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Причастия и причастные обороты

Причастие на -ing (действительное) и третья форма глагола (страдательное) присоединяют к предложению добавочное действие или признак. Переводятся причастием, деепричастием или придаточным.

После существительного причастие его определяет: a party of ragged men and boys … warming their hands «кучка оборванцев, гревших руки»; quaint Dutch tiles, designed to illustrate the Scriptures «изразцы, задуманные как картинки к Писанию».

В начале или в конце фразы, через запятую, оборот относится к подлежащему и переводится деепричастием: Seeing clearly that it would be useless …, the gentlemen withdrew «Ясно видя, что это бесполезно, джентльмены удалились». Страдательное причастие стоит так же: Thus secured against surprise «Обезопасив себя таким образом от неожиданностей».

  • having + причастие — действие, законченное раньше: having read all the newspapers «прочитав все газеты»
  • not ставится перед причастием: not being a man of a strong imagination «не будучи человеком с сильным воображением»

Диккенс любит цепочки причастий как определения: a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner. Здесь каждое -ing — прилагательное: «выжимающий, вырывающий, хватающий…».

Примеры

  • Seeing clearly that it would be useless to pursue their point, the gentlemen withdrew. 1.10Ясно видя, что настаивать на своём было бы бесполезно, джентльмены удалились.
  • not being a man of a strong imagination, he failed 1.4не будучи человеком с сильным воображением, он потерпел неудачу
  • having read all the newspapers 1.12прочитав все газеты
  • built by some Dutch merchant long ago 1.16построенный давным-давно каким-то голландским купцом
  • a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner 1.2выжимающий, вырывающий, хватающий, скребущий, цепкий, алчный старый грешник

В тексте 343

  • I.2 a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner!Предложение без подлежащего и сказуемого: оно продолжает предыдущее восклицание (he was …). Перед sinner выстроены семь определений, и пять из них — формы на -ing от глаголов, которые все описывают движение жадной руки: squeeze «сжимать, выжимать», wrench «вырывать, выкручивать», grasp «хватать», scrape «скрести, наскребать», clutch «вцепляться». Форма на -ing перед существительным значит «такой, который это делает».
  • I.3 No wind that blew was bitterer than he, no falling snow was more intent upon its purpose, no pelting rain less open to entreaty.
  • I.3 To edge his way along the crowded paths of life, warning all human sympathy to keep its distance, was what the knowing ones call “nuts” to Scrooge.
  • I.4 and he could hear the people in the court outside, go wheezing up and down, beating their hands upon their breasts, and stamping their feet upon the pavement stones to warm them.
  • I.4 The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole, and was so dense without, that although the court was of the narrowest, the houses opposite were mere phantoms.come с причастием на -ing показывает, как именно что-то движется: «вливался, валил внутрь». in здесь наречие «внутрь», а at — предлог: «через каждую щель».
  • I.4 To see the dingy cloud come drooping down, obscuring everything, one might have thought that Nature lived hard by, and was brewing on a large scale.
  • I.4 in which effort, not being a man of a strong imagination, he failed.Причастный оборот со значением причины: «не будучи…», «так как он не был…». Шутка в том, что согреться у свечки можно только силой воображения. a man of + качество — «человек, наделённый чем-то».
  • I.5 Scrooge having no better answer ready on the spur of the moment, said, “Bah!” again; and followed it up with “Humbug.”Причастный оборот называет причину: «не имея (так как у него не было) лучшего ответа наготове». have something ready — «иметь что-то наготове». Запятой после Scrooge нет, хотя сегодня её поставили бы.
  • I.6 if anything belonging to it can be apart from that—as a good time;Оговорка внутри оговорки: «если вообще что-либо связанное с Рождеством можно рассматривать отдельно от этого». belonging to it — причастный оборот при anything: «относящееся к нему». that — благоговение перед священным смыслом праздника.
  • I.6 Becoming immediately sensible of the impropriety, he poked the fire, and extinguished the last frail spark for ever.
  • I.7 You’re quite a powerful speaker, sir,” he added, turning to his nephew.
  • I.8 “my clerk, with fifteen shillings a week, and a wife and family, talking about a merry Christmas.
  • I.8 “Scrooge and Marley’s, I believe,” said one of the gentlemen, referring to his list.
  • I.8 “We have no doubt his liberality is well represented by his surviving partner,” said the gentleman, presenting his credentials.
  • I.8 “At this festive season of the year, Mr. Scrooge,” said the gentleman, taking up a pen,
  • I.8 “Plenty of prisons,” said the gentleman, laying down the pen again.
  • I.10 Seeing clearly that it would be useless to pursue their point, the gentlemen withdrew.Причастный оборот называет причину: «видя, что…», «так как они видели, что…». Действует в нём подлежащее главной части, the gentlemen.
  • I.10 Scrooge resumed his labours with an improved opinion of himself, and in a more facetious temper than was usual with him.
  • I.10 Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links,
  • I.10 proffering their services to go before horses in carriages, and conduct them on their way.
  • I.10 and struck the hours and quarters in the clouds, with tremulous vibrations afterwards as if its teeth were chattering in its frozen head up there.
  • I.10 round which a party of ragged men and boys were gathered: warming their hands and winking their eyes before the blaze in rapture.
  • I.11 The owner of one scant young nose, gnawed and mumbled by the hungry cold as bones are gnawed by dogs,Два причастия прошедшего времени после существительного заменяют придаточное: nose (which was) gnawed and mumbled. gnaw — «грызть, глодать» (буква g не читается: /nɔː/). mumble обычно значит «бормотать», но здесь у него старое значение: «жевать беззубыми дёснами, мусолить». Холод, как голодный пёс, грызёт нос и обсасывает его.
  • I.11 Scrooge seized the ruler with such energy of action, that the singer fled in terror, leaving the keyhole to the fog and even more congenial frost.Причастный оборот: «оставив скважину туману и морозу». leave something to somebody — «оставить что-то кому-то, в чьё-то распоряжение». congenial — «близкий по духу, подходящий»: мороз ещё больше, чем туман, сродни этой двери и её хозяину. even перед сравнительной степенью значит «ещё».
  • I.11 “A poor excuse for picking a man’s pocket every twenty-fifth of December!” said Scrooge, buttoning his great-coat to the chin.Причастный оборот: Скрудж говорит и одновременно застёгивается. great-coat (теперь greatcoat) — тяжёлое длинное мужское пальто. to the chin — «до подбородка», то есть наглухо.
  • I.12 and having read all the newspapers, and beguiled the rest of the evening with his banker’s-book, went home to bed.Перфектное причастие: having + причастие прошедшего времени называет действие, которое закончилось раньше главного: «прочитав… и скоротав…, пошёл». having относится к обоим причастиям. read здесь причастие и читается /red/.
  • I.12 playing at hide-and-seek with other houses, and forgotten the way out again.
  • I.13 how it happened that Scrooge, having his key in the lock of the door, saw in the knocker, without its undergoing any intermediate process of change—not a knocker, but Marley’s face.Причастный оборот называет обстоятельство: «имея ключ в замке», то есть уже вставив его.
  • I.13 It was not angry or ferocious, but looked at Scrooge as Marley used to look: with ghostly spectacles turned up on its ghostly forehead.spectacles — «очки», слово более старое и книжное, чем glasses. turned up on the forehead — «сдвинутые на лоб». ghostly — прилагательное на -ly от ghost: призрачны и очки, и лоб.
  • I.14 and he did look cautiously behind it first, as if he half expected to be terrified with the sight of Marley’s pigtail sticking out into the hall.
  • I.14 He fastened the door, and walked across the hall, and up the stairs; slowly too: trimming his candle as he went.
  • I.15 Up Scrooge went, not caring a button for that.
  • I.15 Thus secured against surprise, he took off his cravat; put on his dressing-gown and slippers, and his nightcap;Причастный оборот с причастием прошедшего времени: «будучи таким образом ограждён от неожиданностей». surprise здесь ближе к военному «внезапное нападение», чем к «удивлению»: Скрудж запирается, как в крепости.
  • I.16 The fireplace was an old one, built by some Dutch merchant long ago, and paved all round with quaint Dutch tiles, designed to illustrate the Scriptures.Три причастия прошедшего времени со страдательным значением: built и paved относятся к камину, designed — к изразцам. По-русски это причастные обороты: «построенный…, выложенный…, предназначенными…».
  • I.16 There were Cains and Abels, Pharaoh’s daughters; Queens of Sheba, Angelic messengers descending through the air on clouds like feather-beds,
  • I.16 Abrahams, Belshazzars, Apostles putting off to sea in butter-boats, hundreds of figures to attract his thoughts;
  • I.16 and communicated for some purpose now forgotten with a chamber in the highest story of the building.Причастие с зависимым словом стоит после существительного: «для какой-то цели, теперь забытой». some с существительным в единственном числе — «какой-то».
  • I.17 They were succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below; as if some person were dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine-merchant’s cellar.
  • I.17 Scrooge then remembered to have heard that ghosts in haunted houses were described as dragging chains.
  • I.17 The cellar-door flew open with a booming sound, and then he heard the noise much louder, on the floors below;
  • I.17 Upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know him; Marley’s Ghost!” and fell again.
  • I.17 His body was transparent; so that Scrooge, observing him, and looking through his waistcoat, could see the two buttons on his coat behind.Два причастных оборота при Scrooge; по-русски это деепричастия: «разглядывая его и смотря сквозь его жилет».
  • I.18 and marked the very texture of the folded kerchief bound about its head and chin, which wrapper he had not observed before;
  • I.18 “Who were you then?” said Scrooge, raising his voice. “You’re particular, for a shade.”
  • I.18 “Can you—can you sit down?” asked Scrooge, looking doubtfully at him.
  • I.19 To sit, staring at those fixed glazed eyes, in silence for a moment, would play, Scrooge felt, the very deuce with him.
  • I.19 “You see this toothpick?” said Scrooge, returning quickly to the charge, for the reason just assigned;Причастие стоит после существительного: «по причине, только что указанной». assign a reason — «назвать причину»; причина — желание отвлечься от страха.
  • I.19 and wishing, though it were only for a second, to divert the vision’s stony gaze from himself.
  • I.21 “You are fettered,” said Scrooge, trembling.Причастие на -ing после запятой отвечает на вопрос «как?» и переводится деепричастием: «дрожа».
  • I.21 Scrooge glanced about him on the floor, in the expectation of finding himself surrounded by some fifty or sixty fathoms of iron cable:
  • I.21 A very little more is all permitted to me.
  • I.22 Pondering on what the Ghost had said, he did so now, but without lifting up his eyes, or getting off his knees.
  • I.22 “Oh! captive, bound, and double-ironed,” cried the phantom,
  • I.22 Not to know that any Christian spirit working kindly in its little sphere, whatever it may be, will find its mortal life too short for its vast means of usefulness.В утвердительном предложении any значит «любой». Причастный оборот после существительного: «душа, трудящаяся по-доброму». kindly здесь наречие «с добротой».
  • I.22 Not to know that no space of regret can make amends for one life’s opportunity misused!Одиночное причастие стоит после существительного, как краткое придаточное: opportunity (that was) misused. misuse: приставка mis- значит «неправильно, дурно» — «употребить не так». Речь о данной на одну жизнь возможности делать добро, которой человек не воспользовался.
  • I.23 “Business!” cried the Ghost, wringing its hands again.wring one’s hands — «заламывать руки», жест отчаяния; wring, wrung, wrung — «скручивать, выжимать». Буква w перед r не читается: /ˈrɪŋɪŋ/. Причастие на -ing называет действие, которое сопровождает главное: «вскричал, заламывая руки».
  • I.23 “At this time of the rolling year,” the spectre said, “I suffer most.
  • I.23 Why did I walk through crowds of fellow-beings with my eyes turned down,
  • I.24 “Is that the chance and hope you mentioned, Jacob?” he demanded, in a faltering voice.Тот же глагол falter, что и в начале разговора: «дрожащим, срывающимся голосом».
  • I.24 He ventured to raise his eyes again, and found his supernatural visitor confronting him in an erect attitude,
  • I.24 with its chain wound over and about its arm.
  • I.25 When they were within two paces of each other, Marley’s Ghost held up its hand, warning him to come no nearer.Причастный оборот: «предостерегая его, чтобы он не подходил ближе». no перед сравнительной степенью значит «нисколько не»: no nearer — «ни на шаг ближе».
  • I.25 The air was filled with phantoms, wandering hither and thither in restless haste, and moaning as they went.Два причастия описывают призраков: «блуждающих… и стонущих». as they went — «пока они двигались», то есть на ходу, на лету.
  • I.25 He had been quite familiar with one old ghost, in a white waistcoat, with a monstrous iron safe attached to its ankle,safe как существительное — «сейф, несгораемый шкаф» (от safe «надёжный»). attached to — причастие после существительного: «прикреплённый к». Каждый призрак тащит то, чему служил при жизни: у Марли на цепи были кассовые ящики и гроссбухи, у этого — целый сейф на ноге.
  • I.26 And being, from the emotion he had undergone, or the fatigues of the day, or his glimpse of the Invisible World,Причастный оборот, растянутый на несколько строк: being — «будучи», а его продолжение much in need of repose («сильно нуждающимся в отдыхе») придёт только после пяти причин, перечисленных через or. Подлежащего у фразы нет вовсе: это всё тот же He из предыдущего предложения.
  • II.1 WHEN Scrooge awoke, it was so dark, that looking out of bed, he could scarcely distinguish the transparent window from the opaque walls of his chamber.Причастный оборот: «выглядывая из постели». Кровать у Скруджа с пологом, то есть с занавесками со всех сторон (о них речь пойдёт в конце следующего раздела), поэтому из неё можно именно «выглядывать».
  • II.2 his mind flew back again, like a strong spring released, to its first position,Причастие стоит после существительного и заменяет придаточное: a spring released = a spring that has been released, «пружина, которую отпустили». Сжатая пружина, едва её отпустят, возвращается на место; так и мысль Скруджа.
  • II.2 and, considering that he could no more go to sleep than go to Heaven, this was perhaps the wisest resolution in his power.Причастие, ставшее почти союзом: «принимая во внимание, что», «раз уж».
  • II.2 At length it broke upon his listening ear.
  • II.2 “A quarter past,” said Scrooge, counting.
  • II.3 and Scrooge, starting up into a half-recumbent attitude, found himself face to face with the unearthly visitor who drew them:
  • II.3 yet not so like a child as like an old man, viewed through some supernatural medium,Причастный оборот к old man: «рассматриваемого сквозь некую сверхъестественную среду». medium — «среда», то, сквозь что смотрят (воздух, вода, стекло). some перед существительным в единственном числе — «какой-то, некий».
  • II.3 Its legs and feet, most delicately formed, were, like those upper members, bare.
  • II.4 Even this, though, when Scrooge looked at it with increasing steadiness, was not its strangest quality.
  • II.4 being now a thing with one arm, now with one leg, now with twenty legs, now a pair of legs without a head, now a head without a body:Причастный оборот поясняет, как именно менялась фигура: «будучи (оказываясь) то существом…». thing — «нечто, существо»: рассказчик не знает, как это назвать.
  • II.4 of which dissolving parts, no outline would be visible in the dense gloom wherein they melted away.
  • II.5 He rose: but finding that the Spirit made towards the window, clasped his robe in supplication.
  • II.5 “Bear but a touch of my hand there,” said the Spirit, laying it upon his heart, “and you shall be upheld in more than this!”
  • II.6 “Good Heaven!” said Scrooge, clasping his hands together, as he looked about him.Причастный оборот: «сжимая руки», то есть сложив ладони и стиснув пальцы — жест сильного волнения. Глагол clasp в этих абзацах встречается в третий раз.
  • II.6 He was conscious of a thousand odours floating in the air,
  • II.6 each one connected with a thousand thoughts, and hopes, and joys, and cares long, long, forgotten!long — наречие «давно»: long forgotten «давно забытый». Причастие стоит после существительных, к которым относится.
  • II.6 who called to other boys in country gigs and carts, driven by farmers.Причастный оборот вместо придаточного: (which were) driven by farmers, «которыми правили фермеры». drive, drove, driven — «править (лошадьми), вести».
  • II.7 “A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still.”Причастный оборот: «заброшенный теми, кому положено о нём заботиться». friends в старом языке — не только друзья, но и родные, близкие люди; речь о семье мальчика, которая не забрала его на праздники.
  • II.7 with a little weathercock-surmounted cupola, on the roof, and a bell hanging in it.
  • II.7 for entering the dreary hall, and glancing through the open doors of many rooms, they found them poorly furnished, cold, and vast.Два причастных оборота перед главным предложением: «войдя… и заглядывая…». Их действие выполняет подлежащее главного предложения — they.
  • II.8 It opened before them, and disclosed a long, bare, melancholy room, made barer still by lines of plain deal forms and desks.
  • II.8 and Scrooge sat down upon a form, and wept to see his poor forgotten self as he used to be.
  • II.8 but fell upon the heart of Scrooge with a softening influence, and gave a freer passage to his tears.
  • II.8 stood outside the window, with an axe stuck in his belt, and leading by the bridle an ass laden with wood.with + существительное + причастие описывает, как человек выглядит: «с топором, заткнутым за пояс». stuck — причастие от stick «втыкать».
  • II.8 And the Sultan’s Groom turned upside down by the Genii; there he is upon his head!
  • II.9 and to see his heightened and excited face;heighten — «повышать, усиливать» (от height «высота»). О лице так говорили, когда на нём от волнения усиливался румянец: heightened colour — «выступившая краска».
  • II.9 “Green body and yellow tail, with a thing like a lettuce growing out of the top of his head; there he is!Причастный оборот к thing: «растущая из макушки». out of — составной предлог «из (наружу)». О попугае сказано his, а не its: для мальчика это не вещь, а старый знакомый.
  • II.9 There goes Friday, running for his life to the little creek!
  • II.9 “I wish,” Scrooge muttered, putting his hand in his pocket, and looking about him, after drying his eyes with his cuff:Причастный оборот говорит, что человек делал одновременно с главным действием: «сунув руку в карман». Жест не случаен: рука тянется за монетой, которую уже некому дать.
  • II.9 There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night.
  • II.9 The Ghost smiled thoughtfully, and waved its hand: saying as it did so, “Let us see another Christmas!”
  • II.10 It opened; and a little girl, much younger than the boy, came darting in,come + причастие на -ing показывает, каким образом человек появился: «вбежала стрелой». dart — «метнуться, ринуться» (от dart «дротик»); in — «внутрь».
  • II.10 and putting her arms about his neck, and often kissing him, addressed him as her “Dear, dear brother.”Два причастных оборота (putting…, kissing…) описывают, что девочка делала, пока говорила. arms — руки целиком, от плеча: ими обнимают; hands — только кисти. about здесь «вокруг», как round.
  • II.10 “I have come to bring you home, dear brother!” said the child, clapping her tiny hands, and bending down to laugh.
  • II.10 And you’re to be a man!” said the child, opening her eyes,Глаза у неё и так открыты: смысл — «широко раскрыв глаза», от важности новости.
  • II.10 but being too little, laughed again, and stood on tiptoe to embrace him.Причастный оборот называет причину: «так как была слишком мала», чтобы дотянуться. too — «слишком», больше, чем нужно.
  • II.11 He then conveyed him and his sister into the veriest old well of a shivering best-parlour that ever was seen,
  • II.11 at the same time, sending out a meagre servant to offer a glass of “something” to the postboy,Причастный оборот: «выслав при этом тощего слугу». Инфинитив to offer называет цель: «чтобы тот предложил». meagre — «тощий, скудный»: слуга под стать угощению.
  • II.11 and getting into it, drove gaily down the garden-sweep:
  • II.12 At sight of an old gentleman in a Welsh wig, sitting behind such a high desk,
  • II.13 Scrooge’s former self, now grown a young man, came briskly in, accompanied by his fellow-’prentice.Причастный оборот. grow здесь значит «стать, вырасти в кого-то»: в прошлой сцене Скрудж был школьником, теперь он юноша.
  • II.13 They charged into the street with the shutters—one, two, three—had ’em up in their places—four, five, six—barred ’em and pinned ’em—seven, eight, nine—and came back before you could have got to twelve, panting like race-horses.Причастный оборот: «дыша тяжело, как скаковые лошади». pant — «часто и тяжело дышать» после бега.
  • II.13 “Hilli-ho!” cried old Fezziwig, skipping down from the high desk, with wonderful agility.skip — «прыгать, скакать вприпрыжку», как дети. Толстый пожилой хозяин соскакивает со своего высокого табурета, как мальчик. desk здесь — высокая конторка, за которой сидели на высоком табурете.
  • II.14 In came the three Miss Fezziwigs, beaming and lovable.
  • II.14 In came all the young men and women employed in the business.Причастие прошедшего времени после существительного заменяет придаточное: = who were employed, «которые служили в его деле». employ — «нанимать, давать работу»; отсюда employer «наниматель» и employee «работник». women читается [ˈwɪmɪn].
  • II.14 trying to hide himself behind the girl from next door but one, who was proved to have had her ears pulled by her mistress.Причастный оборот после точки с запятой продолжает рассказ о мальчике: «(он) старался спрятаться». hide oneself — «прятаться»; возвратное местоимение здесь можно и опустить.
  • II.14 In they all came, one after another; some shyly, some boldly, some gracefully, some awkwardly, some pushing, some pulling;Одни подталкивают других вперёд, другие тянут за собой тех, кто стесняется войти.
  • II.14 old top couple always turning up in the wrong place; new top couple starting off again, as soon as they got there;
  • II.14 When this result was brought about, old Fezziwig, clapping his hands to stop the dance, cried out, “Well done!”clap one’s hands — «хлопать в ладоши». Инфинитив to stop отвечает на вопрос «зачем?».
  • II.14 and the fiddler plunged his hot face into a pot of porter, especially provided for that purpose.Причастный оборот = which was especially provided. Опять важный канцелярский слог: «специально предусмотренную для этой цели», будто лицо в пиво окунают по правилам. provide здесь — «приготовить, припасти заранее».
  • II.14 But scorning rest, upon his reappearance, he instantly began again, though there were no dancers yet,scorn — «презирать, с презрением отвергать»: скрипач считает отдых ниже своего достоинства. Это другое слово rest, «отдых», а не the rest «остальное».
  • II.14 as if the other fiddler had been carried home, exhausted, on a shutter, and he were a bran-new man resolved to beat him out of sight, or perish.
  • II.15 and there was a great piece of Cold Roast, and there was a great piece of Cold Boiled, and there were mince-pies, and plenty of beer.
  • II.15 Top couple, too; with a good stiff piece of work cut out for them;
  • II.16 and shaking hands with every person individually as he or she went out, wished him or her a Merry Christmas.shake hands with somebody — «пожать кому-то руку»; hands всегда во множественном числе, ведь рук в рукопожатии две. Оборот с -ing называет действие, которое сопровождает главное (wished): «пожимая руку…, желали».
  • II.17 “It isn’t that,” said Scrooge, heated by the remark, and speaking unconsciously like his former, not his latter, self.Причастный оборот при Scrooge: «разгорячённый замечанием». heat — «нагревать», а о человеке — «горячить, раззадоривать».
  • II.17 which showed the passion that had taken root, and where the shadow of the growing tree would fall.
  • II.19 “In a changed nature; in an altered spirit; in another atmosphere of life; another Hope as its great end.Причастия прошедшего времени перед существительным: «изменившаяся натура», «переменившийся дух». change и alter здесь синонимы; alter — слово более книжное.
  • II.19 If this had never been between us,” said the girl, looking mildly, but with steadiness, upon him;Причастный оборот: «глядя на него кротко, но твёрдо». steadiness образовано от steady «твёрдый, ровный» суффиксом -ness. look upon — книжное look at.
  • II.19 or, choosing her, if for a moment you were false enough to your one guiding principle to do so,Причастный оборот вместо придаточного: «выбрав её» = if you chose her. Он относится к your repentance … would follow в следующем отрывке.
  • II.20 He was about to speak; but with her head turned from him, she resumed.
  • II.21 and, unlike the celebrated herd in the poem, they were not forty children conducting themselves like one, but every child was conducting itself like forty.
  • II.21 and the latter, soon beginning to mingle in the sports, got pillaged by the young brigands most ruthlessly.
  • II.21 I wouldn’t for the wealth of all the world have crushed that braided hair, and torn it down;
  • II.22 that she with laughing face and plundered dress was borne towards it the centre of a flushed and boisterous group,
  • II.22 just in time to greet the father, who came home attended by a man laden with Christmas toys and presents.attend здесь не «посещать», а «сопровождать, прислуживать»: отец пришёл с носильщиком. laden with — «нагруженный чем-то», старое причастие от lade «грузить», живущее теперь как прилагательное.
  • II.22 and was more than suspected of having swallowed a fictitious turkey, glued on a wooden platter!
  • II.22 And now Scrooge looked on more attentively than ever, when the master of the house, having his daughter leaning fondly on him, sat down with her and her mother at his own fireside;
  • II.23 “Belle,” said the husband, turning to his wife with a smile, “I saw an old friend of yours this afternoon.”
  • II.23 Tut, don’t I know?” she added in the same breath, laughing as he laughed.
  • II.23 He turned upon the Ghost, and seeing that it looked upon him with a face,
  • II.23 and dimly connecting that with its influence over him, he seized the extinguisher-cap, and by a sudden action pressed it down upon its head.Причастный оборот объясняет поступок: Скрудж смутно догадывается, что яркий свет и власть Духа над ним связаны. dimly от dim «тусклый»; о мысли и чувстве — «смутно, неясно».
  • III.1 AWAKING in the middle of a prodigiously tough snore, and sitting up in bed to get his thoughts together,Два причастия настоящего времени относятся к подлежащему, которое появится только дальше: Scrooge. По-русски это деепричастия: «проснувшись… и сев». Первое слово строфы набрано прописными буквами, как принято в начале главы.
  • III.1 for the especial purpose of holding a conference with the second messenger despatched to him through Jacob Marley’s intervention.
  • III.1 But finding that he turned uncomfortably cold when he began to wonder which of his curtains this new spectre would draw back,
  • III.1 and lying down again, established a sharp look-out all round the bed.
  • III.2 Now, being prepared for almost anything, he was not by any means prepared for nothing;Причастный оборот с оттенком уступки: «хотя он был готов почти ко всему». prepared for — «готовый к».
  • III.2 and which, being only light, was more alarming than a dozen ghosts, as he was powerless to make out what it meant, or would be at;Уступительный оборот: «хотя это был всего лишь свет». light здесь — существительное «свет».
  • III.3 and such a mighty blaze went roaring up the chimney, as that dull petrification of a hearth had never known in Scrooge’s time, or Marley’s, or for many and many a winter season gone.go + причастие на -ing: причастие говорит, как именно двигалось пламя. up the chimney — «вверх по трубе».
  • III.3 Heaped up on the floor, to form a kind of throne, were turkeys, geese, game, poultry, brawn, great joints of meat, sucking-pigs, long wreaths of sausages,
  • III.3 mince-pies, plum-puddings, barrels of oysters, red-hot chestnuts, cherry-cheeked apples, juicy oranges, luscious pears, immense twelfth-cakes, and seething bowls of punch, that made the chamber dim with their delicious steam.
  • III.3 who bore a glowing torch, in shape not unlike Plenty’s horn, and held it up, high up, to shed its light on Scrooge, as he came peeping round the door.come + причастие на -ing: «вошёл, заглядывая». peep — «смотреть украдкой, робко»; round the door — из-за края двери, едва её приоткрыв.
  • III.4 It was clothed in one simple green robe, or mantle, bordered with white fur.
  • III.4 This garment hung so loosely on the figure, that its capacious breast was bare, as if disdaining to be warded or concealed by any artifice.После as if может стоять прямо причастие: «словно презирая, словно считая ниже своего достоинства». disdain to do something — «не снисходить до чего-то».
  • III.4 and on its head it wore no other covering than a holly wreath, set here and there with shining icicles.
  • III.4 “Have never walked forth with the younger members of my family; meaning (for I am very young) my elder brothers born in these later years?” pursued the Phantom.
  • III.5 whence it was mad delight to the boys to see it come plumping down into the road below, and splitting into artificial little snow-storms.
  • III.5 The house fronts looked black enough, and the windows blacker, contrasting with the smooth white sheet of snow upon the roofs, and with the dirtier snow upon the ground;
  • III.5 The sky was gloomy, and the shortest streets were choked up with a dingy mist, half thawed, half frozen,Два причастия прошедшего времени после существительного описывают mist: «наполовину оттаявшая, наполовину замёрзшая». frozen — третья форма от freeze, froze, frozen.
  • III.6 calling out to one another from the parapets,Причастный оборот продолжает рассказ о людях на крышах: «перекликаясь». one another, как и each other, — «друг друга, друг другу». parapet — низкая стенка по краю крыши.
  • III.6 and now and then exchanging a facetious snowball—better-natured missile far than many a wordy jest—laughing heartily if it went right and not less heartily if it went wrong.
  • III.6 There were great, round, pot-bellied baskets of chestnuts, shaped like the waistcoats of jolly old gentlemen,
  • III.6 lolling at the doors, and tumbling out into the street in their apoplectic opulence.
  • III.6 There were ruddy, brown-faced, broad-girthed Spanish Onions, shining in the fatness of their growth like Spanish Friars,
  • III.6 and winking from their shelves in wanton slyness at the girls as they went by, and glanced demurely at the hung-up mistletoe.
  • III.6 There were pears and apples, clustered high in blooming pyramids;cluster — «собирать(ся) гроздью, кучкой»: плоды сложены высокими пирамидами. blooming — «цветущие»: о свежем румянце плодов; ср. bloom «цветение, румянец».
  • III.6 there were piles of filberts, mossy and brown, recalling, in their fragrance, ancient walks among the woods, and pleasant shufflings ankle deep through withered leaves;
  • III.6 there were Norfolk Biffins, squat and swarthy, setting off the yellow of the oranges and lemons,
  • III.6 and, in the great compactness of their juicy persons, urgently entreating and beseeching to be carried home in paper bags and eaten after dinner.
  • III.6 The very gold and silver fish, set forth among these choice fruits in a bowl, though members of a dull and stagnant-blooded race, appeared to know that there was something going on;
  • III.6 and, to a fish, went gasping round and round their little world in slow and passionless excitement.gasp — «ловить воздух ртом, задыхаться»: так рыбы открывают рот. round and round — «круг за кругом»; повтор передаёт бесконечное кружение.
  • III.7 The Grocers’! oh, the Grocers’! nearly closed, with perhaps two shutters down, or one; but through those gaps such glimpses!
  • III.7 It was not alone that the scales descending on the counter made a merry sound, or that the twine and roller parted company so briskly,Причастный оборот после существительного: «весы, опускающиеся на прилавок». scales «весы» в этом значении обычно стоит во множественном числе: у весов две чашки.
  • III.7 or that the canisters were rattled up and down like juggling tricks, or even that the blended scents of tea and coffee were so grateful to the nose,
  • III.7 but the customers were all so hurried and so eager in the hopeful promise of the day, that they tumbled up against each other at the door, crashing their wicker baskets wildly,Причастный оборот: что они при этом делали. crash — «сталкивать с грохотом, с треском»; wicker — плетение из ивовых прутьев.
  • III.7 and left their purchases upon the counter, and came running back to fetch them, and committed hundreds of the like mistakes, in the best humour possible;come + причастие на -ing показывает, как именно пришли: «прибегали обратно». fetch — «сходить за чем-то и принести»; инфинитив называет цель.
  • III.7 worn outside for general inspection, and for Christmas daws to peck at if they chose.
  • III.8 But soon the steeples called good people all, to church and chapel, and away they came, flocking through the streets in their best clothes, and with their gayest faces.
  • III.8 And at the same time there emerged from scores of bye-streets, lanes, and nameless turnings, innumerable people, carrying their dinners to the bakers’ shops.
  • III.8 and taking off the covers as their bearers passed, sprinkled incense on their dinners from his torch.
  • III.8 and yet there was a genial shadowing forth of all these dinners and the progress of their cooking, in the thawed blotch of wet above each baker’s oven;
  • III.9 “To any kindly given.
  • III.10 for there he went, and took Scrooge with him, holding to his robe;Держится Скрудж, а his robe — одеяние Духа: в начале их странствия Дух велел Скруджу коснуться его одежды.
  • III.10 Then up rose Mrs. Cratchit, Cratchit’s wife, dressed out but poorly in a twice-turned gown,
  • III.10 and she laid the cloth, assisted by Belinda Cratchit, second of her daughters, also brave in ribbons;Причастный оборот в пассиве: «которой помогала Белинда Крэтчит». assist — книжное слово вместо help: о домашних хлопотах сказано торжественно.
  • III.10 and getting the corners of his monstrous shirt collar (Bob’s private property, conferred upon his son and heir in honour of the day) into his mouth,Воротник отцовский и так велик Питеру, что его уголки достают до рта. get something into — «засунуть, заполучить во что-то».
  • III.10 rejoiced to find himself so gallantly attired, and yearned to show his linen in the fashionable Parks.
  • III.10 And now two smaller Cratchits, boy and girl, came tearing in, screaming that outside the baker’s they had smelt the goose, and known it for their own;come + причастие на -ing говорит, каким образом пришли. tear здесь не «рвать», а разговорное «мчаться сломя голову»; tear in — «влететь».
  • III.10 and basking in luxurious thoughts of sage and onion, these young Cratchits danced about the table,
  • III.10 until the slow potatoes bubbling up, knocked loudly at the saucepan-lid to be let out and peeled.
  • III.11 “Here’s Martha, mother!” said a girl, appearing as she spoke.Причастный оборот: «появляясь, пока говорила», то есть она вошла с этими самыми словами. as здесь значит «в то время как».
  • III.11 kissing her a dozen times, and taking off her shawl and bonnet for her with officious zeal.
  • III.11 There’s father coming,” cried the two young Cratchits, who were everywhere at once.
  • III.11 So Martha hid herself, and in came little Bob, the father, with at least three feet of comforter exclusive of the fringe, hanging down before him;with + существительное + причастие описывает сопутствующее обстоятельство: «причём (шарф) свисал перед ним». По-русски обычно придаточное или деепричастный оборот.
  • III.11 and his threadbare clothes darned up and brushed, to look seasonable; and Tiny Tim upon his shoulder.Всё ещё зависит от with из предыдущей части: «с… шарфом, и с одеждой, заштопанной и вычищенной, и с Крошкой Тимом на плече». Причастия прошедшего времени стоят после существительного, как русский причастный оборот.
  • III.11 Alas for Tiny Tim, he bore a little crutch, and had his limbs supported by an iron frame!
  • III.11 “Why, where’s our Martha?” cried Bob Cratchit, looking round.
  • III.12 Somehow he gets thoughtful, sitting by himself so much, and thinks the strangest things you ever heard.Причастный оборот со значением причины: «оттого что так много сидит один». by himself — «один, в одиночестве», а не «около себя».
  • III.12 He told me, coming home, that he hoped the people saw him in the church, because he was a cripple,Причастный оборот времени: «когда мы шли домой, по дороге домой». Кто шёл, ясно из смысла.
  • III.12 His active little crutch was heard upon the floor, and back came Tiny Tim before another word was spoken, escorted by his brother and sister to his stool before the fire;Причастный оборот в пассиве: «сопровождаемый братом и сестрой». his относится к обоим существительным и второй раз не повторяется.
  • III.12 and while Bob, turning up his cuffs—as if, poor fellow, they were capable of being made more shabby—compounded some hot mixture in a jug with gin and lemons,
  • III.13 Mrs. Cratchit made the gravy (ready beforehand in a little saucepan) hissing hot;
  • III.13 the two young Cratchits set chairs for everybody, not forgetting themselves,
  • III.13 and mounting guard upon their posts, crammed spoons into their mouths, lest they should shriek for goose before their turn came to be helped.
  • III.13 It was succeeded by a breathless pause, as Mrs. Cratchit, looking slowly all along the carving-knife, prepared to plunge it in the breast;
  • III.13 but when she did, and when the long expected gush of stuffing issued forth, one murmur of delight arose all round the board,
  • III.13 and even Tiny Tim, excited by the two young Cratchits, beat on the table with the handle of his knife, and feebly cried Hurrah!
  • III.14 Bob said he didn’t believe there ever was such a goose cooked.Причастие cooked стоит после существительного: «такой гусь, (когда-либо) приготовленный». Вместе с there was это значит «чтобы когда-либо готовили такого гуся».
  • III.14 Eked out by apple-sauce and mashed potatoes, it was a sufficient dinner for the whole family;
  • III.14 indeed, as Mrs. Cratchit said with great delight (surveying one small atom of a bone upon the dish), they hadn’t ate it all at last!
  • III.14 In half a minute Mrs. Cratchit entered—flushed, but smiling proudly—with the pudding, like a speckled cannon-ball, so hard and firm,
  • III.14 blazing in half of half-a-quartern of ignited brandy, and bedight with Christmas holly stuck into the top.
  • III.15 Bob Cratchit said, and calmly too, that he regarded it as the greatest success achieved by Mrs. Cratchit since their marriage.Причастие прошедшего времени после существительного заменяет придаточное: success (that was) achieved by — «успех, достигнутый кем-то».
  • III.15 Then all the Cratchit family drew round the hearth, in what Bob Cratchit called a circle, meaning half a one;
  • III.15 and Bob served it out with beaming looks, while the chestnuts on the fire sputtered and cracked noisily.
  • III.16 “I see a vacant seat,” replied the Ghost, “in the poor chimney-corner, and a crutch without an owner, carefully preserved.Причастный оборот после существительного: «костыль, бережно хранимый». Костыль, на котором ходил Тим, семья сбережёт как память.
  • III.17 Scrooge bent before the Ghost’s rebuke, and trembling cast his eyes upon the ground.Причастие trembling «дрожа» стоит без запятых перед сказуемым. cast one’s eyes upon — книжное «бросить, устремить взгляд на»; у cast все три формы одинаковы, так что прошедшее время видно только из соседнего bent.
  • III.17 “The Founder of the Feast indeed!” cried Mrs. Cratchit, reddening.
  • III.18 Bob Cratchit told them how he had a situation in his eye for Master Peter, which would bring in, if obtained, full five-and-sixpence weekly.
  • III.18 and by-and-bye they had a song, about a lost child travelling in the snow, from Tiny Tim, who had a plaintive little voice, and sang it very well indeed.Причастный оборот определяет child: «ребёнок, бредущий по снегу». travel здесь в старом, широком смысле «идти, держать путь», не «путешествовать». Две l в travelling — британское написание.
  • III.19 and as Scrooge and the Spirit went along the streets, the brightness of the roaring fires in kitchens, parlours, and all sorts of rooms, was wonderful.a roaring fire — устойчивое сочетание: жарко пылающий огонь в камине, который гудит в трубе. fire в английском доме того времени — прежде всего огонь в камине.
  • III.19 Here, the flickering of the blaze showed preparations for a cosy dinner, with hot plates baking through and through before the fire,
  • III.19 Here, again, were shadows on the window-blind of guests assembling;
  • III.19 and there a group of handsome girls, all hooded and fur-booted, and all chattering at once, tripped lightly off to some near neighbour’s house;
  • III.20 and floated on, outpouring, with a generous hand, its bright and harmless mirth on everything within its reach!Редкий глагол outpour «изливать»; обычно говорят pour out. Сегодня outpouring живёт как существительное: «излияние (чувств)». Дополнение к нему — its … mirth, а with a generous hand вставлено между ними.
  • III.20 The very lamplighter, who ran on before, dotting the dusky street with specks of light, and who was dressed to spend the evening somewhere,dot — «усеивать точками»; speck — «крапинка, пятнышко». dusky — от dusk «сумерки».
  • III.20 Down in the west the setting sun had left a streak of fiery red, which glared upon the desolation for an instant, like a sullen eye,
  • III.20 and frowning lower, lower, lower yet, was lost in the thick gloom of darkest night.
  • III.21 Passing through the wall of mud and stone, they found a cheerful company assembled round a glowing fire.Причастный оборот: «проходя (пройдя) сквозь стену». Дух и Скрудж невидимы и бесплотны, стены им не помеха.
  • III.21 The Spirit did not tarry here, but bade Scrooge hold his robe, and passing on above the moor, sped—whither?
  • III.21 To Scrooge’s horror, looking back, he saw the last of the land, a frightful range of rocks, behind them;
  • III.22 Built upon a dismal reef of sunken rocks, some league or so from shore, on which the waters chafed and dashed, the wild year through, there stood a solitary lighthouse.
  • III.22 Great heaps of sea-weed clung to its base, and storm-birds—born of the wind one might suppose, as sea-weed of the water—rose and fell about it, like the waves they skimmed.
  • III.22 Joining their horny hands over the rough table at which they sat, they wished each other Merry Christmas in their can of grog;
  • III.22 and one of them: the elder, too, with his face all damaged and scarred with hard weather, as the figure-head of an old ship might be:
  • III.22 Again the Ghost sped on, above the black and heaving sea—on, on—until, being far away, as he told Scrooge, from any shore, they lighted on a ship.Причастный оборот со вставкой внутри: «находясь, как он сказал Скруджу, далеко от всякого берега». В утвердительном предложении any — «любой, всякий».
  • III.22 but every man among them hummed a Christmas tune, or had a Christmas thought, or spoke below his breath to his companion of some bygone Christmas Day, with homeward hopes belonging to it.
  • III.22 And every man on board, waking or sleeping, good or bad, had had a kinder word for another on that day than on any day in the year;Два причастия и два прилагательных при every man: «бодрствовал ли он или спал, был ли хорош или плох».
  • III.23 It was a great surprise to Scrooge, while listening to the moaning of the wind,
  • III.23 and thinking what a solemn thing it was to move on through the lonely darkness over an unknown abyss,
  • III.23 with the Spirit standing smiling by his side, and looking at that same nephew with approving affability!
  • III.23 When Scrooge’s nephew laughed in this way: holding his sides, rolling his head, and twisting his face into the most extravagant contortions:
  • III.23 And their assembled friends being not a bit behindhand, roared out lustily.
  • III.24 With a dimpled, surprised-looking, capital face; a ripe little mouth, that seemed made to be kissed—as no doubt it was;
  • III.25 “Do go on, Fred,” said Scrooge’s niece, clapping her hands.
  • III.26 But being thoroughly good-natured, and not much caring what they laughed at, so that they laughed at any rate,Два причастия на -ing описывают того, о ком скажет главная часть: he, то есть Фред. thoroughly — «вполне, насквозь» (от thorough «основательный»); good-natured — «с добрым нравом», сложное прилагательное из good и nature.
  • III.28 My opinion is, that it was a done thing between him and Scrooge’s nephew;
  • III.28 Knocking down the fire-irons, tumbling over the chairs, bumping against the piano, smothering himself among the curtains, wherever she went, there went he!Четыре причастных оборота подряд описывают, как двигался Топпер: по-русски деепричастия («сбивая, спотыкаясь…»). Подлежащее he появляется только в самом конце.
  • III.29 for wholly forgetting in the interest he had in what was going on, that his voice made no sound in their ears,Причастный оборот называет причину: «забыв, что…». Между forgetting и тем, что забыто (that his voice…), вставлено объяснение, отчего он забыл; запятая перед that — старая пунктуация. Гости не видят и не слышат Скруджа: он здесь только зритель.
  • III.29 for the sharpest needle, best Whitechapel, warranted not to cut in the eye, was not sharper than Scrooge; blunt as he took it in his head to be.
  • III.30 It was a Game called Yes and No, where Scrooge’s nephew had to think of something, and the rest must find out what;
  • III.30 At last the plump sister, falling into a similar state, cried out:
  • III.31 But the whole scene passed off in the breath of the last word spoken by his nephew;Причастие прошедшего времени с зависимыми словами стоит после существительного: «слово, произнесённое его племянником».
  • III.31 by struggling men, and they were patient in their greater hope; by poverty, and it was rich.Люди, которые бьются с нуждой и трудностями. Причастие на -ing перед существительным отвечает на вопрос «какие?».
  • III.32 when, looking at the Spirit as they stood together in an open place, he noticed that its hair was grey.Причастный оборот: «глядя на Духа». Действует тот же, кто в главной части: he, Скрудж.
  • III.32 “Forgive me if I am not justified in what I ask,” said Scrooge, looking intently at the Spirit’s robe,
  • III.32 “but I see something strange, and not belonging to yourself, protruding from your skirts.
  • III.33 Yellow, meagre, ragged, scowling, wolfish; but prostrate, too, in their humility.
  • III.33 a stale and shrivelled hand, like that of age, had pinched, and twisted them, and pulled them into shreds.
  • III.33 Where angels might have sat enthroned, devils lurked, and glared out menacing.
  • III.33 Scrooge started back, appalled.Причастие от appal «ужасать»: «охваченный ужасом». Стоит после запятой и описывает Скруджа в ту минуту, когда он отпрянул.
  • III.33 Having them shown to him in this way, he tried to say they were fine children,
  • III.33 “They are Man’s,” said the Spirit, looking down upon them.
  • III.33 “And they cling to me, appealing from their fathers.
  • III.33 Deny it!” cried the Spirit, stretching out its hand towards the city.
  • III.33 “Are there no prisons?” said the Spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words.
  • III.33 and lifting up his eyes, beheld a solemn Phantom, draped and hooded, coming, like a mist along the ground, towards him.
  • IV.1 The Spirit paused a moment, as observing his condition, and giving him time to recover.as здесь значит as if «как бы, словно»: «как бы заметив». Сегодня сказали бы as if observing. Рассказчик не знает, что думает Дух, и только толкует его остановку.
  • IV.2 It thrilled him with a vague uncertain horror, to know that behind the dusky shroud, there were ghostly eyes intently fixed upon him,fix one’s eyes upon — «устремить взгляд на кого-то». Причастный оборот после существительного: «глаза, пристально устремлённые на него».
  • IV.3 Observing that the hand was pointed to them, Scrooge advanced to listen to their talk.Причастный оборот в начале предложения: «заметив, что…». observe здесь «заметить, увидеть»; ниже в этом же разделе оно значит «заметить вслух, сказать».
  • IV.3 “Why, what was the matter with him?” asked a third, taking a vast quantity of snuff out of a very large snuff-box.
  • IV.3 “I haven’t heard,” said the man with the large chin, yawning again.
  • IV.4 Its finger pointed to two persons meeting.Причастие после существительного: «двух людей, которые встречаются». persons — старое и официальное множественное число; обычно говорят people.
  • IV.4 Scrooge listened again, thinking that the explanation might lie here.
  • IV.4 but feeling assured that they must have some hidden purpose, he set himself to consider what it was likely to be.Причастный оборот причины: «так как он был уверен, что…». feel assured — книжное be sure.
  • IV.4 Nor could he think of any one immediately connected with himself, to whom he could apply them.any one теперь пишут слитно: anyone. Причастный оборот после него: «никого, кто был бы непосредственно связан с ним самим». immediately здесь не «немедленно», а «прямо, близко».
  • IV.4 But nothing doubting that to whomsoever they applied they had some latent moral for his own improvement,
  • IV.6 Secrets that few would like to scrutinise were bred and hidden in mountains of unseemly rags, masses of corrupted fat, and sepulchres of bones.
  • IV.6 Sitting in among the wares he dealt in, by a charcoal stove, made of old bricks, was a grey-haired rascal, nearly seventy years of age;
  • IV.6 who had screened himself from the cold air without, by a frousy curtaining of miscellaneous tatters, hung upon a line;
  • IV.6 and she was closely followed by a man in faded black,
  • IV.7 “You couldn’t have met in a better place,” said old Joe, removing his pipe from his mouth.Причастный оборот вместо второго сказуемого: «вынимая трубку изо рта». Английское his при частях тела по-русски обычно не переводится.
  • IV.7 and having trimmed his smoky lamp (for it was night), with the stem of his pipe, put it in his mouth again.Перфектное причастие (having + причастие прошедшего времени) называет действие, законченное раньше главного: «поправив». trim a lamp — подрезать или поправить фитиль, чтобы лампа горела ровнее и меньше коптила.
  • IV.7 While he did this, the woman who had already spoken threw her bundle on the floor, and sat down in a flaunting manner on a stool;
  • IV.7 crossing her elbows on her knees, and looking with a bold defiance at the other two.Два причастных оборота (crossing…, looking…) описывают, как она сидит: положив руки крест-накрест на колени и подавшись вперёд.
  • IV.7 “Why then, don’t stand staring as if you was afraid, woman; who’s the wiser?stand + причастие на -ing: стоять и при этом что-то делать, «стоять и таращиться».
  • IV.8 “No, indeed,” said Mrs. Dilber, laughing.
  • IV.8 instead of lying gasping out his last there, alone by himself.”
  • IV.8 and the man in faded black, mounting the breach first, produced his plunder.
  • IV.9 and having unfastened a great many knots, dragged out a large and heavy roll of some dark stuff.Перфектное причастие: having + причастие прошедшего времени. Оно называет действие, которое закончилось раньше главного; по-русски это деепричастие совершенного вида: «развязав».
  • IV.9 “Ah!” returned the woman, laughing and leaning forward on her crossed arms.Она сидит, скрестив руки на коленях, и подаётся вперёд, опираясь на них. arm — вся рука от плеча до кисти; кисть — hand.
  • IV.10 Eh?” said old Joe, stopping in his work, and looking up.«Остановившись посреди работы»: stop in — прерваться, не закончив. Работа Джо — разбирать и оценивать вещи.
  • IV.10 As they sat grouped about their spoil, in the scanty light afforded by the old man’s lamp,grouped — причастие прошедшего времени: «сидели, расположившись кучкой». about здесь «вокруг». spoil — «добыча, награбленное»; чаще во множественном числе, spoils.Причастный оборот после существительного: light (which was) afforded by…. afford здесь в книжном значении «давать, доставлять», а не «позволять себе».
  • IV.10 though they had been obscene demons, marketing the corpse itself.
  • IV.11 “Ha, ha!” laughed the same woman, when old Joe, producing a flannel bag with money in it, told out their several gains upon the ground.
  • IV.11 “Spirit!” said Scrooge, shuddering from head to foot.
  • IV.11 a bare, uncurtained bed: on which, beneath a ragged sheet, there lay a something covered up, which, though it was dumb, announced itself in awful language.
  • IV.11 A pale light, rising in the outer air, fell straight upon the bed;
  • IV.11 and on it, plundered and bereft, unwatched, unwept, uncared for, was the body of this man.
  • IV.12 But of the loved, revered, and honoured head, thou canst not turn one hair to thy dread purposes, or make one feature odious.
  • IV.12 Avarice, hard-dealing, griping cares?
  • IV.12 A cat was tearing at the door, and there was a sound of gnawing rats beneath the hearth-stone.
  • IV.12 What they wanted in the room of death, and why they were so restless and disturbed, Scrooge did not dare to think.
  • IV.13 “If there is any person in the town, who feels emotion caused by this man’s death,” said Scrooge quite agonised,Причастие прошедшего времени caused с зависимыми словами стоит после существительного: «волнение, вызванное смертью этого человека». Скрудж ещё не догадался, что this man — он сам.
  • IV.13 and withdrawing it, revealed a room by daylight, where a mother and her children were.Причастный оборот: «отведя её (мантию)». Действует то же Привидение, что и в главной части. withdraw — «отдёргивать, убирать назад».
  • IV.14 “We are quite ruined?”
  • IV.14 but she was thankful in her soul to hear it, and she said so, with clasped hands.«Со сжатыми руками»: clasp one’s hands — сцепить пальцы или стиснуть ладони, как при молитве или сильном волнении.
  • IV.14 The children’s faces, hushed and clustered round to hear what they so little understood, were brighter;Два причастия прошедшего времени описывают лица, а по смыслу самих детей: «притихшие и сгрудившиеся вокруг». hush — «утихнуть, замолчать»; cluster — «собраться кучкой».
  • IV.14 The only emotion that the Ghost could show him, caused by the event, was one of pleasure.Причастный оборот относится к emotion, хотя отделён от него придаточным: «чувство, вызванное этим событием». the event — смерть.
  • IV.15 “Let me see some tenderness connected with a death,” said Scrooge;Причастие connected с зависимыми словами стоит после существительного: «нежность, связанную со смертью». a death с неопределённым артиклем — «чья-нибудь смерть», один случай: только что Скрудж видел, что смерть неизвестного человека принесла людям одну радость.
  • IV.15 The noisy little Cratchits were as still as statues in one corner, and sat looking up at Peter, who had a book before him.Глагол и причастие вместе: «сидели и смотрели», «сидели, глядя». look up at — смотреть снизу вверх: дети сидят ниже Питера.
  • IV.16 “Past it rather,” Peter answered, shutting up his book.
  • IV.17 There was a chair set close beside the child, and there were signs of some one having been there, lately.set здесь причастие прошедшего времени: «стул, поставленный вплотную». the child — умерший Крошка Тим: до похорон тело оставалось в доме.
  • IV.17 and who, meeting him in the street that day, and seeing that he looked a little—“just a little down you know,” said Bob, inquired what had happened to distress him.
  • IV.18 If I can be of service to you in any way,’ he said, giving me his card, ‘that’s where I live.
  • IV.18 “Get along with you!” retorted Peter, grinning.
  • IV.19 Indeed, the Spirit did not stay for anything, but went straight on, as to the end just now desired, until besought by Scrooge to tarry for a moment.
  • IV.20 He joined it once again, and wondering why and whither he had gone, accompanied it until they reached an iron gate.
  • IV.20 Walled in by houses; overrun by grass and weeds, the growth of vegetation’s death, not life;Фраза без подлежащего и сказуемого: одни причастия прошедшего времени, которые описывают place из предыдущего предложения, — «обнесённое…, заросшее…». wall in — «окружить со всех сторон, как стеной».
  • IV.20 choked up with too much burying; fat with repleted appetite.
  • IV.20 He advanced towards it trembling.
  • IV.21 Scrooge crept towards it, trembling as he went;Причастие trembling отвечает на вопрос «как?»: «дрожа». as he went — «пока шёл», «на ходу».
  • IV.21 and following the finger, read upon the stone of the neglected grave his own name, EBENEZER SCROOGE.«Следуя за пальцем», то есть глядя туда, куда он указывает. С самого начала строфы Дух не говорит ни слова и только показывает рукой.
  • IV.21 “Spirit!” he cried, tight clutching at its robe, “hear me!tight здесь наречие, «крепко» (то же, что tightly), и стоит перед причастием, а не после него, как обычно. clutch at — «хвататься, цепляться за что-то».
  • IV.21 Assure me that I yet may change these shadows you have shown me, by an altered life!”
  • IV.21 Holding up his hands in a last prayer to have his fate reversed, he saw an alteration in the Phantom’s hood and dress.
  • V.1 He was so fluttered and so glowing with his good intentions, that his broken voice would scarcely answer to his call.
  • V.1 “They are not torn down,” cried Scrooge, folding one of his bed-curtains in his arms,Причастный оборот: что Скрудж делал, пока говорил. fold in one’s arms — «заключить в объятия»: он обнимает занавеску, как живое существо.
  • V.1 turning them inside out, putting them on upside down, tearing them, mislaying them,Четыре причастия подряд раскрывают, чем были «заняты» руки: «выворачивая…, надевая…, разрывая…, теряя…». По-русски удобнее глаголы.
  • V.1 making them parties to every kind of extravagance.
  • V.1 “I don’t know what to do!” cried Scrooge, laughing and crying in the same breath;
  • V.1 and making a perfect Laocoön of himself with his stockings.
  • V.2 “There’s the saucepan that the gruel was in!” cried Scrooge, starting off again, and going round the fireplace.
  • V.2 There’s the window where I saw the wandering Spirits!
  • V.2 Running to the window, he opened it, and put out his head.Причастный оборот в начале фразы называет действие, которое произошло прямо перед главным: «подбежав к окну».
  • V.2 No fog, no mist; clear, bright, jovial, stirring, cold; cold, piping for the blood to dance to;
  • V.2 “What’s to-day!” cried Scrooge, calling downward to a boy in Sunday clothes,
  • V.4 “I’ll send it to Bob Cratchit’s!” whispered Scrooge, rubbing his hands, and splitting with a laugh.
  • V.4 As he stood there, waiting his arrival, the knocker caught his eye.
  • V.4 “I shall love it, as long as I live!” cried Scrooge, patting it with his hand.
  • V.5 and walking with his hands behind him, Scrooge regarded every one with a delighted smile.
  • V.5 “My dear sir,” said Scrooge, quickening his pace, and taking the old gentleman by both his hands.
  • V.8 He was on his stool in a jiffy; driving away with his pen, as if he were trying to overtake nine o’clock.
  • V.8 “It’s only once a year, sir,” pleaded Bob, appearing from the Tank.
  • V.8 And therefore,” he continued, leaping from his stool, and giving Bob such a dig in the waistcoat that he staggered back into the Tank again;
  • V.9 I’ll raise your salary, and endeavour to assist your struggling family,Причастие от struggle «бороться»: о семье или человеке это «еле сводящий концы с концами, бедствующий».
  • V.9 and we will discuss your affairs this very afternoon, over a Christmas bowl of smoking bishop, Bob!
  • V.9 and knowing that such as these would be blind anyway,Причастный оборот называет причину: «зная, что…», «так как он знал, что…». Его деятель — подлежащее главной части, he, которое идёт дальше.