Past Perfect: had + причастие, предпрошедшее

Had с третьей формой глагола называет действие, которое случилось раньше другого прошедшего действия. По-русски это обычное прошедшее время, иногда со словами «уже», «до этого», «раньше».

Примеры

• The city clocks had only just gone three 1.4Городские часы только что пробили три
• it had not been light all day 1.4светло не было весь день
• from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire 1.2из которого никакая сталь ни разу не высекла щедрого огня
• He lived in chambers which had once belonged to his deceased partner. 1.12Он жил в квартире, которая когда-то принадлежала его покойному компаньону.
• Scrooge had often heard it said that Marley had no bowels 1.18Скрудж часто слышал, как говорили, что у Марли нет нутра

В тексте 115

• I.2 Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire;Past Perfect (had + причастие прошедшего времени) показывает то, что было до момента рассказа: за всю прежнюю жизнь Скруджа такого не случилось. Отрицание выражено словом no, поэтому дальше стоит ever «когда-либо», а не never.
• I.4 The city clocks had only just gone three,had с причастием — предпрошедшее: к тому мигу, о котором идёт рассказ, часы уже пробили. go о часах — «бить»; и сейчас говорят it’s just gone three «только что минуло три». only just — «едва-едва, только что».
• I.4 but it was quite dark already—it had not been light all day—and candles were flaring in the windows of the neighbouring offices, like ruddy smears upon the palpable brown air.Предпрошедшее: весь день до этой минуты света не было. it формальное, как всегда о погоде и освещении.
• I.5 He had so heated himself with rapid walking in the fog and frost, this nephew of Scrooge’s, that he was all in a glow;Past Perfect: племянник разгорячился раньше, ещё по дороге. heat oneself — «разгорячиться»; возвратное himself по-русски передаётся частицей «-ся».
• I.8 This lunatic, in letting Scrooge’s nephew out, had let two other people in.Past Perfect: к этой минуте рассказа клерк уже впустил посетителей.
• I.8 It certainly was; for they had been two kindred spirits.
• I.9 I was afraid, from what you said at first, that something had occurred to stop them in their useful course,” said Scrooge.had occurred — предпрошедшее: это случилось бы ещё до того, как Скрудж испугался. Инфинитив to stop называет следствие: «случилось что-то, что их остановило».
• I.10 In the main street, at the corner of the court, some labourers were repairing the gas-pipes, and had lighted a great fire in a brazier,Два времени рядом: were repairing — чинили в это время, had lighted — развели ещё до того, и огонь уже горел. У light две формы прошедшего: lit и lighted.
• I.10 and even the little tailor, whom he had fined five shillings on the previous Monday for being drunk and bloodthirsty in the streets,
• I.11 If the good Saint Dunstan had but nipped the Evil Spirit’s nose with a touch of such weather as that, instead of using his familiar weapons,
• I.12 He lived in chambers which had once belonged to his deceased partner.Past Perfect: комнаты принадлежали Марли до того времени, о котором идёт рассказ. once — здесь «когда-то», а не «один раз». belong to — «принадлежать кому-то».
• I.13 It is also a fact, that Scrooge had seen it, night and morning, during his whole residence in that place;Past Perfect: Скрудж видел молоток много раз до того вечера, о котором идёт рассказ.
• I.13 Let it also be borne in mind that Scrooge had not bestowed one thought on Marley, since his last mention of his seven years’ dead partner that afternoon.bestow on — «даровать, уделять кому-то», слово торжественное: «не удостоил Марли ни одной мыслью». one при отрицании значит «ни один».
• I.14 To say that he was not startled, or that his blood was not conscious of a terrible sensation to which it had been a stranger from infancy, would be untrue.
• I.14 But he put his hand upon the key he had relinquished, turned it sturdily, walked in, and lighted his candle.
• I.17 The bells ceased as they had begun, together.Past Perfect (had begun): зазвонили они раньше, чем смолкли. Смысл: смолкли так же, как и начали, — все одновременно.
• I.18 Scrooge had often heard it said that Marley had no bowels, but he had never believed it until now.Past Perfect: не верил всё время до той минуты, о которой идёт рассказ.
• I.18 and marked the very texture of the folded kerchief bound about its head and chin, which wrapper he had not observed before;
• I.22 Pondering on what the Ghost had said, he did so now, but without lifting up his eyes, or getting off his knees.Причастный оборот: «размышляя о том, что сказал Призрак». had said — предпрошедшее: Призрак сказал раньше, чем Скрудж задумался.
• I.24 Scrooge’s countenance fell almost as low as the Ghost’s had done.
• I.24 When it had said these words, the spectre took its wrapper from the table, and bound it round its head, as before.Past Perfect в придаточном с when: сначала договорил, потом взял платок.
• I.25 Many had been personally known to Scrooge in their lives.Past Perfect в пассиве: had been + причастие. Знакомство относится ко времени до этой ночи, когда эти люди были живы. При known тот, кто знает, вводится предлогом to, а не by: «были лично известны Скруджу», то есть он знал их лично.
• I.25 He had been quite familiar with one old ghost, in a white waistcoat, with a monstrous iron safe attached to its ankle,be familiar with — «хорошо знать, быть знакомым с». Past Perfect: знаком он был с ним раньше, при жизни этого человека.
• I.25 The misery with them all was, clearly, that they sought to interfere, for good, in human matters, and had lost the power for ever.Past Perfect: способность делать добро они утратили раньше, в миг смерти, а стремятся теперь. power здесь не «власть», а «возможность, способность». for ever в британской орфографии часто пишут раздельно.
• I.26 and the night became as it had been when he walked home.«Стала такой, какой была прежде»: had been относит нас ко времени до появления Призрака, к вечеру, когда Скрудж возвращался из конторы.
• I.26 Scrooge closed the window, and examined the door by which the Ghost had entered.
• I.26 It was double-locked, as he had locked it with his own hands, and the bolts were undisturbed.«Так, как он запер её собственными руками»: Past Perfect, потому что запер он раньше. own усиливает притяжательное местоимение: «своими собственными».
• I.26 And being, from the emotion he had undergone, or the fatigues of the day, or his glimpse of the Invisible World,
• II.2 Scrooge lay in this state until the chime had gone three quarters more,О часах и колоколах go значит «бить, звонить». until уже содержит отрицание: «пока не пробили». three quarters more — «ещё три четверти», то есть прошло сорок пять минут.
• II.2 when he remembered, on a sudden, that the Ghost had warned him of a visitation when the bell tolled one.Past Perfect: Призрак предупредил раньше, чем Скрудж об этом вспомнил. warn somebody of something — «предупредить кого-то о чём-то». visitation — торжественное слово для посещения, особенно когда является дух или высшая сила; простой визит — visit.
• II.5 The city had entirely vanished.Past Perfect: к тому мигу, когда они встали на дороге, города уже не было. the city — Лондон.
• II.5 The darkness and the mist had vanished with it, for it was a clear, cold, winter day, with snow upon the ground.
• II.6 Its gentle touch, though it had been light and instantaneous, appeared still present to the old man’s sense of feeling.Past Perfect: прикосновение было раньше, в комнате, а ощущение осталось. instantaneous — «мгновенный», от instant «мгновение».
• II.7 What good had it ever done to him?do good to somebody — «приносить кому-то пользу, делать добро». Past Perfect had done: за всю жизнь до этой минуты. Здесь слышен отзвук спора Скруджа с племянником в первой строфе.
• II.9 He only knew that it was quite correct; that everything had happened so;Past Perfect: Скрудж смотрит на то, что произошло задолго до этой минуты. «Всё так и было когда-то».
• II.9 that there he was, alone again, when all the other boys had gone home for the jolly holidays.Past Perfect: к тому Рождеству, которое показывает Дух, остальные уже разъехались. home без предлога — «домой».
• II.11 who answered that he thanked the gentleman, but if it was the same tap as he had tasted before, he had rather not.
• II.12 Although they had but that moment left the school behind them, they were now in the busy thoroughfares of a city,
• II.14 as if the other fiddler had been carried home, exhausted, on a shutter, and he were a bran-new man resolved to beat him out of sight, or perish.
• II.15 And when old Fezziwig and Mrs. Fezziwig had gone all through the dance;Past Perfect: действие закончилось раньше того, о котором будет сказано дальше (Fezziwig cut). go through — «проделать от начала до конца»; all усиливает: «весь, целиком».
• II.16 When everybody had retired but the two ’prentices, they did the same to them;
• II.16 During the whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits.Past Perfect: рассказ возвращается назад. Бал уже описан до конца, а теперь сказано, что делал Скрудж, пока он шёл.
• II.16 and when he had done so, said,
• II.17 but it had begun to wear the signs of care and avarice.Past Perfect: к той минуте, которую видит Скрудж, это уже началось. Лицо «носит» выражение, как одежду: wear a smile, wear a frown.
• II.17 which showed the passion that had taken root, and where the shadow of the growing tree would fall.
• II.22 The terrible announcement that the baby had been taken in the act of putting a doll’s frying-pan into his mouth,
• II.23 in which in some strange way there were fragments of all the faces it had shown him, wrestled with it.
• III.3 But it had undergone a surprising transformation.Past Perfect: превращение случилось раньше, чем Скрудж вошёл. undergo — неправильный глагол (как go: underwent, undergone), «подвергнуться чему-то, пройти через что-то».
• III.3 The crisp leaves of holly, mistletoe, and ivy reflected back the light, as if so many little mirrors had been scattered there;
• III.3 and such a mighty blaze went roaring up the chimney, as that dull petrification of a hearth had never known in Scrooge’s time, or Marley’s, or for many and many a winter season gone.
• III.3 He was not the dogged Scrooge he had been; and though the Spirit’s eyes were clear and kind, he did not like to meet them.
• III.5 which last deposit had been ploughed up in deep furrows by the heavy wheels of carts and waggons;Past Perfect в пассиве: had been + причастие. Колёса изрыли снег раньше, чем Скрудж это увидел. plough — «плуг, пахать» (амер. plow); up добавляет «всё, сплошь».
• III.8 And it was a very uncommon kind of torch, for once or twice when there were angry words between some dinner-carriers who had jostled each other,Слово dinner-carrier Диккенс составил сам: «тот, кто несёт обед». had jostled — предпрошедшее: сначала толкнули друг друга (jostle — «толкать в толпе»), потом начали браниться.
• III.9 Scrooge promised that he would; and they went on, invisible, as they had been before, into the suburbs of the town.Дух и Скрудж ходят по городу незримо для людей. Past Perfect had been: «какими были и до того».
• III.9 It was a remarkable quality of the Ghost (which Scrooge had observed at the baker’s),
• III.10 And now two smaller Cratchits, boy and girl, came tearing in, screaming that outside the baker’s they had smelt the goose, and known it for their own;Past Perfect в косвенной речи: учуяли раньше, чем прибежали. smelt — британская форма прошедшего от smell. know for — «признать, опознать как»: дети уверены, что пахло именно их гусем.
• III.11 for he had been Tim’s blood horse all the way from church, and had come home rampant.Past Perfect: это было раньше, чем Боб вошёл и расстроился.
• III.12 when she had rallied Bob on his credulity, and Bob had hugged his daughter to his heart’s content.Past Perfect после when: сначала она подразнила мужа, а он наобнимался с дочерью, и только потом она спросила. По-русски «после того как».
• III.14 indeed, as Mrs. Cratchit said with great delight (surveying one small atom of a bone upon the dish), they hadn’t ate it all at last!
• III.14 Yet every one had had enough, and the youngest Cratchits in particular, were steeped in sage and onion to the eyebrows!Первое had — вспомогательный глагол, второе — причастие от have: «каждый получил достаточно», то есть наелся. every one пишется сегодня слитно, everyone, когда речь о людях.
• III.15 Mrs. Cratchit said that now the weight was off her mind, she would confess she had had her doubts about the quantity of flour.Past Perfect от have: первое had вспомогательное, второе — причастие смыслового глагола. Сомнения были раньше, до того как пудинг удался.
• III.16 “Spirit,” said Scrooge, with an interest he had never felt before, “tell me if Tiny Tim will live.”
• III.18 After it had passed away, they were ten times merrier than before, from the mere relief of Scrooge the Baleful being done with.
• III.18 Also how she had seen a countess and a lord some days before, and how the lord “was much about as tall as Peter;”
• III.20 Down in the west the setting sun had left a streak of fiery red, which glared upon the desolation for an instant, like a sullen eye,set о солнце — «заходить, садиться»: the setting sun «заходящее солнце», sunset «закат». Past Perfect: к этой минуте солнце уже скрылось, от него осталась только полоса.
• III.21 was singing them a Christmas song—it had been a very old song when he was a boy—and from time to time they all joined in the chorus.Past Perfect отодвигает действие ещё дальше в прошлое: песня была старой уже тогда, в его детстве.
• III.21 and his ears were deafened by the thundering of water, as it rolled and roared, and raged among the dreadful caverns it had worn, and fiercely tried to undermine the earth.
• III.22 But even here, two men who watched the light had made a fire, that through the loophole in the thick stone wall shed out a ray of brightness on the awful sea.
• III.22 And every man on board, waking or sleeping, good or bad, had had a kinder word for another on that day than on any day in the year;Past Perfect глагола have: первое had вспомогательное, второе смысловое. Всё это уже произошло за день, к той минуте, когда Дух и Скрудж стоят на палубе.
• III.22 and had shared to some extent in its festivities;
• III.22 and had remembered those he cared for at a distance, and had known that they delighted to remember him.
• III.25 Everybody else said the same, and they must be allowed to have been competent judges, because they had just had dinner;Past Perfect от have dinner «обедать»: первое had вспомогательное, второе смысловое. just «только что» ставится между ними.
• III.25 Topper had clearly got his eye upon one of Scrooge’s niece’s sisters,
• III.27 which had been familiar to the child who fetched Scrooge from the boarding-school, as he had been reminded by the Ghost of Christmas Past.Past Perfect: мелодию знала девочка задолго до этого вечера, и её уже нет в живых.
• III.27 When this strain of music sounded, all the things that Ghost had shown him, came upon his mind;
• III.30 inasmuch as an answer in the negative was sufficient to have diverted their thoughts from Mr. Scrooge, supposing they had ever had any tendency that way.
• III.31 Uncle Scrooge had imperceptibly become so gay and light of heart,
• III.31 In almshouse, hospital, and jail, in misery’s every refuge, where vain man in his little brief authority had not made fast the door, and barred the Spirit out,
• III.32 Scrooge had observed this change, but never spoke of it, until they left a children’s Twelfth Night party,Past Perfect: заметил ещё раньше, до того разговора, о котором сейчас пойдёт речь.
• III.33 a stale and shrivelled hand, like that of age, had pinched, and twisted them, and pulled them into shreds.Past Perfect: один had на три причастия. Рука сделала своё дело раньше той минуты, когда Скрудж увидел детей. pinched о лице — «осунувшееся, заострившееся» от голода и холода: a pinched face.
• IV.1 The upper portion of the garment was contracted for an instant in its folds, as if the Spirit had inclined its head.
• IV.2 The Phantom moved away as it had come towards him.«Так же, как пришло»: медленно, сурово и безмолвно. Past Perfect, потому что приблизилось оно раньше, чем двинулось прочь.
• IV.2 and so forth, as Scrooge had seen them often.Past Perfect: видел много раз до этой ночи. Скрудж сам один из этих купцов и бывал на Бирже постоянно.
• IV.4 He had made a point always of standing well in their esteem:
• IV.5 for he had been revolving in his mind a change of life, and thought and hoped he saw his new-born resolutions carried out in this.Past Perfect Continuous: had been и форма на -ing. Действие длилось некоторое время до того момента, о котором идёт рассказ: «он (уже какое-то время) обдумывал». revolve — «вращать»; revolve in one’s mind — «поворачивать в уме», обдумывать.
• IV.5 where Scrooge had never penetrated before, although he recognised its situation, and its bad repute.Past Perfect: до этой минуты Скрудж там ни разу не бывал. В английском предложении одно отрицание, never; по-русски их два: «никогда не».
• IV.6 who had screened himself from the cold air without, by a frousy curtaining of miscellaneous tatters, hung upon a line;
• IV.6 But she had scarcely entered, when another woman, similarly laden, came in too;Оборот had scarcely + причастие, when + прошедшее: «едва она вошла, как…». Первое действие стоит в Past Perfect, второе, которое его настигает, в Past Simple.
• IV.6 who was no less startled by the sight of them, than they had been upon the recognition of each other.
• IV.6 After a short period of blank astonishment, in which the old man with the pipe had joined them, they all three burst into a laugh.
• IV.6 “Let the charwoman alone to be the first!” cried she who had entered first.
• IV.7 While he did this, the woman who had already spoken threw her bundle on the floor, and sat down in a flaunting manner on a stool;Подёнщица (the charwoman), вошедшая в лавку первой. had spoken — предпрошедшее: говорила она раньше, чем бросила узел.
• IV.11 He recoiled in terror, for the scene had changed, and now he almost touched a bed:for здесь книжный союз «ибо, потому что». had changed — Past Perfect: картина сменилась раньше, чем он отпрянул.
• IV.13 He sat down to the dinner that had been hoarding for him by the fire;
• IV.15 They entered poor Bob Cratchit’s house; the dwelling he had visited before;После dwelling пропущено that: «жилище, которое он посещал прежде». Past Perfect: Скрудж был здесь раньше, с Духом Нынешнего Рождества, в третьей строфе. dwelling — книжное слово, от dwell «жить, обитать».
• IV.15 Where had Scrooge heard those words?Мысль Скруджа передана голосом рассказчика, без кавычек: Скрудж подумал бы Where have I heard…, а в рассказе о прошлом have становится had.
• IV.15 He had not dreamed them.
• IV.17 Poor Bob sat down in it, and when he had thought a little and composed himself, he kissed the little face.Past Perfect: сначала подумал и успокоился, потом поцеловал. had относится к обоим причастиям.
• IV.17 He was reconciled to what had happened, and went down again quite happy.what здесь «то, что»: «с тем, что случилось». Past Perfect: случилось раньше.
• IV.17 Bob told them of the extraordinary kindness of Mr. Scrooge’s nephew, whom he had scarcely seen but once,
• IV.17 and who, meeting him in the street that day, and seeing that he looked a little—“just a little down you know,” said Bob, inquired what had happened to distress him.
• IV.20 He joined it once again, and wondering why and whither he had gone, accompanied it until they reached an iron gate.Причастный оборот: «спрашивая себя, почему и куда он делся». he — сам Скрудж, каким он будет: в его конторе сидит другой. whither — старое «куда» (теперь where); had gone — предпрошедшее: исчез он раньше.
• IV.20 The Phantom was exactly as it had been, but he dreaded that he saw new meaning in its solemn shape.«Было в точности таким, каким было раньше»: had been — предпрошедшее, о том, что было до этой минуты.
• V.1 He had been sobbing violently in his conflict with the Spirit, and his face was wet with tears.Past Perfect Continuous: had been + причастие на -ing. Действие длилось до момента рассказа и оставило след: он рыдал раньше, на кладбище, и лицо всё ещё мокрое.
• V.2 He had frisked into the sitting-room, and was now standing there: perfectly winded.Past Perfect: пока он кричал свои «Hallo!», он уже успел перебежать в гостиную. frisk говорят о ягнятах и щенках: «скакать, резвиться»; о старом Скрудже слово звучит забавно.
• V.2 Really, for a man who had been out of practice for so many years,
• V.2 He was checked in his transports by the churches ringing out the lustiest peals he had ever heard.
• V.2 who perhaps had loitered in to look about him.loiter — «слоняться без дела»; с in — «забрести внутрь». Дом Скруджа стоит в глубине двора (об этом сказано в первой строфе), и мальчик зашёл туда ещё до того, как его окликнули: поэтому Past Perfect.
• V.5 The people were by this time pouring forth, as he had seen them with the Ghost of Christmas Present;Past Perfect: видел он это раньше, в третьей строфе, когда Дух Нынешнего Рождества вёл его по улицам рождественским утром.
• V.5 And Scrooge said often afterwards, that of all the blithe sounds he had ever heard, those were the blithest in his ears.
• V.5 He had not gone far, when coming on towards him he beheld the portly gentleman,Past Perfect с отрицанием и затем when: «не успел уйти далеко, как…».
• V.5 who had walked into his counting-house the day before, and said, “Scrooge and Marley’s, I believe?”
• V.6 He had never dreamed that any walk—that anything—could give him so much happiness.never dream that — «и подумать не мочь, что…». Past Perfect: речь о всей его прежней жизни до этого утра. У dream две формы прошедшего: dreamed и dreamt.
• V.7 Scrooge had forgotten, for the moment, about her sitting in the corner with the footstool,
• V.7 That was the thing he had set his heart upon.