Past Simple и неправильные глаголы

Past Simple — основное время рассказа: действия, которые произошли и следуют одно за другим. У правильных глаголов оно кончается на -ed, у неправильных форму надо узнавать: froze, swung, fell.

Примеры

• Scrooge signed it 1.1Скрудж подписал её
• The cold within him froze his old features 1.2Холод внутри него заморозил его старческие черты
• and didn’t thaw it one degree at Christmas 1.2и не согревал её ни на градус на Рождество
• Scrooge fell upon his knees, and clasped his hands before his face. 1.20Скрудж упал на колени и сложил руки перед лицом.
• I wear the chain I forged in life 1.21Я ношу цепь, которую выковал при жизни

В тексте 108

• I.2 If we were not perfectly convinced that Hamlet’s Father died before the play began,Вот и глагол «умереть»: die, died. Сравните с was dead «был мёртв» в предыдущем предложении: там состояние, здесь событие.
• I.2 The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait;freeze, froze, frozen — «замораживать». features во множественном числе — «черты лица».
• I.3 No wind that blew was bitterer than he, no falling snow was more intent upon its purpose, no pelting rain less open to entreaty.
• I.3 and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts;
• I.4 Once upon a time—of all the good days in the year, on Christmas Eve—old Scrooge sat busy in his counting-house.
• I.4 But he couldn’t replenish it, for Scrooge kept the coal-box in his own room;
• I.7 “Because I fell in love.”
• I.7 “Nay, uncle, but you never came to see me before that happened.
• I.7 His nephew left the room without an angry word, notwithstanding.leave, left, left — «покидать, уходить из»; дополнение без предлога: leave the room — «выйти из комнаты». Не путать с left «левый».
• I.8 They were portly gentlemen, pleasant to behold, and now stood, with their hats off, in Scrooge’s office.
• I.8 “He died seven years ago, this very night.”Два времени рядом. Состояние, длящееся до сих пор, — перфект (has been dead); событие в названный момент прошлого — Past Simple (died seven years ago). С ago перфект невозможен.
• I.8 At the ominous word “liberality,” Scrooge frowned, and shook his head, and handed the credentials back.
• I.10 Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links,
• I.10 The ancient tower of a church, whose gruff old bell was always peeping slily down at Scrooge out of a Gothic window in the wall, became invisible,
• I.10 and struck the hours and quarters in the clouds, with tremulous vibrations afterwards as if its teeth were chattering in its frozen head up there.
• I.10 The brightness of the shops where holly sprigs and berries crackled in the lamp heat of the windows, made pale faces ruddy as they passed.
• I.10 The Lord Mayor, in the stronghold of the mighty Mansion House, gave orders to his fifty cooks and butlers to keep Christmas as a Lord Mayor’s household should;
• I.11 Scrooge seized the ruler with such energy of action, that the singer fled in terror, leaving the keyhole to the fog and even more congenial frost.Прошедшее время неправильного глагола flee, fled, fled — «бежать, спасаться бегством». Не путайте с fly, flew, flown «лететь».
• I.11 who instantly snuffed his candle out, and put on his hat.
• I.12 went down a slide on Cornhill, at the end of a lane of boys, twenty times, in honour of its being Christmas Eve,
• I.12 and then ran home to Camden Town as hard as he could pelt, to play at blindman’s-buff.
• I.12 Scrooge took his melancholy dinner in his usual melancholy tavern;
• I.12 The yard was so dark that even Scrooge, who knew its every stone, was fain to grope with his hands.
• I.12 The fog and frost so hung about the black old gateway of the house, that it seemed as if the Genius of the Weather sat in mournful meditation on the threshold.
• I.14 But he put his hand upon the key he had relinquished, turned it sturdily, walked in, and lighted his candle.У light «зажигать» две формы прошедшего времени: lighted и lit. Сейчас чаще говорят lit.
• I.15 But before he shut his heavy door, he walked through his rooms to see that all was right.
• I.16 It swung so softly in the outset that it scarcely made a sound; but soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.
• I.20 At this the spirit raised a frightful cry, and shook its chain with such a dismal and appalling noise,
• I.20 Scrooge fell upon his knees, and clasped his hands before his face.
• I.21 Again the spectre raised a cry, and shook its chain and wrung its shadowy hands.Два неправильных глагола: shake, shook, shaken «трясти» и wring, wrung, wrung «выкручивать, выжимать».
• I.21 “I made it link by link, and yard by yard;
• I.21 I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it.
• I.22 It was a habit with Scrooge, whenever he became thoughtful, to put his hands in his breeches pockets.
• I.23 and flung it heavily upon the ground again.fling, flung, flung — «швырять, бросать с силой». the ground здесь пол комнаты: так говорят о любой поверхности под ногами.
• I.23 and never raise them to that blessed Star which led the Wise Men to a poor abode!
• I.24 Scrooge’s countenance fell almost as low as the Ghost’s had done.
• I.24 When it had said these words, the spectre took its wrapper from the table, and bound it round its head, as before.bind, bound, bound — «связывать, обвязывать». round здесь предлог «вокруг».
• I.25 Every one of them wore chains like Marley’s Ghost;Прошедшее время от wear (wear, wore, worn) — «носить на себе»: одежду, украшения, а здесь цепи.
• I.25 The misery with them all was, clearly, that they sought to interfere, for good, in human matters, and had lost the power for ever.sought — прошедшее время от seek (seek, sought, sought): «искать», а с инфинитивом «стремиться, пытаться». interfere in — «вмешиваться во что-то».
• II.1 WHEN Scrooge awoke, it was so dark, that looking out of bed, he could scarcely distinguish the transparent window from the opaque walls of his chamber.Прошедшее время от awake «просыпаться» (awake, awoke, awoken). Это книжный глагол; в обычной речи говорят wake up, woke up.
• II.1 He was endeavouring to pierce the darkness with his ferret eyes, when the chimes of a neighbouring church struck the four quarters.
• II.1 Its rapid little pulse beat twelve: and stopped.
• II.2 his mind flew back again, like a strong spring released, to its first position,
• II.2 Scrooge lay in this state until the chime had gone three quarters more,Прошедшее время от lie «лежать» (lie, lay, lain). Его легко спутать с глаголом lay, laid, laid «класть».
• II.2 At length it broke upon his listening ear.
• II.2 He spoke before the hour bell sounded, which it now did with a deep, dull, hollow, melancholy ONE.
• II.3 But the strangest thing about it was, that from the crown of its head there sprung a bright clear jet of light, by which all this was visible;
• II.5 He rose: but finding that the Spirit made towards the window, clasped his robe in supplication.Прошедшее время неправильного глагола rise, rose, risen «вставать, подниматься». Скрудж послушался приказа Rise!
• II.11 and getting into it, drove gaily down the garden-sweep:Здесь drive — не «править», а «ехать в экипаже»: правит кучер, а дети едут.
• II.12 Old Fezziwig laid down his pen, and looked up at the clock, which pointed to the hour of seven.laid — прошедшее время от lay «класть» (lay, laid, laid); не путать с lie, lay, lain «лежать».
• II.15 They shone in every part of the dance like moons.
• II.16 When the clock struck eleven, this domestic ball broke up.
• II.16 He corroborated everything, remembered everything, enjoyed everything, and underwent the strangest agitation.undergo, underwent, undergone — «претерпевать, испытывать»: спрягается как go.
• II.16 and became conscious that it was looking full upon him, while the light upon its head burnt very clear.
• II.20 A very, very brief time, and you will dismiss the recollection of it, gladly, as an unprofitable dream, from which it happened well that you awoke.
• II.20 She left him, and they parted.
• II.23 “Belle,” said the husband, turning to his wife with a smile, “I saw an old friend of yours this afternoon.”
• II.23 His partner lies upon the point of death, I hear; and there he sat alone.
• II.24 and had barely time to reel to bed, before he sank into a heavy sleep.
• III.2 and, consequently, when the Bell struck One, and no shape appeared, he was taken with a violent fit of trembling.
• III.2 All this time, he lay upon his bed, the very core and centre of a blaze of ruddy light, which streamed upon it when the clock proclaimed the hour;Прошедшее время от lie «лежать»: lie, lay, lain. Не путать с глаголом lay, laid, laid «класть».
• III.3 who bore a glowing torch, in shape not unlike Plenty’s horn, and held it up, high up, to shed its light on Scrooge, as he came peeping round the door.Прошедшее время от bear «нести»: bear, bore, borne. В значении «нести в руках» глагол книжный; обычное слово — carry.
• III.7 and left their purchases upon the counter, and came running back to fetch them, and committed hundreds of the like mistakes, in the best humour possible;
• III.8 But soon the steeples called good people all, to church and chapel, and away they came, flocking through the streets in their best clothes, and with their gayest faces.
• III.8 The sight of these poor revellers appeared to interest the Spirit very much, for he stood with Scrooge beside him in a baker’s doorway,
• III.8 he shed a few drops of water on them from it, and their good humour was restored directly.shed, shed, shed — «проливать, ронять» (слёзы, капли, свет); все три формы одинаковы, здесь это прошедшее время. a few — «несколько», тогда как few без артикля — «мало».
• III.11 Alas for Tiny Tim, he bore a little crutch, and had his limbs supported by an iron frame!Прошедшее время неправильного глагола bear, bore, borne «нести». Здесь «ходил с костылём». Не путать с bore «наводить скуку».
• III.12 and stirred it round and round and put it on the hob to simmer;Прошедшее время: у глагола put, put, put все три формы одинаковы. Что это прошедшее, видно по соседним compounded и stirred.
• III.13 and even Tiny Tim, excited by the two young Cratchits, beat on the table with the handle of his knife, and feebly cried Hurrah!Прошедшее время: у глагола beat оно совпадает с инфинитивом (beat, beat, beaten).
• III.15 Then all the Cratchit family drew round the hearth, in what Bob Cratchit called a circle, meaning half a one;draw, drew, drawn — «тянуть», а без дополнения «двигаться, подтягиваться»: draw near «приблизиться», draw round «собраться вокруг».
• III.15 These held the hot stuff from the jug, however, as well as golden goblets would have done;hold, held, held — «держать», о сосуде «вмещать». stuff — разговорное слово для любого вещества, которое не хочется или незачем называть точно: «горячее из кувшина».
• III.17 Scrooge bent before the Ghost’s rebuke, and trembling cast his eyes upon the ground.
• III.17 The children drank the toast after her.
• III.17 The mention of his name cast a dark shadow on the party, which was not dispelled for full five minutes.
• III.18 Bob Cratchit told them how he had a situation in his eye for Master Peter, which would bring in, if obtained, full five-and-sixpence weekly.
• III.18 as if he were deliberating what particular investments he should favour when he came into the receipt of that bewildering income.
• III.18 and how she meant to lie abed to-morrow morning for a good long rest; to-morrow being a holiday she passed at home.
• III.18 All this time the chestnuts and the jug went round and round;
• III.18 and by-and-bye they had a song, about a lost child travelling in the snow, from Tiny Tim, who had a plaintive little voice, and sang it very well indeed.
• III.21 A light shone from the window of a hut, and swiftly they advanced towards it.Прошедшее время неправильного глагола shine, shone, shone «светить»; читается [ʃɒn].
• III.21 The old man, in a voice that seldom rose above the howling of the wind upon the barren waste,
• III.21 and so surely as they stopped, his vigour sank again.
• III.21 The Spirit did not tarry here, but bade Scrooge hold his robe, and passing on above the moor, sped—whither?
• III.22 Great heaps of sea-weed clung to its base, and storm-birds—born of the wind one might suppose, as sea-weed of the water—rose and fell about it, like the waves they skimmed.Прошедшее время от cling, clung, clung «цепляться, льнуть»; с предлогом to.
• III.22 Again the Ghost sped on, above the black and heaving sea—on, on—until, being far away, as he told Scrooge, from any shore, they lighted on a ship.
• III.22 but every man among them hummed a Christmas tune, or had a Christmas thought, or spoke below his breath to his companion of some bygone Christmas Day, with homeward hopes belonging to it.
• III.29 Likewise at the game of How, When, and Where, she was very great, and to the secret joy of Scrooge’s nephew, beat her sisters hollow:
• III.32 They knelt down at its feet, and clung upon the outside of its garment.Прошедшее время от kneel «становиться на колени»; буква k не читается, как в knee «колено».
• III.33 The bell struck twelve.
• IV.6 Scrooge and the Phantom came into the presence of this man, just as a woman with a heavy bundle slunk into the shop.Прошедшее время неправильного глагола slink, slunk, slunk: «красться, проскальзывать», как тот, кто не хочет, чтобы его видели.
• IV.6 After a short period of blank astonishment, in which the old man with the pipe had joined them, they all three burst into a laugh.
• IV.13 The Phantom spread its dark robe before him for a moment, like a wing;Прошедшее время: у spread все три формы одинаковы (spread, spread, spread). Что это прошедшее, видно по тому, что нет -s.
• IV.15 “‘And He took a child, and set him in the midst of them.’”
• IV.15 The mother laid her work upon the table, and put her hand up to her face.Прошедшее время от lay «класть» (lay, laid, laid); не путать с lie, lay, lain «лежать».
• IV.20 Here, then; the wretched man whose name he had now to learn, lay underneath the ground.Прошедшее время от lie «лежать» (lie, lay, lain). Не путать с глаголом lay, laid «класть».
• IV.21 Scrooge crept towards it, trembling as he went;Прошедшее время неправильного глагола creep, crept, crept: «ползти», а о человеке ещё и «красться, двигаться медленно и робко». Скрудж приближается к могиле через силу.
• IV.21 and following the finger, read upon the stone of the neglected grave his own name, EBENEZER SCROOGE.Здесь это прошедшее время: пишется так же, как настоящее, а произносится [red]. Подлежащее прежнее, Scrooge.
• IV.21 “Am I that man who lay upon the bed?” he cried, upon his knees.Прошедшее время от lie «лежать»: lie, lay, lain. Не путать с глаголом lay, laid, laid «класть».
• IV.21 “Good Spirit,” he pursued, as down upon the ground he fell before it:
• IV.21 In his agony, he caught the spectral hand.
• IV.21 It sought to free itself, but he was strong in his entreaty, and detained it.sought — прошедшее время от seek, sought, sought «искать». seek to с инфинитивом — книжное «пытаться, стремиться»: «пыталась высвободиться».
• IV.21 Holding up his hands in a last prayer to have his fate reversed, he saw an alteration in the Phantom’s hood and dress.
• IV.21 It shrunk, collapsed, and dwindled down into a bedpost.
• V.5 but he knew what path lay straight before him, and he took it.Прошедшее время от lie «лежать» (lie, lay, lain). Не путать с глаголом lay «класть».
• V.9 He did it all, and infinitely more;
• V.9 He became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man, as the good old city knew,
• V.9 Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh, and little heeded them;
• V.9 he thought it quite as well that they should wrinkle up their eyes in grins, as have the malady in less attractive forms.