Фразовые глаголы (cut up, turn out, come down)

Глагол с коротким наречием или предлогом (up, out, down, off, on) образует новое значение, которое не всегда складывается из частей. Читать их надо как одно слово и искать в словаре целиком.

Примеры

• Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event 1.1Скрудж был не настолько убит этим печальным событием
• rashly turning out after dark in a breezy spot 1.2опрометчиво выходящий после наступления темноты в ветреное место
• They often “came down” handsomely, and Scrooge never did. 1.3Они часто «сыпали» щедро, а Скрудж никогда.
• who instantly snuffed his candle out, and put on his hat 1.11который тотчас задул свою свечу и надел шляпу
• Scrooge held on tight to his chair 1.20Скрудж крепко вцепился в стул

В тексте 268

• I.1 And even Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event, but that he was an excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral, and solemnised it with an undoubted bargain.be cut up — разговорное «быть убитым горем, сильно расстроенным». Буквально cut up — «изрезать на куски».
• I.2 The mention of Marley’s funeral brings me back to the point I started from.Рассказчик говорит в настоящем времени (brings), потому что обращается к читателю прямо сейчас, пока рассказывает. bring back to — «возвращать к чему-то».
• I.2 than there would be in any other middle-aged gentleman rashly turning out after dark in a breezy spot—say Saint Paul’s Churchyard for instance—literally to astonish his son’s weak mind.turn out здесь «выйти из дому, отправиться на улицу». У этого фразового глагола есть и другие значения, самое частое — «оказаться».
• I.2 Scrooge never painted out Old Marley’s name.paint out — «закрасить», то есть убрать надпись краской; out при глаголах часто значит «прочь, до исчезновения» (ср. cross out «вычеркнуть»). never с простым прошедшим — «так и не»: за все годы не собрался. Отрицание в предложении одно, did not не нужно.
• I.2 Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire;
• I.2 made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice.speak out — «говорить громко, во всеуслышание». Холод слышен в самом голосе Скруджа.
• I.2 He carried his own low temperature always about with him;carry about — «носить с собой повсюду»; about здесь наречие «туда-сюда, повсюду». После предлога места английский ставит простое him, а не himself: with him — «с собой».
• I.3 They often “came down” handsomely, and Scrooge never did.
• I.3 and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts;
• I.4 and so surely as the clerk came in with the shovel, the master predicted that it would be necessary for them to part.
• I.4 Wherefore the clerk put on his white comforter, and tried to warm himself at the candle;
• I.5 Scrooge having no better answer ready on the spur of the moment, said, “Bah!” again; and followed it up with “Humbug.”follow something up with — «сопроводить, подкрепить чем-то вслед»: за «Вздор!» тут же последовало «Чепуха».
• I.5 “every idiot who goes about with ‘Merry Christmas’ on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding,go about — «расхаживать повсюду». on one’s lips — «на устах»: о словах, которые человек всё время произносит.
• I.6 But I am sure I have always thought of Christmas time, when it has come round—apart from the veneration due to its sacred name and origin,come round — «наступать в свой черёд», о том, что повторяется по кругу: праздники, времена года.
• I.8 This lunatic, in letting Scrooge’s nephew out, had let two other people in.Пара фразовых глаголов: let out — «выпустить», let in — «впустить». in с герундием значит «делая что-то, в то время как»: in letting out — «выпуская». let не меняется: let, let, let.
• I.8 At the ominous word “liberality,” Scrooge frowned, and shook his head, and handed the credentials back.hand как глагол (от hand «рука») — «передавать из рук в руки»; hand back — «вернуть, отдать обратно».
• I.8 “At this festive season of the year, Mr. Scrooge,” said the gentleman, taking up a pen,take up — «взять в руки, поднять». pen — перо, которое макают в чернильницу: джентльмен готов записать сумму пожертвования.
• I.8 “Plenty of prisons,” said the gentleman, laying down the pen again.lay down — «положить»; lay, laid, laid — «класть» (что-то), и его не следует путать с lie, lay, lain «лежать». Джентльмен только что взял перо и уже откладывает: ответ не обещает пожертвования.
• I.9 What shall I put you down for?”put somebody down for + сумма — «записать за кем-то столько-то» в подписной лист. Предлог for относится к What и стоит в конце: What … for здесь не «зачем», а «на сколько».
• I.10 stirred up to-morrow’s pudding in his garret, while his lean wife and the baby sallied out to buy the beef.sally out (чаще sally forth) — «выступить, отправиться»; слово военное, о вылазке из крепости. О тощей женщине с младенцем на руках оно сказано шутливо.
• I.11 stooped down at Scrooge’s keyhole to regale him with a Christmas carol:
• I.11 At length the hour of shutting up the counting-house arrived.После предлога of стоит герундий, и у него есть своё дополнение: «час закрытия конторы». shut up о лавке, доме, конторе — «запереть, закрыть на ночь»; грубое «замолчи» — другое значение того же глагола. В слове hour буква h не читается.
• I.11 who instantly snuffed his candle out, and put on his hat.snuff — «снимать нагар со свечи», snuff out — «погасить свечу». Дополнение стоит между глаголом и частицей: snuffed his candle out. Клерк работал при одной свече, и гасит он её в ту же секунду, пока хозяин не передумал.put on — «надеть». Здесь частица стоит перед дополнением; можно и put his hat on. У put все три формы одинаковы, и только по соседнему snuffed видно, что это прошедшее время. По-английски говорят «свою шляпу», his hat, где по-русски хватает слова «шляпу».
• I.12 The clerk promised that he would; and Scrooge walked out with a growl.
• I.12 It was old enough now, and dreary enough, for nobody lived in it but Scrooge, the other rooms being all let out as offices.
• I.14 But he put his hand upon the key he had relinquished, turned it sturdily, walked in, and lighted his candle.
• I.14 and he did look cautiously behind it first, as if he half expected to be terrified with the sight of Marley’s pigtail sticking out into the hall.
• I.14 But there was nothing on the back of the door, except the screws and nuts that held the knocker on,hold on с дополнением — «держать на месте, не давать отвалиться»; on здесь наречие и стоит после дополнения.
• I.14 which is perhaps the reason why Scrooge thought he saw a locomotive hearse going on before him in the gloom.
• I.15 Nobody under the bed; nobody in the closet; nobody in his dressing-gown, which was hanging up in a suspicious attitude against the wall.
• I.15 Quite satisfied, he closed his door, and locked himself in; double-locked himself in, which was not his custom.lock in — «запереть внутри»; с возвратным himself — «запереться». Наречие in стоит после дополнения.
• I.15 Thus secured against surprise, he took off his cravat; put on his dressing-gown and slippers, and his nightcap;Пара фразовых глаголов об одежде: take off — «снимать», put on — «надевать». put не меняется в прошедшем: put, put, put.
• I.15 and sat down before the fire to take his gruel.
• I.16 Abrahams, Belshazzars, Apostles putting off to sea in butter-boats, hundreds of figures to attract his thoughts;
• I.16 and yet that face of Marley, seven years dead, came like the ancient Prophet’s rod, and swallowed up the whole.up при глаголе добавляет «целиком, без остатка»: swallow — «глотать», swallow up — «поглотить». the whole — существительное: «всё целиком».
• I.16 After several turns, he sat down again.
• I.16 As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a disused bell, that hung in the room,
• I.16 It swung so softly in the outset that it scarcely made a sound; but soon it rang out loudly, and so did every bell in the house.ring out — «раздаться, громко зазвучать». Формы глагола: ring, rang, rung; так же меняется гласная в swing, swung, только там прошедшее время и причастие совпадают.
• I.17 His colour changed though, when, without a pause, it came on through the heavy door, and passed into the room before his eyes.it — то неизвестное, что гремело цепью: рассказчик пока не называет его. come on — «продвигаться вперёд, надвигаться».
• I.17 Upon its coming in, the dying flame leaped up, as though it cried, “I know him; Marley’s Ghost!” and fell again.
• I.18 “Can you—can you sit down?” asked Scrooge, looking doubtfully at him.
• I.18 But the ghost sat down on the opposite side of the fireplace, as if he were quite used to it.
• I.19 The truth is, that he tried to be smart, as a means of distracting his own attention, and keeping down his terror;
• I.20 that Scrooge held on tight to his chair, to save himself from falling in a swoon.hold on to something — «держаться за что-то, не отпускать». tight — наречие без -ly: hold tight «держаться крепко».
• I.20 when the phantom taking off the bandage round its head, as if it were too warm to wear indoors, its lower jaw dropped down upon its breast!
• I.21 I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it.
• I.22 Pondering on what the Ghost had said, he did so now, but without lifting up his eyes, or getting off his knees.
• I.22 The Ghost, on hearing this, set up another cry, and clanked its chain so hideously in the dead silence of the night,set up a cry — «поднять крик»; set не меняется в прошедшем времени (set, set, set). another — «ещё один»: призрак вопит уже не в первый раз.
• I.23 It held up its chain at arm’s length, as if that were the cause of all its unavailing grief,hold up — «поднять и держать на виду». О Призраке рассказчик говорит it, its: это уже не человек, а «оно». По-русски слово «призрак» мужского рода, поэтому в переводе «он».
• I.23 Scrooge was very much dismayed to hear the spectre going on at this rate, and began to quake exceedingly.
• I.24 Scrooge knew this, by the smart sound its teeth made, when the jaws were brought together by the bandage.
• I.25 When they were within two paces of each other, Marley’s Ghost held up its hand, warning him to come no nearer.hold up — «поднять и держать поднятым»: Призрак выставил руку, как останавливают прохожего.
• I.25 The spectre, after listening for a moment, joined in the mournful dirge; and floated out upon the bleak, dark night.
• I.25 He looked out.
• II.1 To his great astonishment the heavy bell went on from six to seven, and from seven to eight, and regularly up to twelve; then stopped.go on — «продолжать, идти дальше»: колокол не остановился на шестом ударе, а бил и бил.
• II.1 He was obliged to rub the frost off with the sleeve of his dressing-gown before he could see anything; and could see very little then.rub off — «стереть»; короткое дополнение встаёт между глаголом и частицей. frost — и «мороз», и «иней»: стекло замёрзло изнутри.
• II.1 All he could make out was, that it was still very foggy and extremely cold,
• II.1 as there unquestionably would have been if night had beaten off bright day, and taken possession of the world.
• II.2 Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over and over, and could make nothing of it.
• II.3 The curtains of his bed were drawn aside, I tell you, by a hand.draw здесь «тянуть», а не «рисовать»: draw the curtains говорят и о том, чтобы задёрнуть шторы, и о том, чтобы раздвинуть их. aside («в сторону») снимает сомнение: их отдёрнули.
• II.3 The curtains of his bed were drawn aside;
• II.3 and Scrooge, starting up into a half-recumbent attitude, found himself face to face with the unearthly visitor who drew them:start здесь не «начинать», а «вздрогнуть, вскочить от неожиданности»; start up — «резко подняться». Причастный оборот называет действие, которое идёт перед главным: «вскочив…, оказался».
• II.4 of which dissolving parts, no outline would be visible in the dense gloom wherein they melted away.melt — «таять», away добавляет «без остатка, прочь»: «растаяли, исчезли».
• II.4 “What!” exclaimed the Ghost, “would you so soon put out, with worldly hands, the light I give?
• II.5 It put out its strong hand as it spoke, and clasped him gently by the arm.Здесь «протянуть (руку)». Чуть раньше Дух употребил тот же глагол в другом значении: put out the light — «погасить свет».
• II.6 “Let us go on.”
• II.7 The jocund travellers came on; and as they came, Scrooge knew and named them every one.«Приближались, двигались сюда». Частица on значит движение вперёд, дальше.
• II.7 Why did his cold eye glisten, and his heart leap up as they went past!
• II.7 which associated itself somehow with too much getting up by candle-light, and not too much to eat.
• II.8 and Scrooge sat down upon a form, and wept to see his poor forgotten self as he used to be.
• II.8 And what’s his name, who was put down in his drawers, asleep, at the Gate of Damascus; don’t you see him!
• II.9 “I wish,” Scrooge muttered, putting his hand in his pocket, and looking about him, after drying his eyes with his cuff:
• II.9 but how all this was brought about, Scrooge knew no more than you do.bring about — «вызвать, произвести, осуществить»; в пассиве «как всё это было сделано». Весь оборот — дополнение к knew и вынесен вперёд; порядок слов в нём прямой, как в утверждении.
• II.10 It opened; and a little girl, much younger than the boy, came darting in,open без дополнения — «открыться»: английскому глаголу для этого не нужно ни «-ся», ни пассив.
• II.10 “I have come to bring you home, dear brother!” said the child, clapping her tiny hands, and bending down to laugh.
• II.10 “and are never to come back here;
• II.11 A terrible voice in the hall cried, “Bring down Master Scrooge’s box, there!”
• II.11 at the same time, sending out a meagre servant to offer a glass of “something” to the postboy,
• II.12 but it was evening, and the streets were lighted up.light up — «осветить, зажечь огни». У light две формы прошедшего времени и причастия: lighted и lit; сейчас чаще lit up.
• II.12 They went in.
• II.12 Old Fezziwig laid down his pen, and looked up at the clock, which pointed to the hour of seven.
• II.12 and called out in a comfortable, oily, rich, fat, jovial voice:
• II.13 Scrooge’s former self, now grown a young man, came briskly in, accompanied by his fellow-’prentice.
• II.13 They charged into the street with the shutters—one, two, three—had ’em up in their places—four, five, six—barred ’em and pinned ’em—seven, eight, nine—and came back before you could have got to twelve, panting like race-horses.
• II.13 “Clear away, my lads, and let’s have lots of room here!«Убрать всё прочь», освободить место. clear — «расчищать», away — «прочь».
• II.13 Clear away!
• II.13 There was nothing they wouldn’t have cleared away, or couldn’t have cleared away, with old Fezziwig looking on.
• II.13 Every movable was packed off, as if it were dismissed from public life for evermore;pack off — «спровадить, отослать прочь», обычно о человеке, от которого хотят избавиться. Поэтому шутка продолжается: вещи «уволены».
• II.14 In came a fiddler with a music-book, and went up to the lofty desk, and made an orchestra of it, and tuned like fifty stomach-aches.
• II.14 old top couple always turning up in the wrong place; new top couple starting off again, as soon as they got there;turn up — «появиться, оказаться где-то (неожиданно)». Самостоятельный причастный оборот: глагола в личной форме нет, действие передано причастием. the wrong place — «не то место»: wrong часто переводится через «не тот».start off — «тронуться с места, начать». as soon as — «как только». После couple стоит they: пара — это двое людей. Никто не ждёт своей очереди, и порядок танца весело рушится.
• II.14 When this result was brought about, old Fezziwig, clapping his hands to stop the dance, cried out, “Well done!”bring about — «вызвать, привести к чему-то, осуществить». Пассив и канцелярское слово result звучат нарочно важно: «результат» — это полная весёлая неразбериха.
• II.15 The sort of man who knew his business better than you or I could have told it him!) struck up “Sir Roger de Coverley.”strike up — «заиграть, грянуть» (о музыке и музыкантах). Подлежащее the fiddler осталось перед скобками.
• II.15 Then old Fezziwig stood out to dance with Mrs. Fezziwig.stand out здесь в прямом смысле: «выйти (из ряда) вперёд», на середину комнаты. Сегодня stand out чаще значит «выделяться». Инфинитив to dance называет цель: «чтобы танцевать».
• II.15 Top couple, too; with a good stiff piece of work cut out for them;
• II.16 When the clock struck eleven, this domestic ball broke up.break up о собрании, вечере, занятиях — «закончиться, разойтись». Так же говорят о школе: school breaks up — «начинаются каникулы».
• II.16 and shaking hands with every person individually as he or she went out, wished him or her a Merry Christmas.
• II.16 and thus the cheerful voices died away, and the lads were left to their beds; which were under a counter in the back-shop.die away о звуке — «постепенно затихнуть, замереть вдали»; никто, конечно, не умер. Частица away при глаголах часто значит «до полного исчезновения».
• II.16 The Spirit signed to him to listen to the two apprentices, who were pouring out their hearts in praise of Fezziwig:
• II.17 Say that his power lies in words and looks; in things so slight and insignificant that it is impossible to add and count ’em up: what then?Формальное it: «невозможно сложить и подсчитать их». Одна частица up служит двум глаголам: add up и count up. ’em — разговорное them. Слова взяты из конторской книги: о счастье Скрудж говорит как о столбце цифр.
• II.17 His former self turned down the lamps as he gave utterance to the wish;turn down — «убавить»: в лампе прикручивают фитиль, и огонь слабеет. Бал кончился, свет гасят.
• II.18 I have seen your nobler aspirations fall off one by one, until the master-passion, Gain, engrosses you.
• II.19 “tell me, would you seek me out and try to win me now?seek out — «разыскать, нарочно найти». Вместе с условием из предыдущей части: «не будь мы связаны словом, стал бы ты сейчас искать меня?»
• II.21 I wouldn’t for the wealth of all the world have crushed that braided hair, and torn it down;tear down здесь — «сдёрнуть вниз», то есть распустить, растрепать уложенные косы. hair — неисчисляемое, поэтому it, а не them.
• II.21 and for the precious little shoe, I wouldn’t have plucked it off, God bless my soul! to save my life.
• II.22 hold on tight by his cravat, hug him round his neck, pommel his back, and kick his legs in irrepressible affection!hold on — «держаться, не отпускать»; tight — наречие «крепко» (без -ly). by называет то, за что держатся. Все инфинитивы этого ряда зависят от to перед dive.
• II.22 It is enough that by degrees the children and their emotions got out of the parlour, and by one stair at a time, up to the top of the house;
• II.22 And now Scrooge looked on more attentively than ever, when the master of the house, having his daughter leaning fondly on him, sat down with her and her mother at his own fireside;look on — «наблюдать со стороны, не участвуя»; отсюда onlooker «зритель». Скрудж здесь только зритель чужого счастья.
• II.23 and as it was not shut up, and he had a candle inside, I could scarcely help seeing him.Фразовый глагол: закрыть наглухо, запереть. О доме, лавке, окне так говорят, когда их закрывают на ночь; у окна конторы, вероятно, речь о ставнях.
• II.23 and dimly connecting that with its influence over him, he seized the extinguisher-cap, and by a sudden action pressed it down upon its head.
• II.24 but though Scrooge pressed it down with all his force, he could not hide the light:
• III.1 AWAKING in the middle of a prodigiously tough snore, and sitting up in bed to get his thoughts together,sit up — приподняться и сесть из лежачего положения; sit down — сесть из стоячего. in bed без артикля: «в постели».
• III.1 But finding that he turned uncomfortably cold when he began to wonder which of his curtains this new spectre would draw back,
• III.1 he put them every one aside with his own hands;
• III.1 and lying down again, established a sharp look-out all round the bed.lying — от lie «лежать» (lie, lay, lain); lie down — «лечь». В форме на -ing ie меняется на y: lie → lying, die → dying.
• III.2 Five minutes, ten minutes, a quarter of an hour went by, yet nothing came.go by о времени — «проходить, миновать».
• III.2 and which, being only light, was more alarming than a dozen ghosts, as he was powerless to make out what it meant, or would be at;powerless = power + -less «без»: «бессильный». make out — «разобрать, понять» то, что плохо видно или неясно.
• III.2 This idea taking full possession of his mind, he got up softly and shuffled in his slippers to the door.
• III.3 Heaped up on the floor, to form a kind of throne, were turkeys, geese, game, poultry, brawn, great joints of meat, sucking-pigs, long wreaths of sausages,
• III.3 who bore a glowing torch, in shape not unlike Plenty’s horn, and held it up, high up, to shed its light on Scrooge, as he came peeping round the door.
• III.3 “Come in!” exclaimed the Ghost.
• III.3 “Come in! and know me better, man!”
• III.4 Girded round its middle was an antique scabbard; but no sword was in it, and the ancient sheath was eaten up with rust.eat up — «съесть без остатка»; up придаёт значение полноты. О ржавчине: «изъедены насквозь». Чем — вводит with.
• III.5 which last deposit had been ploughed up in deep furrows by the heavy wheels of carts and waggons;
• III.5 furrows that crossed and re-crossed each other hundreds of times where the great streets branched off;От branch «ветка»: «ответвляться», то есть на перекрёстках, где от больших улиц отходят другие.
• III.5 The sky was gloomy, and the shortest streets were choked up with a dingy mist, half thawed, half frozen,choke — «душить»; choke up — «забить, закупорить доверху». Чем забиты, вводит with.
• III.5 as if all the chimneys in Great Britain had, by one consent, caught fire, and were blazing away to their dear hearts’ content.away при глаголе значит «без остановки, вовсю»: blaze away — «полыхать вовсю». Так же ниже shovelling away.
• III.6 For, the people who were shovelling away on the housetops were jovial and full of glee;shovel — «лопата» и «работать лопатой»; away при глаголе значит «усердно, без остановки». В британском написании l удваивается: shovelling.
• III.6 calling out to one another from the parapets,
• III.6 lolling at the doors, and tumbling out into the street in their apoplectic opulence.
• III.6 and winking from their shelves in wanton slyness at the girls as they went by, and glanced demurely at the hung-up mistletoe.
• III.6 there were Norfolk Biffins, squat and swarthy, setting off the yellow of the oranges and lemons,set off здесь «оттенять, выгодно подчёркивать»: тёмные яблоки делают жёлтый цвет апельсинов и лимонов ярче. the yellow — прилагательное, ставшее существительным: «желтизна».
• III.6 The very gold and silver fish, set forth among these choice fruits in a bowl, though members of a dull and stagnant-blooded race, appeared to know that there was something going on;«Выставленные напоказ»; forth — книжное «наружу, вперёд». choice здесь прилагательное: «отборный, лучший».go on — «происходить, твориться»: What’s going on? «Что происходит?». После appeared to know время сдвинуто в прошедшее (was).
• III.7 but the customers were all so hurried and so eager in the hopeful promise of the day, that they tumbled up against each other at the door, crashing their wicker baskets wildly,tumble — «падать кувырком, валиться»; up against — «вплотную к, прямо на». Вместе: «налетали друг на друга».
• III.8 and taking off the covers as their bearers passed, sprinkled incense on their dinners from his torch.take off — «снимать» (крышку, одежду). Это причастный оборот: «снимая крышки». Подлежащее то же, что в предыдущей части: he, Дух.
• III.8 In time the bells ceased, and the bakers were shut up;shut up — «закрыть, запереть» (лавку, дом). the bakers — «пекари» вместо «пекарни»: закрылись их лавки.
• III.9 Scrooge promised that he would; and they went on, invisible, as they had been before, into the suburbs of the town.
• III.10 And perhaps it was the pleasure the good Spirit had in showing off this power of his,После pleasure пропущено which. have pleasure in doing — «находить удовольствие в чём-то»; show off — «выставлять напоказ, щеголять».
• III.10 Then up rose Mrs. Cratchit, Cratchit’s wife, dressed out but poorly in a twice-turned gown,
• III.10 until the slow potatoes bubbling up, knocked loudly at the saucepan-lid to be let out and peeled.
• III.11 kissing her a dozen times, and taking off her shawl and bonnet for her with officious zeal.take off — «снимать» (одежду). for her — «за неё»: мать сама снимает с дочери шаль и капор, не давая ей сделать это самой.
• III.11 “We’d a deal of work to finish up last night,” replied the girl, “and had to clear away this morning, mother!”
• III.11 “Sit ye down before the fire, my dear, and have a warm, Lord bless ye!”
• III.11 So Martha hid herself, and in came little Bob, the father, with at least three feet of comforter exclusive of the fringe, hanging down before him;
• III.11 and his threadbare clothes darned up and brushed, to look seasonable; and Tiny Tim upon his shoulder.
• III.11 “Why, where’s our Martha?” cried Bob Cratchit, looking round.
• III.12 so she came out prematurely from behind the closet door, and ran into his arms,
• III.12 while the two young Cratchits hustled Tiny Tim, and bore him off into the wash-house, that he might hear the pudding singing in the copper.bear off — «уносить, утаскивать»: bore — прошедшее от bear «нести», off — «прочь».
• III.12 His active little crutch was heard upon the floor, and back came Tiny Tim before another word was spoken, escorted by his brother and sister to his stool before the fire;
• III.12 and while Bob, turning up his cuffs—as if, poor fellow, they were capable of being made more shabby—compounded some hot mixture in a jug with gin and lemons,turn up — «подворачивать, засучивать». Боб бережёт манжеты, чтобы не забрызгать их.
• III.13 Miss Belinda sweetened up the apple-sauce;
• III.14 Eked out by apple-sauce and mashed potatoes, it was a sufficient dinner for the whole family;eke out — «восполнить то, чего не хватает, добавив другое; растянуть»: гусь был невелик, и досыта все наелись только благодаря соусу и картошке. Причастие относится к подлежащему it.
• III.14 But now, the plates being changed by Miss Belinda, Mrs. Cratchit left the room alone—too nervous to bear witnesses—to take the pudding up and bring it in.Инфинитив цели: зачем она вышла. take up — «вынуть» из котла, где пудинг варился; bring in — «внести» в комнату. Дополнение стоит между глаголом и частицей.
• III.14 Suppose it should break in turning out!
• III.15 At last the dinner was all done, the cloth was cleared, the hearth swept, and the fire made up.
• III.15 and Bob served it out with beaming looks, while the chestnuts on the fire sputtered and cracked noisily.serve out — «раздавать по порциям, разливать». Местоимение-дополнение ставится между глаголом и частицей: served it out.
• III.18 After it had passed away, they were ten times merrier than before, from the mere relief of Scrooge the Baleful being done with.pass away — «пройти, исчезнуть»: тень рассеялась. О людях тот же глагол значит «скончаться». Past Perfect показывает, что это случилось раньше, чем они развеселились.
• III.18 Bob Cratchit told them how he had a situation in his eye for Master Peter, which would bring in, if obtained, full five-and-sixpence weekly.
• III.18 at which Peter pulled up his collars so high that you couldn’t have seen his head if you had been there.
• III.18 All this time the chestnuts and the jug went round and round;go round — «обходить всех по кругу, передаваться из рук в руки». Повтор round and round значит «круг за кругом, снова и снова».
• III.19 and deep red curtains, ready to be drawn to shut out cold and darkness.Инфинитив цели: «чтобы…». shut out — «не впускать, отгородиться от».
• III.19 There all the children of the house were running out into the snow to meet their married sisters, brothers, cousins, uncles, aunts, and be the first to greet them.
• III.19 and there a group of handsome girls, all hooded and fur-booted, and all chattering at once, tripped lightly off to some near neighbour’s house;trip здесь не «споткнуться», а «идти быстрыми лёгкими шажками, почти вприпрыжку»; off — «прочь, вдаль».
• III.20 instead of every house expecting company, and piling up its fires half-chimney high.pile up — «наваливать грудой»: в камин подбрасывают столько угля, что пламя стоит высоко. half-chimney high построено как knee-high «по колено», six feet high «высотой в шесть футов»: «высотой в половину дымохода».
• III.20 and floated on, outpouring, with a generous hand, its bright and harmless mirth on everything within its reach!on при глаголе движения — «дальше, вперёд»: «плыл дальше».
• III.20 laughed out loudly as the Spirit passed, though little kenned the lamplighter that he had any company but Christmas!laugh out — «рассмеяться вслух, в голос».
• III.21 An old, old man and woman, with their children and their children’s children, and another generation beyond that, all decked out gaily in their holiday attire.deck out — «нарядить, разукрасить»; здесь причастие: «разодетые».
• III.21 The Spirit did not tarry here, but bade Scrooge hold his robe, and passing on above the moor, sped—whither?
• III.22 struck up a sturdy song that was like a Gale in itself.strike up — «затянуть, грянуть (песню, музыку)». struck — прошедшее от strike.
• III.23 and thinking what a solemn thing it was to move on through the lonely darkness over an unknown abyss,
• III.23 And their assembled friends being not a bit behindhand, roared out lustily.roar — «реветь, рычать», а о людях «хохотать во всё горло»; out добавляет «вслух, наружу». lustily — «изо всех сил, во всю мочь»: от lusty «полный сил».
• III.25 “Do go on, Fred,” said Scrooge’s niece, clapping her hands.
• III.25 Scrooge’s nephew revelled in another laugh, and as it was impossible to keep the infection off;
• III.27 especially Topper, who could growl away in the bass like a good one, and never swell the large veins in his forehead, or get red in the face over it.away после глагола значит, что действие идёт без остановки и от души: growl away «знай себе рокотать», как work away, sing away.
• III.28 The way he went after that plump sister in the lace tucker, was an outrage on the credulity of human nature.
• III.28 Knocking down the fire-irons, tumbling over the chairs, bumping against the piano, smothering himself among the curtains, wherever she went, there went he!
• III.28 and would instantly have sidled off in the direction of the plump sister.sidle — «двигаться бочком, украдкой» (от side «бок»); off — «прочь». Вместе: «бочком улизнул бы».
• III.28 She often cried out that it wasn’t fair; and it really was not.
• III.29 for wholly forgetting in the interest he had in what was going on, that his voice made no sound in their ears,
• III.29 he sometimes came out with his guess quite loud, and very often guessed quite right, too;come out with — «вдруг сказать вслух, выпалить» (то, что было на уме).
• III.30 It was a Game called Yes and No, where Scrooge’s nephew had to think of something, and the rest must find out what;
• III.30 and was so inexpressibly tickled, that he was obliged to get up off the sofa and stamp.
• III.30 At last the plump sister, falling into a similar state, cried out:
• III.30 “I have found it out!Местоимение-дополнение ставится между глаголом и частицей: find it out, но find out the answer. Перфект: важен итог к этой минуте — ответ у неё есть.
• III.31 But the whole scene passed off in the breath of the last word spoken by his nephew;pass off — «пройти, рассеяться, исчезнуть» (о видении, боли, грозе).
• III.31 In almshouse, hospital, and jail, in misery’s every refuge, where vain man in his little brief authority had not made fast the door, and barred the Spirit out,bar — «запирать на засов» (a bar — «засов»), bar out — «запереться от кого-то, не впустить».
• III.32 They knelt down at its feet, and clung upon the outside of its garment.
• III.33 Where graceful youth should have filled their features out, and touched them with its freshest tints,Фразовый глагол fill out — «пополнеть, округлиться; сделать полнее». Дополнение стоит между глаголом и частицей. features во множественном числе — «черты лица».
• III.33 Deny it!” cried the Spirit, stretching out its hand towards the city.stretch out — «протянуть, простереть» (руку). its, а не his: о Духах Диккенс почти везде говорит it.
• III.33 “Are there no prisons?” said the Spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words.turn on somebody — «резко обернуться против кого-то, наброситься» (словами или делом). with his own words — оружие, с которым нападают: «обращая против него его же слова».
• III.33 and lifting up his eyes, beheld a solemn Phantom, draped and hooded, coming, like a mist along the ground, towards him.
• IV.1 When it came near him, Scrooge bent down upon his knee;
• IV.2 “Lead on!” said Scrooge.on при глаголе значит «дальше, вперёд»: «ведите дальше», как go on «продолжайте».
• IV.2 “Lead on!
• IV.2 Lead on, Spirit!”
• IV.2 The Phantom moved away as it had come towards him.
• IV.2 Scrooge followed in the shadow of its dress, which bore him up, he thought, and carried him along.bear up — «поддерживать, держать на весу», carry along — «нести с собой». Скрудж не идёт сам: его поднимает и несёт. bore — прошедшее от bear.
• IV.2 for the city rather seemed to spring up about them, and encompass them of its own act.spring up — «внезапно возникнуть, вырасти как из-под земли». about здесь «вокруг», как нынешнее around.
• IV.3 Suppose we make up a party and volunteer?”make up: «составить, набрать». party здесь не вечеринка, а группа людей, которые идут куда-то вместе.
• IV.4 he resolved to treasure up every word he heard, and everything he saw;От treasure «сокровище»: копить и хранить как драгоценность, здесь — в памяти.
• IV.5 He looked about in that very place for his own image;Два оборота в одном: look about «оглядываться вокруг» и look for «искать». Вместе: «искал глазами».
• IV.5 he saw no likeness of himself among the multitudes that poured in through the Porch.
• IV.5 for he had been revolving in his mind a change of life, and thought and hoped he saw his new-born resolutions carried out in this.
• IV.6 Upon the floor within, were piled up heaps of rusty keys, nails, chains, hinges, files, scales, weights, and refuse iron of all kinds.
• IV.6 But she had scarcely entered, when another woman, similarly laden, came in too;
• IV.7 The old man raked the fire together with an old stair-rod,rake — «грести граблями, сгребать» (a rake — «грабли»); rake together — «сгрести в кучу». the fire здесь — горящие угли в жаровне.
• IV.7 While he did this, the woman who had already spoken threw her bundle on the floor, and sat down in a flaunting manner on a stool;
• IV.8 If he had been, he’d have had somebody to look after him when he was struck with Death,
• IV.8 instead of lying gasping out his last there, alone by himself.”
• IV.8 Speak out plain.speak out — «говорить открыто, во всеуслышание». plain здесь наречие, «ясно, прямо»; в литературной речи было бы plainly.
• IV.8 and added them up into a total when he found there was nothing more to come.add up — «сложить (числа), подвести итог». a total — «общая сумма, итог».
• IV.9 If you asked me for another penny, and made it an open question, I’d repent of being so liberal and knock off half-a-crown.”
• IV.9 and having unfastened a great many knots, dragged out a large and heavy roll of some dark stuff.
• IV.9 “You don’t mean to say you took ’em down, rings and all, with him lying there?” said Joe.take down — «снять» то, что висит или стоит наверху. Местоимение ставится между глаголом и частицей. ’em — просторечное them.
• IV.9 “I certainly shan’t hold my hand, when I can get anything in it by reaching it out, for the sake of such a man as He was, I promise you, Joe,” returned the woman coolly.
• IV.10 Eh?” said old Joe, stopping in his work, and looking up.
• IV.10 “Putting it on him to be buried in, to be sure,” replied the woman with a laugh.
• IV.10 “Somebody was fool enough to do it, but I took it off again.put on — «надеть», take off — «снять». again здесь не «во второй раз», а «обратно».
• IV.11 “Ha, ha!” laughed the same woman, when old Joe, producing a flannel bag with money in it, told out their several gains upon the ground.У tell есть старое значение «считать» (отсюда teller — кассир в банке). tell out — «отсчитать» монеты одну за другой.
• IV.11 He frightened every one away from him when he was alive, to profit us when he was dead!
• IV.11 a bare, uncurtained bed: on which, beneath a ragged sheet, there lay a something covered up, which, though it was dumb, announced itself in awful language.
• IV.12 Oh cold, cold, rigid, dreadful Death, set up thine altar here, and dress it with such terrors as thou hast at thy command:
• IV.12 He thought, if this man could be raised up now, what would be his foremost thoughts?
• IV.13 for she walked up and down the room; started at every sound; looked out from the window; glanced at the clock;
• IV.13 He sat down to the dinner that had been hoarding for him by the fire;
• IV.14 and what I thought was a mere excuse to avoid me; turns out to have been quite true.turn out — «оказаться». После него перфектный инфинитив to have been: правдой это было уже тогда, вчера, а выяснилось теперь. «Оказывается, было чистой правдой».
• IV.15 and as they went along, Scrooge looked here and there to find himself, but nowhere was he to be seen.
• IV.15 The boy must have read them out, as he and the Spirit crossed the threshold.
• IV.15 Why did he not go on?Полная форма вопроса с отрицанием: did he not; в разговоре — didn’t he. go on — «продолжать». Питер замолчал, потому что слова о ребёнке напомнили всем о Крошке Тиме.
• IV.16 “Past it rather,” Peter answered, shutting up his book.Здесь shut up значит просто «закрыть» (книгу). Знакомое теперь shut up «замолчать» — другое значение того же сочетания.
• IV.16 and little Bob in his comforter—he had need of it, poor fellow—came in.
• IV.17 He broke down all at once.break down — буквально «сломаться»; о человеке: не выдержать, потерять самообладание, расплакаться.
• IV.17 Poor Bob sat down in it, and when he had thought a little and composed himself, he kissed the little face.
• IV.18 “And then,” cried one of the girls, “Peter will be keeping company with some one, and setting up for himself.”set up for oneself — «начать жить самостоятельно, завести собственное хозяйство или дело».
• IV.18 “Get along with you!” retorted Peter, grinning.
• IV.19 Indeed, the Spirit did not stay for anything, but went straight on, as to the end just now desired, until besought by Scrooge to tarry for a moment.go on — «идти дальше»; straight вставлено в середину: «шёл прямо вперёд, не сворачивая».
• IV.20 Scrooge hastened to the window of his office, and looked in.in здесь наречие, а не предлог: «заглянул внутрь» (через окно).
• IV.20 He paused to look round before entering.
• IV.20 Walled in by houses; overrun by grass and weeds, the growth of vegetation’s death, not life;
• IV.20 choked up with too much burying; fat with repleted appetite.
• IV.21 I will not shut out the lessons that they teach.Фразовый глагол: «не впускать, оставлять за дверью», а о мыслях и чувствах — «гнать от себя, отгораживаться». Скрудж не станет запирать от этих уроков своё сердце.
• IV.21 Oh, tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone!”
• IV.21 Holding up his hands in a last prayer to have his fate reversed, he saw an alteration in the Phantom’s hood and dress.hold up — «поднимать и держать поднятым». Причастный оборот: «воздев руки»; действует тот же, кто в главной части, he.
• V.1 “They are not torn down,” cried Scrooge, folding one of his bed-curtains in his arms,
• V.1 “they are not torn down, rings and all.
• V.1 turning them inside out, putting them on upside down, tearing them, mislaying them,put on — «надевать»; местоимение ставится между глаголом и частицей: put them on. upside down — «вверх ногами, вверх дном».
• V.2 “There’s the saucepan that the gruel was in!” cried Scrooge, starting off again, and going round the fireplace.start off — «тронуться с места, пуститься»: едва отдышавшись, он опять пускается бегать.
• V.2 He was checked in his transports by the churches ringing out the lustiest peals he had ever heard.
• V.2 Running to the window, he opened it, and put out his head.put out здесь буквально: «выставить наружу, высунуть». his по-русски не переводится: части тела в английском называют с притяжательным местоимением.
• V.3 Do you know whether they’ve sold the prize Turkey that was hanging up there?—Not the little prize Turkey: the big one?”
• V.3 Come back with the man, and I’ll give you a shilling.
• V.3 Come back with him in less than five minutes and I’ll give you half-a-crown!”
• V.3 He must have had a steady hand at a trigger who could have got a shot off half so fast.
• V.4 He would have snapped ’em short off in a minute, like sticks of sealing-wax.
• V.4 were only to be exceeded by the chuckle with which he sat down breathless in his chair again, and chuckled till he cried.
• V.5 But if he had cut the end of his nose off, he would have put a piece of sticking-plaister over it, and been quite satisfied.Фразовый глагол cut off — «отрезать»; дополнение, даже длинное, стоит между глаголом и частицей.
• V.5 He dressed himself “all in his best,” and at last got out into the streets.get с наречием места значит «добраться, выбраться»: get out — «выйти наружу». Слова at last намекают, что сборы затянулись.
• V.6 “Lord bless me!” cried the gentleman, as if his breath were taken away.
• V.6 He passed the door a dozen times, before he had the courage to go up and knock.
• V.7 “I’ll go in here, my dear.”
• V.7 They were looking at the table (which was spread out in great array);
• V.7 Will you let me in, Fred?”
• V.7 Let him in!
• V.7 It is a mercy he didn’t shake his arm off.shake hands — «пожать руку», а shake … off — «стрясти, оторвать»: Фред так тряс руку дяди, что едва её не оторвал. he — это Фред, his — Скруджа.
• V.8 His hat was off, before he opened the door; his comforter too.off об одежде — «снятый» (take off «снять»). Теперь he и his — это Боб: он так спешит, что раздевается ещё за дверью.
• V.8 He was on his stool in a jiffy; driving away with his pen, as if he were trying to overtake nine o’clock.drive — «гнать», а away после глагола значит, что действие идёт без передышки (work away «работать вовсю»). Боб «гонит» пером по бумаге, то есть строчит изо всех сил.
• V.8 He had a momentary idea of knocking Scrooge down with it, holding him, and calling to the people in the court for help and a strait-waistcoat.knock down — «сбить с ног ударом». with it — линейкой.
• V.9 Make up the fires, and buy another coal-scuttle before you dot another i, Bob Cratchit!”make up a fire значит подбросить топлива, чтобы огонь разгорелся. Множественное число: огней в конторе два, у Скруджа и у клерка. В первой строфе огонь у Боба был так мал, что казался одним угольком.
• V.9 he thought it quite as well that they should wrinkle up their eyes in grins, as have the malady in less attractive forms.