Оборот there is / there was

There is, there was, there were сообщают, что нечто где-то есть или было. Слово there здесь не значит «там»; перевод начинают с конца: «на двери не было ничего».

Примеры

• There is no doubt whatever about that. 1.1В этом нет ни малейшего сомнения.
• Are there no prisons? 1.8Разве нет тюрем?
• But there was nothing on the back of the door 1.14Но на обратной стороне двери ничего не было
• There was plenty of width for that, and room to spare 1.14Ширины для этого хватало, и ещё оставалось место
• There’s more of gravy than of grave about you 1.19В тебе больше от подливки, чем от могилы

В тексте 84

• I.1 There is no doubt whatever about that.there is сообщает, что нечто существует или имеется; there здесь не «там» и не переводится. С отрицанием no: «нет сомнения». По-русски перевод удобно начинать с конца: «в этом нет сомнения».
• I.1 Mind! I don’t mean to say that I know, of my own knowledge, what there is particularly dead about a door-nail.Косвенный вопрос: в прямом было бы What is there particularly dead about a door-nail?, а после I know порядок слов прямой: what there is. what is there … about X — «что такого … в X».
• I.2 There is no doubt that Marley was dead.Рассказчик в который раз повторяет то же самое почти теми же словами, что и в начале повести. После there is в настоящем стоит was: мёртв Марли был тогда, когда происходит действие.
• I.2 there would be nothing more remarkable in his taking a stroll at night, in an easterly wind, upon his own ramparts,
• I.2 than there would be in any other middle-aged gentleman rashly turning out after dark in a breezy spot—say Saint Paul’s Churchyard for instance—literally to astonish his son’s weak mind.
• I.6 “There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not profited, I dare say,” returned the nephew.
• I.8 “There’s another fellow,” muttered Scrooge; who overheard him:«Вот и ещё один»: ещё один сумасшедший вроде племянника. fellow — разговорное «малый, тип, субъект».
• I.8 “Are there no prisons?” asked Scrooge.Вопрос к обороту there are: глагол встаёт перед there. С отрицанием no вопрос значит «разве нет…?»: Скрудж уверен, что тюрьмы есть, и считает, что этого достаточно. В тюрьму в Англии тогда сажали и за долги; в долговой тюрьме Маршалси сидел отец самого Диккенса.
• I.13 Now, it is a fact, that there was nothing at all particular about the knocker on the door, except that it was very large.
• I.14 But there was nothing on the back of the door, except the screws and nuts that held the knocker on,
• I.14 There was plenty of width for that, and room to spare;
• I.16 There were Cains and Abels, Pharaoh’s daughters; Queens of Sheba, Angelic messengers descending through the air on clouds like feather-beds,
• I.16 there would have been a copy of old Marley’s head on every one.
• I.19 There’s more of gravy than of grave about you, whatever you are!”
• I.19 There was something very awful, too, in the spectre’s being provided with an infernal atmosphere of its own.
• I.23 Were there no poor homes to which its light would have conducted me!”
• II.1 and that there was no noise of people running to and fro, and making a great stir,
• II.1 as there unquestionably would have been if night had beaten off bright day, and taken possession of the world.
• II.1 would have become a mere United States’ security if there were no days to count by.
• II.3 But the strangest thing about it was, that from the crown of its head there sprung a bright clear jet of light, by which all this was visible;Оборот с there возможен не только с be, но и с глаголами появления и движения: there sprung a jet — «бил луч». sprung здесь прошедшее время от spring; сегодня обычная форма sprang, а sprung — причастие.
• II.7 There was an earthy savour in the air, a chilly bareness in the place,
• II.9 “There’s the Parrot!” cried Scrooge.
• II.9 There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night.there was + существительное + -ing: «был мальчик, который пел», проще «один мальчик пел». Это тот мальчик из первой главы, который запел у замочной скважины конторы и убежал, когда Скрудж схватил линейку.
• II.13 There was nothing they wouldn’t have cleared away, or couldn’t have cleared away, with old Fezziwig looking on.
• II.14 But scorning rest, upon his reappearance, he instantly began again, though there were no dancers yet,there were no — «не было (никаких)». yet при отрицании — «ещё»: танцоры ещё не успели встать в пары после первого танца.
• II.15 There were more dances, and there were forfeits, and more dances, and there was cake, and there was negus,Длинное перечисление, где каждый раз заново повторяются and и there was / there were: так рассказывает запыхавшийся от восторга человек, которому хочется ничего не забыть. Глагол стоит в том числе, какого требует следующее за ним существительное: there were dances, но there was cake.
• II.15 and there was a great piece of Cold Roast, and there was a great piece of Cold Boiled, and there were mince-pies, and plenty of beer.
• II.17 There was an eager, greedy, restless motion in the eye,
• II.18 in whose eyes there were tears, which sparkled in the light that shone out of the Ghost of Christmas Past.
• II.18 “There is nothing on which it is so hard as poverty;
• II.18 and there is nothing it professes to condemn with such severity as the pursuit of wealth!”
• II.21 The noise in this room was perfectly tumultuous, for there were more children there, than Scrooge in his agitated state of mind could count;Здесь два there: первое входит в оборот there were («было») и не переводится, второе — обычное «там». for — книжный союз «ибо, потому что».
• II.23 in which in some strange way there were fragments of all the faces it had shown him, wrestled with it.
• III.1 between which opposite extremes, no doubt, there lies a tolerably wide and comprehensive range of subjects.Оборот there is с другим глаголом: there lies a range — «лежит круг». Настоящее подлежащее (a … range) стоит после глагола.
• III.3 There was no doubt about that.
• III.3 In easy state upon this couch, there sat a jolly Giant, glorious to see;Оборот there + глагол бывает не только с be: there sat, there stood, there lived. Так в рассказ вводят новое лицо; подлежащее (a jolly Giant) стоит после глагола.
• III.5 There was nothing very cheerful in the climate or the town,
• III.5 and yet was there an air of cheerfulness abroad that the clearest summer air and brightest summer sun might have endeavoured to diffuse in vain.
• III.6 There were great, round, pot-bellied baskets of chestnuts, shaped like the waistcoats of jolly old gentlemen,С этого оборота начинается длинный перечень того, что было в лавках; он повторяется шесть раз. Глагол согласуется с тем, что стоит после него: there were … baskets.
• III.6 There were ruddy, brown-faced, broad-girthed Spanish Onions, shining in the fatness of their growth like Spanish Friars,
• III.6 There were pears and apples, clustered high in blooming pyramids;
• III.6 there were bunches of grapes, made, in the shopkeepers’ benevolence to dangle from conspicuous hooks, that people’s mouths might water gratis as they passed;
• III.6 there were piles of filberts, mossy and brown, recalling, in their fragrance, ancient walks among the woods, and pleasant shufflings ankle deep through withered leaves;
• III.6 there were Norfolk Biffins, squat and swarthy, setting off the yellow of the oranges and lemons,
• III.6 The very gold and silver fish, set forth among these choice fruits in a bowl, though members of a dull and stagnant-blooded race, appeared to know that there was something going on;
• III.8 And at the same time there emerged from scores of bye-streets, lanes, and nameless turnings, innumerable people, carrying their dinners to the bakers’ shops.Оборот с there возможен не только с be, но и с глаголами появления: there emerged, there came. Настоящее подлежащее (innumerable people) стоит после глагола и длинного обстоятельства.
• III.8 And it was a very uncommon kind of torch, for once or twice when there were angry words between some dinner-carriers who had jostled each other,
• III.8 and yet there was a genial shadowing forth of all these dinners and the progress of their cooking, in the thawed blotch of wet above each baker’s oven;
• III.8 “Is there a peculiar flavour in what you sprinkle from your torch?” asked Scrooge.
• III.8 “There is. My own.”
• III.9 “There are some upon this earth of yours,” returned the Spirit,
• III.11 There’s such a goose, Martha!”
• III.11 There’s father coming,” cried the two young Cratchits, who were everywhere at once.Оборот there is + существительное + причастие на -ing: «вон отец идёт». father без артикля и без our: в семье это слово служит именем, как русское «папа».
• III.14 There never was such a goose.
• III.14 Bob said he didn’t believe there ever was such a goose cooked.
• III.19 There was nothing of high mark in this.
• III.22 Built upon a dismal reef of sunken rocks, some league or so from shore, on which the waters chafed and dashed, the wild year through, there stood a solitary lighthouse.Причастный оборот Built upon… описывает маяк, который назван только в самом конце. После there может стоять не только be, но и stand, live, come: there stood — «стоял».
• III.23 that while there is infection in disease and sorrow, there is nothing in the world so irresistibly contagious as laughter and good-humour.
• III.28 There was first a game at blind-man’s buff.
• III.28 Of course there was.
• III.28 when, in spite of all her silken rustlings, and her rapid flutterings past him, he got her into a corner whence there was no escape;
• III.29 There might have been twenty people there, young and old, but they all played, and so did Scrooge;
• III.32 “It might be a claw, for the flesh there is upon it,” was the Spirit’s sorrowful reply.
• III.33 “Are there no prisons?” said the Spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words.Это слова самого Скруджа из первой строфы: так он ответил джентльменам, собиравшим деньги для бедных, и следом спросил про работные дома. Дух уже раз вернул Скруджу его слова — о «лишнем населении», когда речь шла о Крошке Тиме; теперь делает это for the last time.
• III.33 “Are there no workhouses?”
• IV.2 It thrilled him with a vague uncertain horror, to know that behind the dusky shroud, there were ghostly eyes intently fixed upon him,
• IV.6 Far in this den of infamous resort, there was a low-browed, beetling shop, below a pent-house roof,
• IV.7 There an’t such a rusty bit of metal in the place as its own hinges, I believe;
• IV.7 and I’m sure there’s no such old bones here, as mine.По правилам при множественном числе нужно there are; there’s с ним — разговорная вольность, обычная и сегодня. Кости в лавке настоящие: Джо скупает их вместе с тряпьём и ломом.
• IV.8 and added them up into a total when he found there was nothing more to come.
• IV.11 a bare, uncurtained bed: on which, beneath a ragged sheet, there lay a something covered up, which, though it was dumb, announced itself in awful language.Оборот there is с другим глаголом: there lay — «(там) лежало». lay — прошедшее время от lie «лежать», а не глагол lay «класть».
• IV.12 A cat was tearing at the door, and there was a sound of gnawing rats beneath the hearth-stone.
• IV.13 “If there is any person in the town, who feels emotion caused by this man’s death,” said Scrooge quite agonised,
• IV.13 There was a remarkable expression in it now; a kind of serious delight of which he felt ashamed, and which he struggled to repress.
• IV.14 “No. There is hope yet, Caroline.”
• IV.16 And there is your father at the door!”Здесь there ударное и указывает: «вон он», «а вот и». Это не оборот существования there is «имеется».
• IV.17 There was a chair set close beside the child, and there were signs of some one having been there, lately.
• IV.18 “It’s just as likely as not,” said Bob, “one of these days; though there’s plenty of time for that, my dear.
• IV.18 But however and whenever we part from one another, I am sure we shall none of us forget poor Tiny Tim—shall we—or this first parting that there was among us?”Придаточное с оборотом there was: «первая разлука, какая у нас случилась». parting — существительное от part; смерть Тима названа первой разлукой в семье.
• IV.19 indeed, there seemed no order in these latter visions, save that they were in the Future—into the resorts of business men, but showed him not himself.Оборот there is с глаголом seem: полностью there seemed to be no order — «казалось, не было никакого порядка». Видения шли не по порядку времени.
• V.2 “There’s the saucepan that the gruel was in!” cried Scrooge, starting off again, and going round the fireplace.there’s с определённым артиклем не сообщает, что нечто существует, а указывает: «вот она, кастрюлька». Так Скрудж перечисляет всё, что подтверждает ночные события.
• V.2 “There’s the door, by which the Ghost of Jacob Marley entered!
• V.2 There’s the corner where the Ghost of Christmas Present, sat!
• V.2 There’s the window where I saw the wandering Spirits!