Страдательный залог: be + причастие

Форма be с третьей формой глагола показывает, что подлежащее не действует само, а испытывает действие: was signed «была подписана». Деятель, если назван, вводится предлогом by.

Примеры

• The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman 1.1Запись о его погребении была подписана священником
• The firm was known as Scrooge and Marley. 1.2Фирма была известна как «Скрудж и Марли».
• This must be distinctly understood 1.2Это надо ясно понять
• I wish to be left alone 1.9Я хочу, чтобы меня оставили в покое
• The air was filled with phantoms 1.25Воздух был полон призраков

В тексте 198

• I.1 The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner.Страдательный залог: be в нужном времени и причастие прошедшего времени. was signed — «была подписана»; кто это сделал, вводит предлог by, по-русски это творительный падеж: «священником».
• I.1 And even Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event, but that he was an excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral, and solemnised it with an undoubted bargain.
• I.2 This must be distinctly understood, or nothing wonderful can come of the story I am going to relate.Модальный глагол с пассивным инфинитивом: must be understood — «должно быть понято». По-русски естественнее безлично: «это нужно ясно понять».
• I.2 The firm was known as Scrooge and Marley.Пассив от know: be known as — «быть известным как, под названием». firm — торговое товарищество, дело компаньонов; название по фамилиям владельцев было обычным.
• I.5 “every idiot who goes about with ‘Merry Christmas’ on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding,
• I.5 and buried with a stake of holly through his heart.
• I.8 “We have no doubt his liberality is well represented by his surviving partner,” said the gentleman, presenting his credentials.Пассив: «достойно представлена пережившим его компаньоном». surviving — «оставшийся в живых» (от survive «пережить»). Джентльмен любезно предполагает, что покойный был щедр, а Скрудж ему под стать.
• I.8 It certainly was; for they had been two kindred spirits.
• I.9 We choose this time, because it is a time, of all others, when Want is keenly felt, and Abundance rejoices.
• I.9 “I wish to be left alone,” said Scrooge.Скрудж возвращает джентльмену его же оборот wish to be…. to be left — инфинитив пассива: «быть оставленным». leave somebody alone — «оставить в покое, не трогать».
• I.11 The owner of one scant young nose, gnawed and mumbled by the hungry cold as bones are gnawed by dogs,Пассив в настоящем времени: так бывает всегда. Тот, кто действует, вводится предлогом by: by dogs — «собаками».
• I.12 The office was closed in a twinkling, and the clerk, with the long ends of his white comforter dangling below his waist (for he boasted no great-coat),
• I.12 It was old enough now, and dreary enough, for nobody lived in it but Scrooge, the other rooms being all let out as offices.
• I.13 also that Scrooge had as little of what is called fancy about him as any man in the city of London, even including—which is a bold word—the corporation, aldermen, and livery.«То, что называется воображением»: what = «то, что». fancy здесь — «воображение, фантазия»; в этом значении сейчас обычно говорят imagination.
• I.13 Let it also be borne in mind that Scrooge had not bestowed one thought on Marley, since his last mention of his seven years’ dead partner that afternoon.
• I.13 The hair was curiously stirred, as if by breath or hot air;curiously — «странно, удивительно». После as if пропущено it was stirred: «как будто (их шевелило) дыхание или горячий воздух».
• I.14 To say that he was not startled, or that his blood was not conscious of a terrible sensation to which it had been a stranger from infancy, would be untrue.
• I.14 and he did look cautiously behind it first, as if he half expected to be terrified with the sight of Marley’s pigtail sticking out into the hall.half expect — «наполовину ожидать», то есть почти ждать. Инфинитив пассива to be terrified: «(ожидал) быть приведённым в ужас». terrify — самое сильное из слов испуга, от terror.
• I.14 Scrooge was not a man to be frightened by echoes.
• I.16 He was obliged to sit close to it, and brood over it, before he could extract the least sensation of warmth from such a handful of fuel.be obliged to + инфинитив — «быть вынужденным»: по форме страдательный залог от oblige «обязывать». От to зависят оба инфинитива: sit и brood.
• I.17 They were succeeded by a clanking noise, deep down below; as if some person were dragging a heavy chain over the casks in the wine-merchant’s cellar.succeed значит не только «преуспевать», но и «следовать за чем-то, сменять» (ср. successor «преемник»). Дословно: «они были сменены лязгом», то есть за звоном последовал лязг.
• I.17 Scrooge then remembered to have heard that ghosts in haunted houses were described as dragging chains.Дословно: «описывались как волочащие цепи», то есть «о них рассказывали, что они волочат цепи».
• I.17 The chain he drew was clasped about his middle.
• I.17 and it was made (for Scrooge observed it closely) of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel.
• I.19 There was something very awful, too, in the spectre’s being provided with an infernal atmosphere of its own.
• I.19 for though the Ghost sat perfectly motionless, its hair, and skirts, and tassels, were still agitated as by the hot vapour from an oven.Пассив: «были колеблемы», по-русски проще «колыхались». as by — сокращённое as if they were agitated by: «словно от». vapour — британское написание (амер. vapor).
• I.20 “Well!” returned Scrooge, “I have but to swallow this, and be for the rest of my days persecuted by a legion of goblins, all of my own creation.
• I.20 “It is required of every man,” the Ghost returned, “that the spirit within him should walk abroad among his fellowmen, and travel far and wide;
• I.20 and if that spirit goes not forth in life, it is condemned to do so after death.
• I.20 It is doomed to wander through the world—oh, woe is me!—and witness what it cannot share, but might have shared on earth, and turned to happiness!”
• I.21 “You are fettered,” said Scrooge, trembling.
• I.21 Scrooge glanced about him on the floor, in the expectation of finding himself surrounded by some fifty or sixty fathoms of iron cable:
• I.21 “It comes from other regions, Ebenezer Scrooge, and is conveyed by other ministers, to other kinds of men.
• I.22 that the Ward would have been justified in indicting it for a nuisance.
• I.22 before the good of which it is susceptible is all developed.После before настоящее время обозначает будущее: «прежде чем … будет развито». all здесь «целиком, до конца». Два is подряд принадлежат разным предложениям: первое кончает придаточное, второе — сказуемое к the good.
• I.24 “You will be haunted,” resumed the Ghost, “by Three Spirits.”Будущее время пассива: will be + причастие. haunt говорят о привидениях: «являться кому-то, обитать где-то» (a haunted house — «дом с привидениями»). По-русски естественнее действительный залог: «к тебе явятся три Духа».
• I.24 Scrooge knew this, by the smart sound its teeth made, when the jaws were brought together by the bandage.Пассив: «были сведены вместе повязкой». bandage — та же повязка, что названа wrapper; ударение на первом слоге: /ˈbændɪdʒ/.
• I.25 The air was filled with phantoms, wandering hither and thither in restless haste, and moaning as they went.be filled with — «быть полным чего-то»; после filled всегда with.
• I.25 some few (they might be guilty governments) were linked together; none were free.
• I.25 Many had been personally known to Scrooge in their lives.
• II.1 He was obliged to rub the frost off with the sleeve of his dressing-gown before he could see anything; and could see very little then.be obliged to + инфинитив — «быть вынужденным», книжная замена had to: «ему пришлось».
• II.2 and presented the same problem to be worked all through, “Was it a dream or not?”
• II.2 Light flashed up in the room upon the instant, and the curtains of his bed were drawn.Пассив: кто отдёрнул полог, пока не сказано, и в этом весь эффект. draw the curtains может значить и «задёрнуть», и «раздвинуть» занавески; следующий раздел уточнит: drawn aside, «отдёрнуты в сторону». Речь о пологе старинной кровати.
• II.3 The curtains of his bed were drawn aside, I tell you, by a hand.Страдательный залог: занавески «были отдёрнуты», а кем, говорит by. Прошлый раздел кончился теми же словами без by a hand; теперь рассказчик повторяет их и добавляет главное: это сделала чья-то рука.
• II.3 Not the curtains at his feet, nor the curtains at his back, but those to which his face was addressed.
• II.3 The curtains of his bed were drawn aside;
• II.3 which gave him the appearance of having receded from the view, and being diminished to a child’s proportions.
• II.3 It wore a tunic of the purest white; and round its waist was bound a lustrous belt, the sheen of which was beautiful.
• II.4 “Are you the Spirit, sir, whose coming was foretold to me?” asked Scrooge.whose — «чей», о Духе как о лице. coming — существительное «приход, прибытие». foretell = fore- («заранее, пред-») + tell: «предсказывать». Приход Духа предсказал Скруджу призрак Марли.
• II.4 but he had a special desire to see the Spirit in his cap; and begged him to be covered.
• II.5 It would have been in vain for Scrooge to plead that the weather and the hour were not adapted to pedestrian purposes;
• II.5 The grasp, though gentle as a woman’s hand, was not to be resisted.
• II.5 “Bear but a touch of my hand there,” said the Spirit, laying it upon his heart, “and you shall be upheld in more than this!”
• II.5 As the words were spoken, they passed through the wall, and stood upon an open country road, with fields on either hand.
• II.5 Not a vestige of it was to be seen.
• II.6 “I was bred in this place.breed, bred, bred — «разводить, растить, воспитывать»; в пассиве о человеке: «я здесь вырос, воспитывался». Ср. well-bred «воспитанный» и пару born and bred «родился и вырос».
• II.6 Some shaggy ponies now were seen trotting towards them with boys upon their backs,
• II.6 who called to other boys in country gigs and carts, driven by farmers.
• II.7 Why was he rejoiced beyond all bounds to see them!
• II.7 Why was he filled with gladness when he heard them give each other Merry Christmas, as they parted at cross-roads and bye-ways, for their several homes!
• II.7 “A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still.”Пассив от leave «оставлять»: «оставлен там». still — «всё ещё, до сих пор» — стоит в конце, что звучит немного книжно.
• II.7 for the spacious offices were little used, their walls were damp and mossy, their windows broken, and their gates decayed.
• II.7 Fowls clucked and strutted in the stables; and the coach-houses and sheds were over-run with grass.overrun (у Диккенса через дефис) — «заполонить, наводнить»: о сорняках, мышах, врагах. «Заросли травой».
• II.8 One Christmas time, when yonder solitary child was left here all alone, he did come, for the first time, just like that.
• II.8 And what’s his name, who was put down in his drawers, asleep, at the Gate of Damascus; don’t you see him!
• II.9 The panels shrunk, the windows cracked; fragments of plaster fell out of the ceiling, and the naked laths were shown instead;
• II.9 but how all this was brought about, Scrooge knew no more than you do.
• II.11 He then conveyed him and his sister into the veriest old well of a shivering best-parlour that ever was seen,«какой только когда-либо видели». Сейчас порядок слов был бы that was ever seen.
• II.11 Master Scrooge’s trunk being by this time tied on to the top of the chaise, the children bade the schoolmaster good-bye right willingly;
• II.12 It was made plain enough, by the dressing of the shops, that here too it was Christmas time again;
• II.12 but it was evening, and the streets were lighted up.
• II.12 “Was I apprenticed here!”
• II.13 He was very much attached to me, was Dick.
• II.13 It was done in a minute.
• II.13 Every movable was packed off, as if it were dismissed from public life for evermore;
• II.13 the floor was swept and watered, the lamps were trimmed, fuel was heaped upon the fire;Три пассива подряд: важно, что сделано, а не кто делал. По-русски естественнее «подмели, побрызгали». water как глагол — «поливать»: пол сбрызгивали водой, чтобы при танцах не поднималась пыль.
• II.14 In came the boy from over the way, who was suspected of not having board enough from his master;
• II.14 trying to hide himself behind the girl from next door but one, who was proved to have had her ears pulled by her mistress.
• II.14 When this result was brought about, old Fezziwig, clapping his hands to stop the dance, cried out, “Well done!”
• II.14 as if the other fiddler had been carried home, exhausted, on a shutter, and he were a bran-new man resolved to beat him out of sight, or perish.
• II.15 three or four and twenty pair of partners; people who were not to be trifled with;
• II.16 and thus the cheerful voices died away, and the lads were left to their beds; which were under a counter in the back-shop.Страдательный залог: «были оставлены». leave somebody to something — «предоставить кого-то чему-то, оставить наедине с чем-то».
• II.16 It was not until now, when the bright faces of his former self and Dick were turned from them, that he remembered the Ghost,them — старый Скрудж и Призрак, невидимые зрители: юноши отвернулись (легли спать), и чары сцены ослабли.
• II.17 This was not addressed to Scrooge, or to any one whom he could see, but it produced an immediate effect.Страдательный залог: «было обращено не к…». address — «обращаться к кому-то, адресовать».
• II.18 It was made when we were both poor and content to be so,
• II.18 When it was made, you were another man.”
• II.21 and the latter, soon beginning to mingle in the sports, got pillaged by the young brigands most ruthlessly.Пассив с get вместо be: разговорнее и подчёркивает, что с человеком что-то случилось. pillage — «грабить (захваченный город)», brigand — «разбойник»: дети описаны как шайка грабителей. most ruthlessly — «в высшей степени безжалостно», это не сравнение.
• II.22 But now a knocking at the door was heard, and such a rush immediately ensuedПассив там, где по-русски безличное «послышался стук»: кто слышит, неважно. knock at the door — «стучать в дверь», предлог at.
• II.22 that she with laughing face and plundered dress was borne towards it the centre of a flushed and boisterous group,borne — причастие от bear «нести»: «её понесло к двери». the centre of a … group — приложение к she без союза: она оказалась в середине ватаги, «как её центр». Пишется centre по-британски (амер. center).
• II.22 Then the shouting and the struggling, and the onslaught that was made on the defenceless porter!
• II.22 The shouts of wonder and delight with which the development of every package was received!
• II.22 The terrible announcement that the baby had been taken in the act of putting a doll’s frying-pan into his mouth,
• II.22 and was more than suspected of having swallowed a fictitious turkey, glued on a wooden platter!
• II.23 and as it was not shut up, and he had a candle inside, I could scarcely help seeing him.
• II.23 In the struggle, if that can be called a struggle in which the Ghost with no visible resistance on its own part was undisturbed by any effort of its adversary,Модальный глагол с пассивным инфинитивом: can be called — «может быть названо», по-русски «если это можно назвать борьбой». Рассказчик поправляет себя: борется один Скрудж.
• II.24 He was conscious of being exhausted, and overcome by an irresistible drowsiness; and, further, of being in his own bedroom.overcome, overcame, overcome — «одолеть, пересилить»; причастие совпадает с инфинитивом. О сне, чувстве, усталости: overcome by drowsiness — «охваченный дремотой».
• III.1 Scrooge had no occasion to be told that the bell was again upon the stroke of One.have no occasion to — книжное «не иметь причины, нужды». to be told — пассивный инфинитив: «чтобы ему сказали». Смысл: Скруджу не нужно было объяснять, он и сам знал.
• III.1 He felt that he was restored to consciousness in the right nick of time,Нарочито торжественно о простом «проснулся»: «был возвращён к сознанию». Пассив намекает, что разбудили его не случайно: об этом кто-то позаботился.
• III.1 For he wished to challenge the Spirit on the moment of its appearance, and did not wish to be taken by surprise, and made nervous.take by surprise — «застать врасплох», выражение военное. Оба причастия зависят от одного to be: to be taken … and (to be) made nervous — «чтобы его застигли врасплох и привели в трепет». nervous — «встревоженный, робеющий», а не «нервный» по характеру.
• III.2 and, consequently, when the Bell struck One, and no shape appeared, he was taken with a violent fit of trembling.be taken with — «быть охваченным» (болезнью, приступом). fit — «приступ, припадок»: a fit of coughing, a fit of laughter. violent здесь — «очень сильный», а не «жестокий».
• III.2 for it is always the person not in the predicament who knows what ought to have been done in it, and would unquestionably have done it too—at last, I say,
• III.3 The walls and ceiling were so hung with living green, that it looked a perfect grove; from every part of which, bright gleaming berries glistened.
• III.4 It was clothed in one simple green robe, or mantle, bordered with white fur.clothe — книжный глагол «одевать, облачать», от clothes «одежда»; be clothed in — «быть одетым во что-то». Читается /kləʊðd/.
• III.4 This garment hung so loosely on the figure, that its capacious breast was bare, as if disdaining to be warded or concealed by any artifice.
• III.4 Girded round its middle was an antique scabbard; but no sword was in it, and the ancient sheath was eaten up with rust.
• III.5 Scrooge did as he was told, and held it fast.В английском подлежащим пассива может стать тот, кому говорят: he was told — «ему велели». По-русски так сказать нельзя, поэтому переводим безлично.
• III.5 which last deposit had been ploughed up in deep furrows by the heavy wheels of carts and waggons;
• III.5 The sky was gloomy, and the shortest streets were choked up with a dingy mist, half thawed, half frozen,
• III.6 there were bunches of grapes, made, in the shopkeepers’ benevolence to dangle from conspicuous hooks, that people’s mouths might water gratis as they passed;
• III.6 and, in the great compactness of their juicy persons, urgently entreating and beseeching to be carried home in paper bags and eaten after dinner.Инфинитив пассива: to be + причастие. to be стоит один раз, а причастий два: «чтобы их унесли домой и съели». dinner — главная трапеза дня, рождественский обед.
• III.7 or that the canisters were rattled up and down like juggling tricks, or even that the blended scents of tea and coffee were so grateful to the nose,canister — жестяная банка для чая или кофе. rattle — «греметь, грохотать»; в пассиве: банки с грохотом снимали с полок и ставили обратно, так что они мелькали, как предметы в руках жонглёра.
• III.8 he shed a few drops of water on them from it, and their good humour was restored directly.Пассив: «их хорошее настроение было восстановлено», то есть вернулось. directly здесь не «прямо», а «тотчас же»: значение обычное для британской речи того времени.
• III.8 In time the bells ceased, and the bakers were shut up;
• III.9 often the only day on which they can be said to dine at all,” said Scrooge.Дословно «они могут быть названы обедающими»; по-русски «о них можно сказать, что они обедают». Так строят пассив с say, think, know: he is said to be rich, «говорят, что он богат».
• III.9 It has been done in your name, or at least in that of your family,” said Scrooge.Перфект в пассиве: have + been + причастие. Это делалось раньше, и последствия видны сейчас; кто делал, не сказано.
• III.10 until the slow potatoes bubbling up, knocked loudly at the saucepan-lid to be let out and peeled.Инфинитив цели в пассиве: «чтобы их выпустили и очистили». let out — «выпустить»; peel — «снимать кожуру»: картофель варили в мундире.
• III.12 His active little crutch was heard upon the floor, and back came Tiny Tim before another word was spoken, escorted by his brother and sister to his stool before the fire;Страдательный залог: «был слышен костылёк», то есть его стук по полу. active «деятельный, проворный» сказано о костыле, хотя проворен, конечно, сам мальчик.«Прежде чем было произнесено ещё одно слово», то есть тотчас же. another = an + other: «ещё один».
• III.12 and while Bob, turning up his cuffs—as if, poor fellow, they were capable of being made more shabby—compounded some hot mixture in a jug with gin and lemons,
• III.13 and mounting guard upon their posts, crammed spoons into their mouths, lest they should shriek for goose before their turn came to be helped.
• III.13 At last the dishes were set on, and grace was said.Страдательный залог; on здесь наречие: «поставлены на (стол)».
• III.13 It was succeeded by a breathless pause, as Mrs. Cratchit, looking slowly all along the carving-knife, prepared to plunge it in the breast;succeed значит здесь «следовать за, сменять»: буквально «она (молитва) была сменена паузой». Привычное значение «преуспевать» сюда не подходит.
• III.14 Yet every one had had enough, and the youngest Cratchits in particular, were steeped in sage and onion to the eyebrows!
• III.14 All sorts of horrors were supposed.Буквально «всевозможные ужасы были предположены». Диккенс играет словом: трижды Suppose…, потом supposition и наконец were supposed.
• III.15 At last the dinner was all done, the cloth was cleared, the hearth swept, and the fire made up.
• III.15 The compound in the jug being tasted, and considered perfect, apples and oranges were put upon the table, and a shovel-full of chestnuts on the fire.
• III.16 and wished to keep him by his side, and dreaded that he might be taken from him.
• III.16 say he will be spared.”Пропущено that: say (that) he will be spared. spare — «щадить»; в пассиве be spared значит «остаться в живых, уцелеть». Строчная буква после восклицательного знака — пунктуация Диккенса: фраза продолжается.
• III.16 Scrooge hung his head to hear his own words quoted by the Spirit, and was overcome with penitence and grief.overcome здесь причастие (overcome, overcame, overcome): «был охвачен, сражён». Чувство вводит предлог with. penitence — книжное слово: «раскаяние, покаяние».
• III.17 The mention of his name cast a dark shadow on the party, which was not dispelled for full five minutes.which относится не к ближайшему party, а к shadow: тень «не была рассеяна». По-русски проще действительным залогом: «не рассеивалась».
• III.18 After it had passed away, they were ten times merrier than before, from the mere relief of Scrooge the Baleful being done with.
• III.19 and deep red curtains, ready to be drawn to shut out cold and darkness.draw the curtains — «задёрнуть (или раздвинуть) занавески»: draw значит «тянуть». Инфинитив здесь пассивный: «готовые к тому, чтобы их задёрнули».
• III.20 where monstrous masses of rude stone were cast about, as though it were the burial-place of giants;cast (все три формы одинаковы) — книжное «бросать, швырять»; about — «повсюду, в беспорядке». «Были разбросаны там и сям».
• III.20 and frowning lower, lower, lower yet, was lost in the thick gloom of darkest night.be lost — «пропасть, затеряться»: «потонула во мраке».
• III.21 and his ears were deafened by the thundering of water, as it rolled and roared, and raged among the dreadful caverns it had worn, and fiercely tried to undermine the earth.Страдательный залог: «были оглушены (чем)». deafen образовано от deaf «глухой».
• III.24 With a dimpled, surprised-looking, capital face; a ripe little mouth, that seemed made to be kissed—as no doubt it was;to be kissed — инфинитив пассива: «чтобы его целовали». as no doubt it was — «каким он, без сомнения, и был»: был создан для поцелуев; фразу можно понять и так, что его и вправду целовали.
• III.25 Everybody else said the same, and they must be allowed to have been competent judges, because they had just had dinner;Здесь allow значит не «разрешать», а «признавать, допускать» (книжное значение). Дословно «они должны быть признаны бывшими…», то есть «надо признать, что они были…». Перфектный инфинитив to have been относит «были» к прошлому.
• III.25 and, with the dessert upon the table, were clustered round the fire, by lamplight.Подлежащее всё то же they из предыдущей части. cluster — «собираться гроздью, кучкой» (от cluster «гроздь»); were clustered здесь описывает состояние: «сидели тесным кружком».
• III.25 his example was unanimously followed.Страдательный залог: дословно «его пример был единодушно последован». По-русски так сказать нельзя, поэтому «его примеру все последовали», то есть все расхохотались. Торжественное unanimously (так пишут о голосовании) звучит здесь шутливо.
• III.27 which had been familiar to the child who fetched Scrooge from the boarding-school, as he had been reminded by the Ghost of Christmas Past.Пассив в Past Perfect: had been + причастие, «как ему было напомнено Духом». По-русски естественнее актив: «как ему напомнил Дух». as здесь относится ко всему сказанному: «о чём…».
• III.29 Scrooge’s niece was not one of the blind-man’s buff party, but was made comfortable with a large chair and a footstool, in a snug corner, where the Ghost and Scrooge were close behind her.Пассив от make somebody comfortable — «удобно устроить кого-то». Кто её усадил, не сказано; по-русски проще «её удобно усадили». with называет то, чем создано удобство: кресло и скамеечка.
• III.29 The Ghost was greatly pleased to find him in this mood, and looked upon him with such favour, that he begged like a boy to be allowed to stay until the guests departed.he здесь уже Скрудж: местоимение сменило хозяина посреди фразы. to be allowed — пассивный инфинитив: «чтобы ему позволили».
• III.29 But this the Spirit said could not be done.
• III.30 The brisk fire of questioning to which he was exposed, elicited from him that he was thinking of an animal, a live animal, rather a disagreeable animal, a savage animal,
• III.30 and wasn’t made a show of, and wasn’t led by anybody, and didn’t live in a menagerie, and was never killed in a market,«Его никто не водит»: так водят напоказ зверей, например медведя. После отрицания anybody значит «никто».
• III.30 At every fresh question that was put to him, this nephew burst into a fresh roar of laughter;Вопрос по-английски «кладут» перед человеком: put a question to somebody — «задать вопрос кому-то».
• III.30 and was so inexpressibly tickled, that he was obliged to get up off the sofa and stamp.
• III.32 but Scrooge had his doubts of this, because the Christmas Holidays appeared to be condensed into the space of time they passed together.
• III.32 “Forgive me if I am not justified in what I ask,” said Scrooge, looking intently at the Spirit’s robe,to be justified in something — «иметь право, основание для чего-то». what здесь значит «то, что»: «если я не вправе спрашивать то, что спрашиваю». Скрудж говорит с Духом очень почтительно.
• III.33 for on his brow I see that written which is Doom, unless the writing be erased.
• IV.1 It was shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its head, its face, its form, and left nothing of it visible save one outstretched hand.
• IV.1 But for this it would have been difficult to detach its figure from the night, and separate it from the darkness by which it was surrounded.Предлог by при пассиве стоит перед which: «которой оно было окружено». Чёрное на чёрном: фигура сливается с ночью.
• IV.1 The upper portion of the garment was contracted for an instant in its folds, as if the Spirit had inclined its head.
• IV.2 The hand was pointed straight before them.Пассив: рука описана как вещь, которую направили. О Привидении ни разу не сказано, что оно что-то сделало по-человечески; всё, что от него видно, — эта рука.
• IV.3 Observing that the hand was pointed to them, Scrooge advanced to listen to their talk.Страдательный залог, который описывает состояние: рука «была направлена» на них. Привидение не говорит ни слова и только указывает рукой.
• IV.3 This pleasantry was received with a general laugh.
• IV.3 “I don’t mind going if a lunch is provided,” observed the gentleman with the excrescence on his nose.
• IV.3 “But I must be fed, if I make one.”Модальный глагол + инфинитив пассива: буквально «я должен быть накормлен». По-русски естественнее «меня должны накормить».
• IV.4 “So I am told,” returned the second.Пассив от tell: буквально «я так сказан», по-русски «так мне сказали, так я слышал». So вынесено в начало.
• IV.4 They could scarcely be supposed to have any bearing on the death of Jacob, his old partner,Пассив с инфинитивом: буквально «они едва ли могли быть предположены имеющими». По-русски оборот разворачивают: «едва ли можно было предположить, что они имеют…».
• IV.6 where iron, old rags, bottles, bones, and greasy offal, were bought.Страдательный залог: кто покупал, не сказано, да это и неважно. По-русски неопределённо-личное «скупали». Такие лавки старьёвщиков брали всё, что можно перепродать на переработку: тряпьё шло на бумагу, кости и жир — на клей и мыло.
• IV.6 Upon the floor within, were piled up heaps of rusty keys, nails, chains, hinges, files, scales, weights, and refuse iron of all kinds.
• IV.6 Secrets that few would like to scrutinise were bred and hidden in mountains of unseemly rags, masses of corrupted fat, and sepulchres of bones.Одно were на два причастия. breed — «разводить, плодить»: тайны здесь заводятся в тряпье сами, как черви или болезни.
• IV.6 and she was closely followed by a man in faded black,Страдательный залог, который по-русски приходится перевернуть: буквально «она была вплотную сопровождаема человеком», то есть «сразу за ней вошёл человек». Деятеля вводит by.
• IV.6 who was no less startled by the sight of them, than they had been upon the recognition of each other.
• IV.7 You were made free of it long ago, you know; and the other two an’t strangers.
• IV.8 If he had been, he’d have had somebody to look after him when he was struck with Death,strike — «ударять, поражать»: «когда его сразила смерть». Сегодня сказали бы struck by. Смерть написана с большой буквы, как живое существо.
• IV.8 “It’s the truest word that ever was spoke,” said Mrs. Dilber.
• IV.8 They were severally examined and appraised by old Joe,Одно were на два причастия: «были осмотрены и оценены». appraise — «назначать цену, оценивать» (не путать с praise «хвалить»).
• IV.9 “That’s your account,” said Joe, “and I wouldn’t give another sixpence, if I was to be boiled for not doing it.
• IV.9 Her account was stated on the wall in the same manner.state — «излагать, указывать точно»; state an account — выставить счёт по статьям. Джо, как и в первый раз, пишет мелом цифры на стене и складывает их.
• IV.9 “You were born to make your fortune,” said Joe, “and you’ll certainly do it.”«Родиться» по-английски всегда пассив: be born, буквально «быть рождённым». born — причастие от bear «рожать» (в других значениях пишут borne).
• IV.10 “Putting it on him to be buried in, to be sure,” replied the woman with a laugh.
• IV.11 The room was very dark, too dark to be observed with any accuracy,
• IV.11 Its steady hand was pointed to the head.Буквально «была направлена на»: рука застыла в этом жесте. point to — «указывать на».
• IV.11 The cover was so carelessly adjusted that the slightest raising of it, the motion of a finger upon Scrooge’s part, would have disclosed the face.
• IV.12 He thought, if this man could be raised up now, what would be his foremost thoughts?
• IV.13 At length the long-expected knock was heard.Страдательный залог: «был услышан», по-русски «послышался, раздался». Кто услышал, неважно.
• IV.14 “To whom will our debt be transferred?”Будущее время страдательного залога: will be + причастие, «будет переведён». Долг после смерти кредитора переходит к его наследнику.
• IV.15 and as they went along, Scrooge looked here and there to find himself, but nowhere was he to be seen.
• IV.17 He left the room, and went up-stairs into the room above, which was lighted cheerfully, and hung with Christmas.Страдательный залог: «была освещена». У light две формы причастия, lighted и lit; сегодня чаще говорят lit.
• IV.17 He was reconciled to what had happened, and went down again quite happy.
• IV.19 Indeed, the Spirit did not stay for anything, but went straight on, as to the end just now desired, until besought by Scrooge to tarry for a moment.
• IV.20 The Spirit stopped; the hand was pointed elsewhere.Пассив называет здесь состояние: «рука была направлена в другое место», то есть указывала не на дом. elsewhere = else «другой» + where «где, куда».
• IV.20 “Men’s courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if persevered in, they must lead,” said Scrooge.Сокращённое придаточное в пассиве: if (they are) persevered in — «если их упорно держаться». persevere in — «упорствовать в чём-то»; в пассиве предлог остаётся при глаголе.
• IV.20 “But if the courses be departed from, the ends will change.
• V.1 Heaven, and the Christmas Time be praised for this!
• V.1 “They are not torn down,” cried Scrooge, folding one of his bed-curtains in his arms,Пассив в настоящем времени: «они не сорваны». tear down — «сорвать (то, что висит)». В четвёртой строфе Скрудж видел, как воровка принесла старьёвщику Джо занавеси, снятые с кровати покойника; теперь он убеждается, что они висят на месте.
• V.1 “they are not torn down, rings and all.
• V.1 They are here—I am here—the shadows of the things that would have been, may be dispelled.После модального глагола пассив стоит в инфинитиве: be + причастие, «могут быть рассеяны». dispel говорят о тумане, тьме, страхах: к «теням» слово подходит буквально.
• V.2 He was checked in his transports by the churches ringing out the lustiest peals he had ever heard.
• V.4 were only to be exceeded by the chuckle with which he sat down breathless in his chair again, and chuckled till he cried.be + to + инфинитив пассива говорит о том, что возможно: «могли быть превзойдены только…», то есть сильнее был лишь последний смешок. exceed — «превосходить».
• V.6 “Lord bless me!” cried the gentleman, as if his breath were taken away.
• V.6 A great many back-payments are included in it, I assure you.
• V.7 They were looking at the table (which was spread out in great array);spread out — «разложить, расставить»; о столе: «накрыть». array — нарядный строй, убранство, так что in great array значит «во всём параде».
• V.8 “It shall not be repeated.
• V.9 “A merry Christmas, Bob!” said Scrooge, with an earnestness that could not be mistaken, as he clapped him on the back.mistake здесь значит «неверно понять, принять за другое»: «серьёзность, которую нельзя было истолковать иначе». Боб только что решил, что хозяин сошёл с ума, и рассказчик уверяет: Скрудж не шутит. earnestness образовано от earnest «серьёзный, искренний» суффиксом -ness.
• V.9 and it was always said of him, that he knew how to keep Christmas well, if any man alive possessed the knowledge.Безличный пассив: it is said that… — «говорят, что…». of him значит «о нём»; сегодня чаще about him, и запятую перед that теперь не ставят.
• V.9 May that be truly said of us, and all of us!