;alterum … alterum "the one … the other". Each is explained by a quod clause, "(namely) that …". Gataker puts these clauses in the subjunctive (possit, habeat) because they give the content of a description, what the two common things are, rather than a fact he reports. ab alia re nulla "by no other thing": nothing outside the rational soul can block it.
  • VI.14 caeterum qui animam rationalem universalem ac civilem veneratur, is reliquis rebus omnibus insuper habitis, in hoc praecipue incumbit, ut animam in eo statu suam conservet, quo rationi ac communioni consentanee se habeat geratque,in eo statu … quo "in that state in which", quo standing for in quo. se habere "to hold oneself" means "to be (in some condition)", and se gerere "to bear oneself" means "to behave". The verbs are subjunctive because they belong to the ut clause and describe the state aimed at. consentanee "agreeably" takes the dative, like consentaneus: rationi ac communioni "with reason and fellowship".
  • VI.18 hoc autem idem est prope, ac si quis contristaretur, quia homines prisci encomiis eum non sint prosecuti.prosequi aliquem encomiis is "to honour someone with praises"; prosequor is deponent, so sint prosecuti is active in sense. The subjunctive after quia gives the grieving man's own reason, not the writer's. The reason is absurd: the men of old lived before him, as posterity will live after us.
  • VI.21 Si quis convincere me poterit, palamque mihi facere, quod in re ulla minus recte vel sentiam vel me geram, laeto lubentique animo mutabo.palam facere "to make plain" depends, like convincere, on poterit. quod "that" introduces what is to be shown, and its verbs sentiam and geram are subjunctive because they give the charge as the other man would make it, not as a fact.
  • VI.25 ita fiet, ne miraculo sit, si plura multa, vel cuncta potius quae fiunt, in hoc uno, quem mundum utique vocamus, universo, simul producantur.The si clause is the subject of sit: "that it is no wonder if …". Its verb producantur is subjunctive because it stands inside a subjunctive clause. plura multa "many more things": Gataker sets the positive multa "many" beside the comparative plura "more", where classical Latin would write multo plura, with multo "by much". vel … potius "or rather" corrects to something stronger.
  • VI.30 utque sententiis ipsius libere se opponentes sustinuerit; gavisus etiam, si quis melius quicquam proferret.proferret is subjunctive because it stands inside the ut clause, and imperfect because it looks back to his lifetime: "if anyone put forward anything better". After si, quis means "anyone".
  • VI.40 proinde magis illam vereri oportet; existimandumque tibi, si secundum illius voluntatem te habueris degerisque, omnia tibi ex animi sententia se habere.te habere "to hold yourself" is "to conduct yourself", and dego "to pass (one's life)". The two verbs are perfect subjunctives because the if-clause is part of the thought being reported; spoken directly they would be future perfects, which look the same apart from the length of the last i.
  • VI.41 necesse erit, ut ubi istiusmodi vel in malum incideris, vel bono excideris, Deos incuses, oderis homines, qui horum alterutrius tibi vel autores fuerint, vel etiam fore suspicaris.istiusmodi "of that kind" (indeclinable) goes with both malum and bono: an evil, or a good, of the outside kind just described. incidere in is "fall into"; excidere with the ablative "fall from", i.e. "lose, miss". The two verbs are perfect subjunctives because the ubi clause is part of the ut clause; in spelling they are the same as future perfects.
  • VI.49 Nunquid quod tot pondo, non autem trecentorum sis, aegre fers?sum with a genitive can give a measure: trecentorum (pondo) sis "(that) you are of three hundred (pounds)". pondo "pounds in weight" is indeclinable, so tot pondo "so many pounds" shows no case, but it stands in the same construction as trecentorum. non autem "and not". The subjunctive sis gives the reason as the resentful person sees it.
  • VII.3 intelligere nihilominus, tanti quemque esse, quanti illud est in quo studium posuerit.studium ponere in aliqua re "to set one's zeal on something", to make it one's care. posuerit is subjunctive because the clause belongs to the reported thought after intelligere. A man who spends himself on trifles is worth no more than the trifles.
  • VII.14 ipsa enim, quae affecta sunt, conquerantur, si velint.
  • VII.20 Hoc unum me solicitum habet, nequid ipse faciam, quod hominis conditio vel minus velit, vel secus velit, vel nunc nolit.
  • VII.45 quocunque loco semet collocaverit quis, statum eum sibi optimum ducens, aut a principe fuerit collocatus, eum hunc tueri (uti mihi videtur) oportet,Both verbs are perfect subjunctive, because the clause belongs to the general rule stated by oportet with the infinitive: "wherever one has posted oneself … or been posted". fuerit collocatus is the perfect passive with fuerit in place of the more usual sit.
  • VII.62 Crebro tecum perpende, qualesnam sint a quibus probari et praedicari velis, qualique sint mente praediti.praedicari is from praedicare (first conjugation, short i) "to proclaim, praise", not praedicere "to foretell", whose passive would be praedici. velis is subjunctive because its clause stands inside the indirect question. praeditus "endowed" takes the ablative: quali mente "with what sort of mind".
  • VII.66 utrum hoc contentus agere poterat, quod in rebus humanis justus, in divinis pius existeret,The quod clause spells out hoc: "that he was just in human affairs, holy in divine ones" (rebus is understood with divinis). existeret "proved to be, was" is subjunctive because the clause belongs to the question being weighed, not to a fact the writer vouches for. Justice towards men and piety towards the gods are the two halves of right conduct.
  • VII.68 Vi omni immunem, in summa animi hilaritate, vitam transigere licet, etiamsi quae libuerit adversus te vociferentur homines universi, etiamsi massae istius corporeae coalitae et circundatae tibi membra ferae discerpant.quae has no antecedent and is the object of vociferentur: "(the things) which it has pleased (them)", that is, "whatever they please". libet "it pleases" is impersonal, and vociferari is understood after it. libuerit is subjunctive because it stands inside the etiamsi clause.
  • VII.70 Dii, immortales cum sint, non aegre ferunt tamen, quod per aevum tam immensum ipsos oporteat omnino, tot talesque qui sint, improbos jugiter sustinere.aegre ferre "to bear ill" is the idiom for "to resent, take badly". The quod clause "that …" says what they might resent; its verb oporteat is subjunctive because it gives the grievance as the gods might feel it, not as a statement of the writer's.
  • VIII.10 at neminem virum bonum probumque poenituerit, quod voluptatem unquam ullam omiserit.omiserit is subjunctive because the reason is given as the regretting man's own thought. unquam ullam "ever … any" is the usual pair after a negative such as neminem.
  • VIII.15 Memineris, aeque turpe esse mirari quenquam tanquam de re insueta, quod ea mundus, quorum ferax est, profert; ac mirari quenquam, quod ficus ficus ferat, aut mirari medicum, quod quis febricitaverit, gubernatorem, quod ventus adversus flaverit.After the indicative profert, the quod clauses turn to the subjunctive: the fact is now given as the wonderer's reason, what he finds surprising. febricitaverit and flaverit are perfect subjunctives, "has had a fever", "has blown".
  • VIII.21 Inverte corpus tuum, atque inspice, quale sit, ubi senuerit; quale sit, ubi morbidum fuerit; quale sit, spiritum ubi efflaverit.The ubi clauses stand inside the indirect question, so their verbs are subjunctive too, perfect subjunctive: "when it has grown old". (The future perfect has the same form, "when it shall have grown old", and the sense hardly differs.) In the last one spiritum "its breath" is put before ubi; to breathe out one's breath is to die.
  • VIII.45 etenim illic quoque genium meum habiturus sum propitium placidumque; hoc nempe contentum, si pro conditionis suae officio habere se agereque possit.contentum "content" agrees with genium, and contentus takes the ablative: hoc "with this". nempe "that is, namely" leads to the si clause, which says what "this" is: "if it can …". possit is subjunctive because the condition is the spirit's own terms for its contentment.
  • VIII.50 ludibrio enim futurus es homini scientiae naturalis perito, perinde ac fabro aut sutori, si huic vitio verteres, quod eorum quae conficit ramenta ac segmenta in officina ejus cerneres.cerneres is subjunctive because the quod clause belongs to the unreal condition and gives the critic's own reason. The order is eorum quae conficit "of the things he makes", then the objects ramenta ac segmenta "shavings and offcuts". conficit stays indicative, a plain fact; ejus "his" is the craftsman again.
  • VIII.57 nec etiam decidat, sed consistat, et illustret quicquid eam admiserit.quicquid "whatever" is the subject of admiserit, and the whole clause is the object of illustret. eam is the mind's outflow. admiserit "has let in", that is, receives, is perfect subjunctive because it stands inside a clause that is itself in the subjunctive.
  • IX.1 necesse est enim, ut is qui sic affectus fuerit, de rerum natura saepe conqueratur, quasi ea bonis malisque praeter meritum utriusque aliquid attribuat;
  • IX.9 cum omni vero, qui istic est, igni adeo simul accendi proclivis est, ut materia omnis siccior paulo incendi prompta admodum sit, eo quod minus sibi admixtum habeat, quod incendium prohibeat.
  • IX.27 facile videbis, nihil esse quod te angat, quicquid illi de te judicent.quicquid "whatever" is the object of judicent "they judge, think". The verb is subjunctive because the clause is part of what you will see, inside the indirect statement.
  • IX.35 nec penes Deos, qui tot fuerint, potentiam extitisse corrigendi ista, quo minus mundus ad mala ista addiceretur, quibus perpetim teneretur implicitus?
  • IX.41 sed rei tantum praesenti agendae intendere, et instrumento per quod fiat.The instrumentum "tool" by which a thing is done is the mind, the ruling part that does every act. fiat "it is done" is subjunctive because its clause is part of the general rule just laid down in the infinitive, not a separate statement of fact.
  • IX.42 tu vide, annon te potius incusare debeas, quod non expectaveris fore, ut hoc ille delinqueret;quod "because" gives the reason; its verb expectaveris (Gataker's spelling of exspectaveris) is subjunctive because the clause sits inside the indirect question. fore ut with the subjunctive, "that it would come about that", stands in for a future infinitive: "you did not expect that he would commit this fault". delinqueret is imperfect because the perfect expectaveris counts as past. In hoc delinquere "to commit this wrong", hoc is an inner accusative.
  • X.1 utpote quae ad salutem faciant animantis perfecti, probi, justi, honesti, quod cuncta ista, quae ut alia similia indidem oriuntur, dissolvuntur, generet, contineat, ambiat, complectatur?quod is the relative pronoun "which", not the conjunction "because"; its antecedent is animantis. Four verbs follow with no "and" between them: it "begets, holds together, surrounds, embraces" all things. They are subjunctive because the clause is part of what the soul will be convinced of, a clause inside reported thought.
  • X.2 atque id facias et admittas, nisi natura tua, qua es animal, inde deterior futura sit.
  • X.2 et hoc quicquid est, concede tibi, nisi natura tua, qua es animal rationale, deterius inde se habitura sit.
  • X.6 cum hoc naturae omnes in commune sortiantur: mundi vero natura et hoc amplius obtineat, quod a nulla caussa externa cogi possit, ut sibi ipsi noxium quicquam producat.hoc amplius "this further" is explained by the quod clause, "namely that …". possit is subjunctive because the clause stands inside the cum clause. The world's nature has an advantage over the others: there is nothing outside it to force it.
  • X.6 quemadmodum civi illi vitam prospere fluere quivis existimet, qui in actionibus quae civitatis secum ejusdem consortibus utiles sint, obeundis constanter perrexerit, et quicquid civitas ipsi attribuerit, gratanter acceperit.consortes are "sharers", literally "those of the same lot" (sors); with civitatis ejusdem and secum it means "those who share the same city with him", his fellow citizens. The subjunctives sint, perrexerit, attribuerit and acceperit all belong to the case imagined under existimet.
  • X.7 sin, misso quis naturae nomine, ita nata esse dicere voluerit, vide quam ridiculum sit, ut qui dicat universi partes mutare natas, idem hoc ipsum mutare illas, tanquam quod praeter rerum ipsarum naturam contingat, miretur et aegre ferat:
  • X.7 ut et ista in universi rationem redigantur, sive illud certo temporis spatio revoluto deflagret, sive vicissitudinibus perpetuis jugiter renovetur.
  • X.8 unanimis nomen, exceptionem eorum omnium spontaneam, quae a natura communi fuerint assignata.fuerint assignata is a perfect passive subjunctive, with fuerint for the usual sint: "which have been assigned". It is subjunctive because the clause belongs to what you are told to remember.
  • X.8 etenim talis persistere, qualis hactenus fueris, et in vita istiusmodi foede volutari ac discerpi, hominis est sensus expertis plane vitaeque nimis avidi,
  • X.8 vel etiam e vita omnino discedas, nec iratus tamen, sed simpliciter, libere, modeste, hoc unum duntaxat in vita memoratu dignum executus, quod e vita sic exieris.
  • X.25 idem est et qui ideo angitur, vel irascitur, vel metuit, quod secus, quam ipse velit, aut factum sit, aut fiat, aut futurum sit eorum quicquam, quae ab universi rectore sunt constituta,The quod clause has the subjunctive because it gives the reason as the man himself feels it: "because (as he complains) anything has happened … otherwise than he would wish"; velit is subjunctive for the same reason. aut factum sit, aut fiat, aut futurum sit runs through past, present and future of fio "happen"; since fio has no future participle, futurum sit is made from esse. The subject of all three is eorum quicquam "anything of those things".
  • X.29 Considerata seorsim, quam instituis, re omni, percontare te, num ideo mors gravis habenda sit, quia ea te privet.
  • X.31 praesertim, si simul fueris recordatus, quicquid semel mutarit, per spatium temporis infinitum non esse amplius futurum.
  • X.32 tu tantum statuas, nec ulterius vivere, quam talis futurus sis. neque enim ratio id poscit, ni talis sis.
  • X.33 in summa memineris, civem indigenam nihil laedere, ni civitatem laedat: civitatem nihil laedere, ni legem laedat.
  • XI.1 videtque simul, quod nihil novi visuri sint posteri nostri, sicut nec amplius quicquam viderunt antecessores nostri,Gataker often reports what is seen or said with quod and the subjunctive where classical Latin would use the accusative and infinitive: "that our descendants will see nothing new". visuri sint is the future participle with sint, the usual way to give a future in the subjunctive. nihil novi "nothing of new" is a partitive genitive: "nothing new".
  • XI.1 sed ita fit quodammodo, ut quadraginta annos qui egerit, mentem modo aliquam habuerit, et res gestas animadverterit, ex uniformitatis ratione, et praeterita omnia et futura viderit.
  • XI.6 Primo tragoediae invectae sunt, quae casuum et eventuum homines commonefacerent, quo et ista sic fieri nata monerentur; nec quibus in scena oblectarentur, ea in scena majori, gravatim sustinerent:
  • XI.6 cum viderint non posse haec aliter transigi, et quod perferant ea etiam illi qui exclamant, Eheu, Cithaeron.
  • XI.8 nec advertit interim, quod una semet a societate civili tota absciderit.After a verb of noticing, classical Latin uses the accusative and infinitive; Gataker, like later Latin, often uses quod "that" with a clause instead. The subjunctive absciderit "he has cut off" (perfect, from abscindo) presents it as the thing he fails to see. una is the adverb "at the same time, together", and semet is an emphatic se "himself".
  • XI.13 quid enim tibi mali contigerit, modo quod naturae tuae conveniat, id ipse facias?
  • XI.13 annon amplecteris, quod universi naturae nunc est tempestivum, cum homo sis ad hoc compositus positusque, ut id fieri, quocunque tandem modo, velis, quod in commune conducat?
  • XI.15 talem plane virum simplicem bonumque oportet esse, qualis is qui hircum olet; ut qui astiterit, simulac accesserit, velit, nolit ipse, protinus persentiscat.
  • XI.16 nec accedit ad nos, sed quiescit; nos autem sumus, qui judicia de his proferimus atque nobis ipsis inscribimus, cum nec inscribere in nobis situm sit, et si clanculum irrepserint, statim obliterare:irrepo "creep in" (in + repo) has the judgements as its subject: "if they have crept in unnoticed". clanculum "on the quiet" is a diminutive of clam "secretly". The perfect is subjunctive because the clause stands inside the cum clause.
  • XI.17 Cogita tecum, unde prodierit unumquodque, et ex quibus consistat, et in quid mutet, et ubi mutaverit, quale futurum sit, et quod mutando mali nil patitur.ubi mutaverit "when it has changed" is a time clause inside the question; its perfect subjunctive stands for the future perfect of direct speech, "when it shall have changed". futurum sit, the future participle of sum with sit, is the regular way to put a future into an indirect question: "what sort of thing it will be".
  • XI.18 Nono, mansuetudinem insuperabilem esse, si genuina fuerit, non personata et fucata.Within reported thought the verb of a si clause goes into the subjunctive: fuerit is perfect subjunctive standing for the future perfect of direct speech, "if it is (and proves to be)".
  • XI.26 In scriptis Epicureis praecipitur, ut in mente ac memoria semper habeamus antiquorum aliquem eorum, qui virtutem coluerint.aliquem "someone" takes the partitive genitive antiquorum "of the ancients", and eorum, qui … "of those who …" narrows it. coluerint is subjunctive because the clause is part of the precept being reported. colere virtutem "to cultivate virtue" is to practise it.
  • XI.37 et appetitu quidem abstinendum prorsus; aversationem vero in re nulla adhibendam, quae nostri juris non sit.
  • XII.4 itaque si vel Deus vel praeceptor prudens quis astans praeceperit cuiquam, ne quid apud se cogitet menteve agitet quod non simul ac conceperit proferat, ne ad dieculam quidem id sustineret.
  • XII.11 Quanta est hominis potentia, in cujus situm est arbitrio, ut nihil faciat, nisi quod Deus ipse comprobaturus est, et quicquid Deus illi assignaverit, libens excipiat?
  • XII.15 An cum lucernae lumen, usquedum extinguatur, luceat, nec splendorem amittat suum; tu admissurus es, ut in te veritas, justitia, temperantia ante extinctum temet extinguatur?
  • XII.16 quid enim fecerit, qui sic affectus fuerit?
  • XII.24 tertium, si in sublime subvectus res humanas despiceres, ubi varietatem earum quanta esset perspexisses, simulque uno conspectu comprehenderes, quantum undiquaque aeriorum et aetheriorum sedes suas habeat, quod quotiescunque subvectus esses, eadem semper occurrerent.
  • XII.31 atqui instituto huic repugnat, siquis aegre ferat, quod istis morte privandus sit.