Придаточные определительные: who, which, that и пропуск союза

Придаточное, которое определяет существительное, вводится словами who (о людях), which (о вещах), that (о тех и других), whose «чей». Все они переводятся словом «который»; часто союзное слово вовсе опущено.

Примеры

• the story I am going to relate 1.2история, которую я собираюсь рассказать
• No wind that blew was bitterer than he 1.3Ни один ветер, какой только дул, не был злее его
• from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire 1.2из которого никакая сталь ни разу не высекла щедрого огня
• I wear the chain I forged in life 1.21Я ношу цепь, которую выковал при жизни
• It beckoned Scrooge to approach, which he did. 1.25Оно поманило Скруджа подойти, что тот и сделал.

В тексте 232

• I.2 Sometimes people new to the business called Scrooge Scrooge, and sometimes Marley, but he answered to both names.Прилагательное с зависимыми словами ставится после существительного: people new to the business = people who were new to the business. new to — «незнакомый с чем-то, новичок в чём-то». the business — это самое дело, фирма Скруджа.
• I.2 Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire;
• I.3 No wind that blew was bitterer than he, no falling snow was more intent upon its purpose, no pelting rain less open to entreaty.
• I.3 It was the very thing he liked.
• I.4 The door of Scrooge’s counting-house was open that he might keep his eye upon his clerk, who in a dismal little cell beyond, a sort of tank, was copying letters.
• I.4 in which effort, not being a man of a strong imagination, he failed.which перед существительным — «каковой»: книжный способ привязать новую фразу к только что сказанному («и в этой попытке…»). fail in something — «не преуспеть в чём-то».
• I.5 It was the voice of Scrooge’s nephew, who came upon him so quickly that this was the first intimation he had of his approach.
• I.5 “every idiot who goes about with ‘Merry Christmas’ on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding,
• I.6 “There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not profited, I dare say,” returned the nephew.Второе придаточное к тому же things, без союза: «(и) которыми я не воспользовался». profit by — «извлечь выгоду из чего-то»; ср. profit «прибыль».
• I.7 We have never had any quarrel, to which I have been a party.
• I.7 who, cold as he was, was warmer than Scrooge; for he returned them cordially.
• I.8 “There’s another fellow,” muttered Scrooge; who overheard him:
• I.8 “it is more than usually desirable that we should make some slight provision for the Poor and destitute, who suffer greatly at the present time.
• I.9 We choose this time, because it is a time, of all others, when Want is keenly felt, and Abundance rejoices.
• I.9 and those who are badly off must go there.”
• I.10 The ancient tower of a church, whose gruff old bell was always peeping slily down at Scrooge out of a Gothic window in the wall, became invisible,whose — «чей, которого» — говорят не только о людях, но и о вещах: «башня, чей колокол…». gruff — «грубовато-хриплый, ворчливый», обычно о голосе человека.
• I.10 round which a party of ragged men and boys were gathered: warming their hands and winking their eyes before the blaze in rapture.Предлог стоит перед which: «вокруг которой». round как предлог — британское; то же, что around.
• I.10 The brightness of the shops where holly sprigs and berries crackled in the lamp heat of the windows, made pale faces ruddy as they passed.
• I.10 a glorious pageant, with which it was next to impossible to believe that such dull principles as bargain and sale had anything to do.В основе оборот have something to do with — «иметь отношение к чему-то». Предлог with вынесен вперёд, к which: «зрелище, к которому … имеют какое-то отношение». Проще было бы: it was hard to believe that bargain and sale had anything to do with it.
• I.10 and even the little tailor, whom he had fined five shillings on the previous Monday for being drunk and bloodthirsty in the streets,
• I.11 who instantly snuffed his candle out, and put on his hat.
• I.12 He lived in chambers which had once belonged to his deceased partner.
• I.12 where it had so little business to be, that one could scarcely help fancying it must have run there when it was a young house,
• I.12 The yard was so dark that even Scrooge, who knew its every stone, was fain to grope with his hands.
• I.13 also that Scrooge had as little of what is called fancy about him as any man in the city of London, even including—which is a bold word—the corporation, aldermen, and livery.which относится не к одному слову, а ко всему утверждению: «а это смело сказано». Смело потому, что у отцов города, по мнению рассказчика, воображения ещё меньше.
• I.14 To say that he was not startled, or that his blood was not conscious of a terrible sensation to which it had been a stranger from infancy, would be untrue.be a stranger to — «не знать чего-то, быть незнакомым с чем-то». it — кровь: «(ощущение), которого она не знала с младенчества». Скрудж не пугался с детства.
• I.14 But there was nothing on the back of the door, except the screws and nuts that held the knocker on,
• I.14 which is perhaps the reason why Scrooge thought he saw a locomotive hearse going on before him in the gloom.which относится ко всему сказанному о ширине лестницы: «и в этом, возможно, причина того, что…».
• I.15 Nobody under the bed; nobody in the closet; nobody in his dressing-gown, which was hanging up in a suspicious attitude against the wall.
• I.15 Quite satisfied, he closed his door, and locked himself in; double-locked himself in, which was not his custom.which после запятой относится не к одному слову, а ко всему действию: «что (то есть запираться на два оборота) не было у него в обычае».
• I.16 As he threw his head back in the chair, his glance happened to rest upon a bell, a disused bell, that hung in the room,
• I.17 The chain he drew was clasped about his middle.Пропущено that или which: the chain (that) he drew. draw здесь в старом значении «тащить, тянуть», а не «рисовать».
• I.18 and marked the very texture of the folded kerchief bound about its head and chin, which wrapper he had not observed before;which с существительным после него — книжный оборот: «каковую повязку», то есть «а этой повязки он…». wrapper — «то, чем обёрнуто», от wrap «заворачивать».
• I.20 It is doomed to wander through the world—oh, woe is me!—and witness what it cannot share, but might have shared on earth, and turned to happiness!”witness — глагол «быть свидетелем, видеть своими глазами». what = «то, что»: оно служит дополнением сразу к witness и к share. share — «разделить с другими», принять участие в чужих радостях и горестях.
• I.22 before the good of which it is susceptible is all developed.the good — существительное «добро, благо». susceptible of — книжное «допускающий что-то, способный к чему-то»; предлог стоит перед which: «добро, к которому она (земля) способна». В разговорной речи было бы the good which it is susceptible of.
• I.23 “But you were always a good man of business, Jacob,” faltered Scrooge, who now began to apply this to himself.
• I.23 and never raise them to that blessed Star which led the Wise Men to a poor abode!
• I.23 Were there no poor homes to which its light would have conducted me!”
• I.23 “How it is that I appear before you in a shape that you can see, I may not tell.shape — «форма, очертания»; о привидении — «облик». that здесь «который».
• I.25 It beckoned Scrooge to approach, which he did.Здесь which относится не к слову, а ко всему действию to approach, а did стоит вместо approached: «что он и сделал».
• I.25 who cried piteously at being unable to assist a wretched woman with an infant, whom it saw below, upon a door-step.whom — форма who для дополнения: «которую он видел». Обратите внимание: о человеке who, whom, а сам призрак остаётся it.
• I.26 Scrooge closed the window, and examined the door by which the Ghost had entered.Книжный порядок: предлог перед which. В разговоре было бы the door (which) the Ghost had entered by. by при двери или окне — «через».
• II.2 He spoke before the hour bell sounded, which it now did with a deep, dull, hollow, melancholy ONE.which относится не к слову, а ко всему действию sounded, а did это действие замещает: «что он теперь и сделал», то есть прозвучал.
• II.3 Not the curtains at his feet, nor the curtains at his back, but those to which his face was addressed.Предлог стоит перед which: «к которым было обращено его лицо». Это книжный порядок; в разговоре сказали бы which his face was addressed to. address здесь в старом значении «направлять, обращать».
• II.3 and Scrooge, starting up into a half-recumbent attitude, found himself face to face with the unearthly visitor who drew them:
• II.3 which gave him the appearance of having receded from the view, and being diminished to a child’s proportions.
• II.3 Its hair, which hung about its neck and down its back, was white as if with age;
• II.3 It wore a tunic of the purest white; and round its waist was bound a lustrous belt, the sheen of which was beautiful.«Блеск которого»: о вещах вместо whose книжная речь ставит of which после существительного.
• II.3 But the strangest thing about it was, that from the crown of its head there sprung a bright clear jet of light, by which all this was visible;«При котором, благодаря которому»: предлог стоит перед which.
• II.3 and which was doubtless the occasion of its using, in its duller moments, a great extinguisher for a cap, which it now held under its arm.
• II.4 of which dissolving parts, no outline would be visible in the dense gloom wherein they melted away.Книжный оборот: which стоит как определение при существительном («каковых частей») и подхватывает всё перечисленное. По смыслу: and no outline of these dissolving parts would be visible — «и ни одного очертания этих тающих частей не было видно».
• II.4 “Are you the Spirit, sir, whose coming was foretold to me?” asked Scrooge.
• II.4 Is it not enough that you are one of those whose passions made this cap,«Один из тех, чьи страсти создали этот колпак». Дух говорит иносказательно: гасильник, который прячет свет прошлого, сделан людскими страстями, и Скрудж — один из таких людей.
• II.6 who called to other boys in country gigs and carts, driven by farmers.
• II.7 “These are but shadows of the things that have been,” said the Ghost.
• II.7 which associated itself somehow with too much getting up by candle-light, and not too much to eat.
• II.8 And what’s his name, who was put down in his drawers, asleep, at the Gate of Damascus; don’t you see him!
• II.11 and in the hall appeared the schoolmaster himself, who glared on Master Scrooge with a ferocious condescension,
• II.11 He then conveyed him and his sister into the veriest old well of a shivering best-parlour that ever was seen,
• II.11 where the maps upon the wall, and the celestial and terrestrial globes in the windows, were waxy with cold.
• II.11 who answered that he thanked the gentleman, but if it was the same tap as he had tasted before, he had rather not.
• II.11 “Always a delicate creature, whom a breath might have withered,” said the Ghost.
• II.12 where shadowy passengers passed and repassed;
• II.12 where shadowy carts and coaches battled for the way, and all the strife and tumult of a real city were.
• II.12 Old Fezziwig laid down his pen, and looked up at the clock, which pointed to the hour of seven.
• II.14 In came the six young followers whose hearts they broke.whose — «чей, которого»: «поклонники, сердца которых они разбили». break somebody’s heart — «разбить сердце», как и по-русски. Три барышни и шесть поклонников: по два на каждую.
• II.14 In came the boy from over the way, who was suspected of not having board enough from his master;
• II.14 trying to hide himself behind the girl from next door but one, who was proved to have had her ears pulled by her mistress.
• II.15 The sort of man who knew his business better than you or I could have told it him!) struck up “Sir Roger de Coverley.”
• II.15 three or four and twenty pair of partners; people who were not to be trifled with;
• II.15 people who would dance, and had no notion of walking.
• II.16 and thus the cheerful voices died away, and the lads were left to their beds; which were under a counter in the back-shop.
• II.16 The Spirit signed to him to listen to the two apprentices, who were pouring out their hearts in praise of Fezziwig:
• II.17 This was not addressed to Scrooge, or to any one whom he could see, but it produced an immediate effect.
• II.17 which showed the passion that had taken root, and where the shadow of the growing tree would fall.
• II.18 in whose eyes there were tears, which sparkled in the light that shone out of the Ghost of Christmas Past.whose относится к girl: «в глазах которой». Двоеточие перед придаточным — пунктуация Диккенса, по-русски здесь была бы запятая.
• II.18 “There is nothing on which it is so hard as poverty;
• II.19 That which promised happiness when we were one in heart, is fraught with misery now that we are two.Книжное «то, что»; в обычной речи сказали бы просто what. Речь об их помолвке, об уговоре пожениться.
• II.19 In everything that made my love of any worth or value in your sight.
• II.19 can even I believe that you would choose a dowerless girl—you who, in your very confidence with her, weigh everything by Gain:
• II.20 A very, very brief time, and you will dismiss the recollection of it, gladly, as an unprofitable dream, from which it happened well that you awoke.
• II.21 to have let loose waves of hair, an inch of which would be a keepsake beyond price:
• II.22 just in time to greet the father, who came home attended by a man laden with Christmas toys and presents.
• II.22 Then the shouting and the struggling, and the onslaught that was made on the defenceless porter!
• II.22 The shouts of wonder and delight with which the development of every package was received!Предлог стоит перед which: «(возгласы), с которыми встречали…». receive здесь — «встречать, принимать (новость, гостя)».
• II.22 where they went to bed, and so subsided.
• II.23 “I told you these were shadows of the things that have been,” said the Ghost.
• II.23 in which in some strange way there were fragments of all the faces it had shown him, wrestled with it.Перед it опущено which или that: «все лица, которые он ему показал». Past Perfect — потому что показал раньше: это люди из прошлого Скруджа, которых он видел этой ночью.
• II.23 In the struggle, if that can be called a struggle in which the Ghost with no visible resistance on its own part was undisturbed by any effort of its adversary,
• II.24 which streamed from under it, in an unbroken flood upon the ground.
• II.24 He gave the cap a parting squeeze, in which his hand relaxed;«При котором его рука разжалась»: на этом последнем усилии силы его оставили. relax здесь — «ослабнуть, разжаться», а не «отдыхать».
• III.1 Gentlemen of the free-and-easy sort, who plume themselves on being acquainted with a move or two, and being usually equal to the time-of-day,
• III.1 between which opposite extremes, no doubt, there lies a tolerably wide and comprehensive range of subjects.which перед существительным — книжная связка: «между каковыми крайностями», проще «а между этими крайностями».
• III.2 All this time, he lay upon his bed, the very core and centre of a blaze of ruddy light, which streamed upon it when the clock proclaimed the hour;
• III.2 and which, being only light, was more alarming than a dozen ghosts, as he was powerless to make out what it meant, or would be at;
• III.2 for it is always the person not in the predicament who knows what ought to have been done in it, and would unquestionably have done it too—at last, I say,
• III.3 The walls and ceiling were so hung with living green, that it looked a perfect grove; from every part of which, bright gleaming berries glistened.Придаточное с предлогом перед which: «из каждой части которой». which относится к grove. Диккенс отделяет его точкой с запятой, как новую мысль.
• III.3 mince-pies, plum-puddings, barrels of oysters, red-hot chestnuts, cherry-cheeked apples, juicy oranges, luscious pears, immense twelfth-cakes, and seething bowls of punch, that made the chamber dim with their delicious steam.
• III.3 who bore a glowing torch, in shape not unlike Plenty’s horn, and held it up, high up, to shed its light on Scrooge, as he came peeping round the door.
• III.4 I went forth last night on compulsion, and I learnt a lesson which is working now.
• III.5 and they stood in the city streets on Christmas morning, where (for the weather was severe) the people made a rough, but brisk and not unpleasant kind of music,
• III.5 which last deposit had been ploughed up in deep furrows by the heavy wheels of carts and waggons;Книжный оборот: which стоит перед существительным как определение и возвращает к только что сказанному — «каковой последний слой», то есть грязный снег на земле. last здесь «последний из названных»; deposit — «то, что осело, нанос».
• III.5 furrows that crossed and re-crossed each other hundreds of times where the great streets branched off;
• III.5 whose heavier particles descended in a shower of sooty atoms,whose относится не только к людям, но и к вещам: a mist whose particles — «мгла, частицы которой».
• III.5 and yet was there an air of cheerfulness abroad that the clearest summer air and brightest summer sun might have endeavoured to diffuse in vain.
• III.6 For, the people who were shovelling away on the housetops were jovial and full of glee;
• III.7 while the Grocer and his people were so frank and fresh that the polished hearts with which they fastened their aprons behind might have been their own,
• III.8 And it was a very uncommon kind of torch, for once or twice when there were angry words between some dinner-carriers who had jostled each other,
• III.8 “Is there a peculiar flavour in what you sprinkle from your torch?” asked Scrooge.what = «то, что»: «в том, что вы сыплете (чем кропите)».
• III.9 often the only day on which they can be said to dine at all,” said Scrooge.
• III.9 “who lay claim to know us, and who do their deeds of passion, pride, ill-will, hatred, envy, bigotry, and selfishness in our name,
• III.9 who are as strange to us and all our kith and kin, as if they had never lived.
• III.9 It was a remarkable quality of the Ghost (which Scrooge had observed at the baker’s),
• III.10 but brave in ribbons, which are cheap and make a goodly show for sixpence;
• III.11 There’s father coming,” cried the two young Cratchits, who were everywhere at once.
• III.12 Somehow he gets thoughtful, sitting by himself so much, and thinks the strangest things you ever heard.После things пропущено that: «самые странные вещи, какие ты когда-либо слышала». Превосходная степень с ever — обычный способ сказать «каких свет не видывал».
• III.12 Master Peter, and the two ubiquitous young Cratchits went to fetch the goose, with which they soon returned in high procession.Предлог стоит перед относительным местоимением: «с которым». Это книжный порядок; в разговоре сказали бы which they soon returned with.
• III.13 a feathered phenomenon, to which a black swan was a matter of course—and in truth it was something very like it in that house.
• III.14 Suppose somebody should have got over the wall of the back-yard, and stolen it, while they were merry with the goose—a supposition at which the two young Cratchits became livid!
• III.15 Then all the Cratchit family drew round the hearth, in what Bob Cratchit called a circle, meaning half a one;what = «то, что»: «в том, что Боб Крэтчит называл кругом». После call стоят два дополнения без предлога: кого или что и как называют.
• III.15 Which all the family re-echoed.Относительное местоимение начинает отдельное предложение и относится ко всему сказанному Бобом: «что (эти слова) вся семья и повторила». Так в книжной речи присоединяют добавление после точки.
• III.17 “It should be Christmas Day, I am sure,” said she, “on which one drinks the health of such an odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man as Mr. Scrooge.
• III.17 It was the first of their proceedings which had no heartiness.
• III.17 The mention of his name cast a dark shadow on the party, which was not dispelled for full five minutes.
• III.18 Bob Cratchit told them how he had a situation in his eye for Master Peter, which would bring in, if obtained, full five-and-sixpence weekly.
• III.18 Martha, who was a poor apprentice at a milliner’s, then told them what kind of work she had to do, and how many hours she worked at a stretch,
• III.18 at which Peter pulled up his collars so high that you couldn’t have seen his head if you had been there.which относится не к одному слову, а ко всему сказанному перед этим: «на что», «при этих словах». Питеру лестно сравнение с лордом.
• III.18 and by-and-bye they had a song, about a lost child travelling in the snow, from Tiny Tim, who had a plaintive little voice, and sang it very well indeed.
• III.19 where, woe upon the single man who saw them enter—artful witches, well they knew it—in a glow!
• III.20 The very lamplighter, who ran on before, dotting the dusky street with specks of light, and who was dressed to spend the evening somewhere,
• III.20 and water spread itself wheresoever it listed, or would have done so, but for the frost that held it prisoner;
• III.20 Down in the west the setting sun had left a streak of fiery red, which glared upon the desolation for an instant, like a sullen eye,
• III.21 “A place where Miners live, who labour in the bowels of the earth,” returned the Spirit.Придаточное who labour… относится к Miners, хотя между ними встал глагол live: «рудокопы, которые трудятся». Диккенс пишет Miners с заглавной буквы, как иногда пишет названия занятий и сословий.
• III.21 The old man, in a voice that seldom rose above the howling of the wind upon the barren waste,
• III.21 and his ears were deafened by the thundering of water, as it rolled and roared, and raged among the dreadful caverns it had worn, and fiercely tried to undermine the earth.После caverns пропущено that: «пещеры, которые она проточила». wear, wore, worn — не только «носить», но и «протирать, вытачивать»: вода точит камень. Past Perfect: пещеры появились задолго до этого.
• III.22 Built upon a dismal reef of sunken rocks, some league or so from shore, on which the waters chafed and dashed, the wild year through, there stood a solitary lighthouse.
• III.22 Great heaps of sea-weed clung to its base, and storm-birds—born of the wind one might suppose, as sea-weed of the water—rose and fell about it, like the waves they skimmed.Пропущено that: «волны, над которыми они скользили». skim берёт прямое дополнение: «скользить над самой поверхностью, едва её касаясь».
• III.22 But even here, two men who watched the light had made a fire, that through the loophole in the thick stone wall shed out a ray of brightness on the awful sea.
• III.22 Joining their horny hands over the rough table at which they sat, they wished each other Merry Christmas in their can of grog;Предлог стоит перед which: «за которым они сидели». В разговорной речи было бы the table they sat at.
• III.22 struck up a sturdy song that was like a Gale in itself.
• III.22 They stood beside the helmsman at the wheel, the look-out in the bow, the officers who had the watch; dark, ghostly figures in their several stations;
• III.22 and had remembered those he cared for at a distance, and had known that they delighted to remember him.
• III.23 whose depths were secrets as profound as Death:whose — «чей, которого» — говорят не только о людях, но и о вещах: an abyss, whose depths — «бездна, глубины которой».
• III.24 With a dimpled, surprised-looking, capital face; a ripe little mouth, that seemed made to be kissed—as no doubt it was;
• III.24 all kinds of good little dots about her chin, that melted into one another when she laughed;
• III.24 Altogether she was what you would have called provoking, you know; but satisfactory, too.
• III.25 for he answered that a bachelor was a wretched outcast, who had no right to express an opinion on the subject.
• III.25 “He never finishes what he begins to say!what здесь значит «то, что» и вводит целое придаточное-дополнение к finishes. Это она говорит уже гостям, о муже в третьем лице.
• III.26 that he loses some pleasant moments, which could do him no harm.
• III.27 which had been familiar to the child who fetched Scrooge from the boarding-school, as he had been reminded by the Ghost of Christmas Past.
• III.27 When this strain of music sounded, all the things that Ghost had shown him, came upon his mind;Ловушка: that здесь не «которые», а указательное «тот» при Ghost. Относительное местоимение пропущено: all the things (which) that Ghost had shown him — «всё, что тот Призрак ему показал».
• III.27 without resorting to the sexton’s spade that buried Jacob Marley.
• III.28 he would have made a feint of endeavouring to seize you, which would have been an affront to your understanding,which после запятой относится не к одному слову, а ко всему сказанному: «что было бы оскорблением…». an affront to your understanding — «оскорбление вашему уму»: притворство было бы слишком явным, чтобы вы в него поверили.
• III.29 Scrooge’s niece was not one of the blind-man’s buff party, but was made comfortable with a large chair and a footstool, in a snug corner, where the Ghost and Scrooge were close behind her.
• III.29 for wholly forgetting in the interest he had in what was going on, that his voice made no sound in their ears,После interest пропущено that: «интерес, который он питал». what was going on — «то, что происходило»: go on здесь «происходить».
• III.30 It was a Game called Yes and No, where Scrooge’s nephew had to think of something, and the rest must find out what;
• III.30 The brisk fire of questioning to which he was exposed, elicited from him that he was thinking of an animal, a live animal, rather a disagreeable animal, a savage animal,
• III.30 an animal that growled and grunted sometimes, and talked sometimes, and lived in London, and walked about the streets,
• III.30 At every fresh question that was put to him, this nephew burst into a fresh roar of laughter;
• III.30 Which it certainly was.Отдельное предложение начато относительным which: оно отсылает к только что сказанному. Смысл: «И это в самом деле был он».
• III.31 “A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to the old man, whatever he is!” said Scrooge’s nephew.«Каков бы он ни был», «кем бы он ни был»: whatever с придаточным даёт уступку. По-английски здесь простое настоящее, без «бы».
• III.31 In almshouse, hospital, and jail, in misery’s every refuge, where vain man in his little brief authority had not made fast the door, and barred the Spirit out,
• III.32 “Forgive me if I am not justified in what I ask,” said Scrooge, looking intently at the Spirit’s robe,
• III.33 for on his brow I see that written which is Doom, unless the writing be erased.that … which — «то, что»: that — местоимение «то», which открывает придаточное. Причастие written вклинилось между ними: «вижу написанным то, что есть Гибель». Сейчас сказали бы I see written what is Doom.
• III.33 “Slander those who tell it ye!
• IV.1 for in the very air through which this Spirit moved it seemed to scatter gloom and mystery.Предлог стоит перед which: книжный порядок слов. В разговоре сказали бы the air (that) this Spirit moved through.
• IV.1 It was shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its head, its face, its form, and left nothing of it visible save one outstretched hand.
• IV.1 But for this it would have been difficult to detach its figure from the night, and separate it from the darkness by which it was surrounded.
• IV.1 “You are about to show me shadows of the things that have not happened, but will happen in the time before us,” Scrooge pursued.
• IV.2 Scrooge followed in the shadow of its dress, which bore him up, he thought, and carried him along.
• IV.2 who hurried up and down, and chinked the money in their pockets, and conversed in groups, and looked at their watches,
• IV.3 “What has he done with his money?” asked a red-faced gentleman with a pendulous excrescence on the end of his nose, that shook like the gills of a turkey-cock.
• IV.3 That’s all I know.”После all пропущено that: all (that) I know, «всё, что я знаю».
• IV.4 Nor could he think of any one immediately connected with himself, to whom he could apply them.Книжный порядок: предлог перед whom. apply to: «отнести к кому-то», решить, что сказанное — о нём.
• IV.5 he saw no likeness of himself among the multitudes that poured in through the Porch.
• IV.5 where Scrooge had never penetrated before, although he recognised its situation, and its bad repute.
• IV.6 where iron, old rags, bottles, bones, and greasy offal, were bought.
• IV.6 Secrets that few would like to scrutinise were bred and hidden in mountains of unseemly rags, masses of corrupted fat, and sepulchres of bones.
• IV.6 who had screened himself from the cold air without, by a frousy curtaining of miscellaneous tatters, hung upon a line;
• IV.6 who was no less startled by the sight of them, than they had been upon the recognition of each other.
• IV.6 After a short period of blank astonishment, in which the old man with the pipe had joined them, they all three burst into a laugh.
• IV.6 “Let the charwoman alone to be the first!” cried she who had entered first.she who — книжное «та, которая». Имён этих людей мы пока не знаем, Диккенс называет их по ремеслу.
• IV.7 While he did this, the woman who had already spoken threw her bundle on the floor, and sat down in a flaunting manner on a stool;
• IV.8 “It’s the truest word that ever was spoke,” said Mrs. Dilber.
• IV.8 who chalked the sums he was disposed to give for each, upon the wall,
• IV.10 he viewed them with a detestation and disgust, which could hardly have been greater,
• IV.11 a bare, uncurtained bed: on which, beneath a ragged sheet, there lay a something covered up, which, though it was dumb, announced itself in awful language.
• IV.12 Oh cold, cold, rigid, dreadful Death, set up thine altar here, and dress it with such terrors as thou hast at thy command:
• IV.13 “If there is any person in the town, who feels emotion caused by this man’s death,” said Scrooge quite agonised,
• IV.13 and withdrawing it, revealed a room by daylight, where a mother and her children were.
• IV.13 She hurried to the door, and met her husband; a man whose face was careworn and depressed, though he was young.whose — «чей, у которого»: «человек, лицо которого…». Точка с запятой перед a man стоит там, где сейчас поставили бы запятую или тире.
• IV.13 There was a remarkable expression in it now; a kind of serious delight of which he felt ashamed, and which he struggled to repress.
• IV.13 He sat down to the dinner that had been hoarding for him by the fire;
• IV.13 and when she asked him faintly what news (which was not until after a long silence), he appeared embarrassed how to answer.
• IV.14 “What the half-drunken woman whom I told you of last night, said to me, when I tried to see him and obtain a week’s delay;what здесь «то, что»: всё придаточное служит подлежащим, а сказуемое к нему (turns out) придёт только в следующем отрывке. Запятая перед said по нынешним правилам лишняя; Диккенс ставит её там, где говорящий переводит дыхание.
• IV.14 and what I thought was a mere excuse to avoid me; turns out to have been quite true.«То, что я счёл простой отговоркой»: I thought вставлено внутрь придаточного (what … was a mere excuse). mere — «всего лишь, не более чем».
• IV.14 The children’s faces, hushed and clustered round to hear what they so little understood, were brighter;what — «то, что». so little стоит перед глаголом: книжный порядок; обычно understood so little. Дети не понимают, о чём речь, но видят, что родителям стало легче.
• IV.14 The only emotion that the Ghost could show him, caused by the event, was one of pleasure.
• IV.15 “or that dark chamber, Spirit, which we left just now, will be for ever present to me.”
• IV.15 The noisy little Cratchits were as still as statues in one corner, and sat looking up at Peter, who had a book before him.
• IV.16 At last she said, and in a steady, cheerful voice, that only faltered once:
• IV.17 He left the room, and went up-stairs into the room above, which was lighted cheerfully, and hung with Christmas.
• IV.17 Bob told them of the extraordinary kindness of Mr. Scrooge’s nephew, whom he had scarcely seen but once,
• IV.17 and who, meeting him in the street that day, and seeing that he looked a little—“just a little down you know,” said Bob, inquired what had happened to distress him.Второе придаточное к nephew: подлежащее who и сказуемое inquired разделены двумя причастными оборотами (meeting…, seeing…) и вставкой с прямой речью.
• IV.17 “On which,” said Bob, “for he is the pleasantest-spoken gentleman you ever heard, I told him.which относится ко всему сказанному перед этим: «на что, после чего». Боб словно подхватывает фразу рассказчика и продолжает её сам.
• IV.18 But however and whenever we part from one another, I am sure we shall none of us forget poor Tiny Tim—shall we—or this first parting that there was among us?”
• IV.19 Tell me what man that was whom we saw lying dead?”
• IV.19 “This court,” said Scrooge, “through which we hurry now, is where my place of occupation is, and has been for a length of time.
• IV.20 Here, then; the wretched man whose name he had now to learn, lay underneath the ground.
• IV.20 “Before I draw nearer to that stone to which you point,” said Scrooge, “answer me one question.Предлог стоит перед which, как принято в книжной речи: «на который вы указываете». В разговоре сказали бы the stone you point to.
• IV.20 Are these the shadows of the things that Will be, or are they shadows of things that May be, only?”
• IV.20 Still the Ghost pointed downward to the grave by which it stood.by здесь «у, возле»: «у которой он стоял». Предлог снова стоит перед which.
• IV.20 “Men’s courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if persevered in, they must lead,” said Scrooge.
• IV.21 “Am I that man who lay upon the bed?” he cried, upon his knees.Тот самый покойник, которого Дух показывал раньше: он лежал один, под простынёй, в тёмной обобранной комнате, и Скрудж не решился открыть ему лицо.
• IV.21 I am not the man I was.После man пропущено that: the man (that) I was, «тот человек, каким я был».
• IV.21 I will not shut out the lessons that they teach.
• V.1 They are here—I am here—the shadows of the things that would have been, may be dispelled.
• V.2 “There’s the saucepan that the gruel was in!” cried Scrooge, starting off again, and going round the fireplace.
• V.2 “There’s the door, by which the Ghost of Jacob Marley entered!by здесь о пути: «через которую». В книжной речи предлог стоит перед which; в разговорной он ушёл бы в конец, как в предыдущей фразе.
• V.2 Really, for a man who had been out of practice for so many years,
• V.2 He was checked in his transports by the churches ringing out the lustiest peals he had ever heard.Превосходная степень + придаточное с ever без союза: the lustiest peals (that) he had ever heard — «самые мощные перезвоны, какие он когда-либо слышал». peal — звон многих колоколов сразу.
• V.2 who perhaps had loitered in to look about him.
• V.3 Do you know whether they’ve sold the prize Turkey that was hanging up there?—Not the little prize Turkey: the big one?”
• V.3 He must have had a steady hand at a trigger who could have got a shot off half so fast.Старинное построение: he … who — «тот, кто», причём придаточное с who оторвано от he и стоит в конце. Порядок для понимания: He who could have got a shot off half so fast must have had a steady hand.
• V.4 The hand in which he wrote the address was not a steady one, but write it he did, somehow,
• V.4 The chuckle with which he said this, and the chuckle with which he paid for the Turkey,chuckle — тихий довольный смех про себя, «смешок». with which — «с которым»: предлог стоит перед which, по-книжному. Это начало длинного периода: четыре раза повторено the chuckle with which he…, а сказуемое were придёт только после четвёртого.
• V.4 and the chuckle with which he paid for the cab, and the chuckle with which he recompensed the boy,
• V.4 were only to be exceeded by the chuckle with which he sat down breathless in his chair again, and chuckled till he cried.
• V.7 They were looking at the table (which was spread out in great array);
• V.9 “A merry Christmas, Bob!” said Scrooge, with an earnestness that could not be mistaken, as he clapped him on the back.
• V.9 and to Tiny Tim, who did NOT die, he was a second father.
• V.9 at which some people did not have their fill of laughter in the outset;